Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Other Arrhythmic Disorders: WPW, CPVT, Brugada and Idiopathic VF/VT

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Sports Cardiology

  • 576 Accesses

Abstract

A central component in the cardiovascular screening and evaluation of athletes is the identification of arrhythmic disorders that may place them at increased risk for sudden cardiac death during strenuous exercise. These disorders include Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), Brugada syndrome, and idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. The identification and management of these arrhythmic disorders can be challenging. The focus of this chapter is to discuss these conditions in the context of the highly active patient and to review how management needs to be specially tailored to the athlete.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Maron BJ, Shirani J, Poliac LC, Mathenge R, Roberts WC, Mueller FO. Sudden death in young competitive athletes. Clinical, demographic, and pathological profiles. JAMA. 1996;276:199–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, Tierney DM, Mueller FO. Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980–2006. Circulation. 2009;119:1085–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Maron BJ. Sudden death in young athletes. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1064–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Harmon KG, Asif IM, Maleszewski JJ, Owens DS, Prutkin JM, Salerno JC, Zigman ML, Ellenbogen R, Rao AL, Ackerman MJ, Drezner JA. Incidence, cause, and comparative frequency of sudden cardiac death in National Collegiate Athletic Association Athletes: a decade in review. Circulation. 2015;132:10–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Toresdahl BG, Rao AL, Harmon KG, Drezner JA. Incidence of sudden cardiac arrest in high school student athletes on school campus. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11:1190–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Wolff L, Parkinson J, White PD. Bundle-branch block with short PR interval in healthy young people to paroxysmal tachycardia. Am Heart J. 1930;5:685–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES), Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF), American Heart Association (AHA), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Canadian Heart Rhythm Society (CHRS), Cohen MI, Triedman JK, Cannon BC, Davis AM, Drago F, Janousek J, Klein GJ, Law IH, Morady FJ, Paul T, Perry JC, Sanatani S, Tanel RE. PACES/HRS expert consensus statement on the management of the asymptomatic young patient with a Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW, ventricular preexcitation) electrocardiographic pattern: developed in partnership between the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES) and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS). Endorsed by the governing bodies of PACES, HRS, the American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF), the American Heart Association (AHA), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the Canadian Heart Rhythm Society (CHRS). Heart Rhythm. 2012;9:1006–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Dubin AM, Jorgensen NW, Radbill AE, Bradley DJ, Silva JN, Tsao S, Kanter RJ, Tanel RE, Trivedi B, Young M-L, Pflaumer A, McCormack J, Seslar SP. What have we learned in the last 20 years? A comparison of a modern era pediatric and congenital catheter ablation registry to previous pediatric ablation registries. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16:57–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Maron BJ, Zipes DP. Introduction: eligibility recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities-general considerations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1318–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van-Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G, Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:516–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Zipes DP, Link MS, Ackerman MJ, Kovacs RJ, Myerburg RJ, Estes NAM. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: task force 9: arrhythmias and conduction defects: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:2412–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kiger ME, McCanta AC, Tong S, Schaffer M, Runciman M, Collins KK. Intermittent versus persistent Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in children: electrophysiologic properties and clinical outcomes. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2016;39:14–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Mah DY, Sherwin ED, Alexander ME, Cecchin F, Abrams DJ, Walsh EP, Triedman JK. The electrophysiological characteristics of accessory pathways in pediatric patients with intermittent preexcitation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2013;36:1117–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Fitzsimmons PJ, McWhirter PD, Peterson DW, Kruyer WB. The natural history of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in 228 military aviators: a long-term follow-up of 22 years. Am Heart J. 2001;142:530–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Dalili M, Vahidshahi K, Aarabi-Moghaddam MY, Rao JY, Brugada P. Exercise testing in children with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: what is its value? Pediatr Cardiol. 2014;35:1142–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Etheridge SP, Escudero CA, Blaufox AD, Law IH, Dechert-Crooks BE, Stephenson EA, Dubin AM, Ceresnak SR, Motonaga KS, Skinner JR, Marcondes LD, Perry JC, Collins KK, Seslar SP, Cabrera M, Uzun O, Cannon BC, Aziz PF, Kubuš P, Tanel RE, Valdes SO, Sami S, Kertesz NJ, Maldonado J, Erickson C, Moore JP, Asakai H, Mill L, Abcede M, Spector ZZ, Menon S, Shwayder M, Bradley DJ, Cohen MI, Sanatani S. Life-threatening event risk in children with wolff-parkinson-white syndrome: a multicenter international study. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;4:433–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Reid DS, Tynan M, Braidwood L, Fitzgerald GR. Bidirectional tachycardia in a child. A study using His bundle electrography. Br Heart J. 1975;37:339–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Leenhardt A, Lucet V, Denjoy I, Grau F, Ngoc DD, Coumel P. Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in children. A 7-year follow-up of 21 patients. Circulation. 1995;91:1512–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Priori SG, Wilde AA, Horie M, Cho Y, Behr ER, Berul C, Blom N, Brugada J, Chiang C-E, Huikuri H, Kannankeril P, Krahn A, Leenhardt A, Moss A, Schwartz PJ, Shimizu W, Tomaselli G, Tracy C. Executive summary: HRS/EHRA/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes. Heart Rhythm. 2013;10:e85–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hayashi M, Denjoy I, Extramiana F, Maltret A, Buisson NR, Lupoglazoff J-M, Klug D, Hayashi M, Takatsuki S, Villain E, Kamblock J, Messali A, Guicheney P, Lunardi J, Leenhardt A. Incidence and risk factors of arrhythmic events in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 2009;119:2426–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Lahat H, Eldar M, Levy-Nissenbaum E, Bahan T, Friedman E, Khoury A, Lorber A, Kastner DL, Goldman B, Pras E. Autosomal recessive catecholamine- or exercise-induced polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: clinical features and assignment of the disease gene to chromosome 1p13-21. Circulation. 2001;103:2822–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Postma AV, Denjoy I, Hoorntje TM, Lupoglazoff J-M, Da Costa A, Sebillon P, Mannens MMAM, Wilde AAM, Guicheney P. Absence of calsequestrin 2 causes severe forms of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circ Res. 2002;91:e21–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Sumitomo N. Current topics in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. J Arrhythm. 2016;32:344–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Marjamaa A, Hiippala A, Arrhenius B, Lahtinen AM, Kontula K, Toivonen L, Happonen J-M, Swan H. Intravenous epinephrine infusion test in diagnosis of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012;23:194–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Sumitomo N, Sakurada H, Taniguchi K, Matsumura M, Abe O, Miyashita M, Kanamaru H, Karasawa K, Ayusawa M, Fukamizu S, Nagaoka I, Horie M, Harada K, Hiraoka M. Association of atrial arrhythmia and sinus node dysfunction in patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circ J. 2007;71:1606–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Morita H, Kusano-Fukushima K, Nagase S, Fujimoto Y, Hisamatsu K, Fujio H, Haraoka K, Kobayashi M, Morita ST, Nakamura K, Emori T, Matsubara H, Hina K, Kita T, Fukatani M, Ohe T. Atrial fibrillation and atrial vulnerability in patients with Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1437–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Swan H, Laitinen P, Kontula K, Toivonen L. Calcium channel antagonism reduces exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia patients with RyR2 mutations. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005;16:162–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Rosso R, Kalman JM, Rogowski O, Diamant S, Birger A, Biner S, Belhassen B, Viskin S. Calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers versus beta-blockers alone for preventing exercise-induced arrhythmias in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm. 2007;4:1149–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Watanabe H, Chopra N, Laver D, Hwang HS, Davies SS, Roach DE, Duff HJ, Roden DM, Wilde AAM, Knollmann BC. Flecainide prevents catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in mice and humans. Nat Med. 2009;15:380–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. van der Werf C, Kannankeril PJ, Sacher F, Krahn AD, Viskin S, Leenhardt A, Shimizu W, Sumitomo N, Fish FA, Bhuiyan ZA, Willems AR, van der Veen MJ, Watanabe H, Laborderie J, Haïssaguerre M, Knollmann BC, Wilde AAM. Flecainide therapy reduces exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias in patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:2244–54.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Watanabe H, van der Werf C, Roses-Noguer F, Adler A, Sumitomo N, Veltmann C, Rosso R, Bhuiyan ZA, Bikker H, Kannankeril PJ, Horie M, Minamino T, Viskin S, Knollmann BC, Till J, Wilde AAM. Effects of flecainide on exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias and recurrences in genotype-negative patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm. 2013;10:542–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Wilde AAM, Bhuiyan ZA, Crotti L, Facchini M, De Ferrari GM, Paul T, Ferrandi C, Koolbergen DR, Odero A, Schwartz PJ. Left cardiac sympathetic denervation for catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2024–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Collura CA, Johnson JN, Moir C, Ackerman MJ. Left cardiac sympathetic denervation for the treatment of long QT syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia using video-assisted thoracic surgery. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6:752–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Roses-Noguer F, Jarman JWE, Clague JR, Till J. Outcomes of defibrillator therapy in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11:58–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Roston TM, Jones K, Hawkins NM, Bos JM, Schwartz PJ, Perry F, Ackerman MJ, Laksman ZWM, Kaul P, Lieve KVV, Atallah J, Krahn AD, Sanatani S. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator use in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: a systematic review. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15:1791–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Priori SG, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, Blom N, Borggrefe M, Camm J, Elliott PM, Fitzsimons D, Hatala R, Hindricks G, Kirchhof P, Kjeldsen K, Kuck K-H, Hernandez-Madrid A, Nikolaou N, Norekvål TM, Spaulding C, Van Veldhuisen DJ, ESC Scientific Document Group. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: the task force for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Eur Heart J. 2015;36:2793–867.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ostby SA, Bos JM, Owen HJ, Wackel PL, Cannon BC, Ackerman MJ. Competitive sports participation in patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: a single center’s early experience. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2016;2:253–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Martini B, Nava A, Thiene G, Buja GF, Canciani B, Scognamiglio R, Daliento L, Dalla VS. Ventricular fibrillation without apparent heart disease: description of six cases. Am Heart J. 1989;118:1203–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Brugada P, Brugada J. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: a distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:1391–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Derval N, Simpson CS, Birnie DH, Healey JS, Chauhan V, Champagne J, Gardner M, Sanatani S, Yee R, Skanes AC, Gula LJ, Leong-Sit P, Ahmad K, Gollob MH, Haïssaguerre M, Klein GJ, Krahn AD. Prevalence and characteristics of early repolarization in the CASPER registry: cardiac arrest survivors with preserved ejection fraction registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:722–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hiraoka M. Brugada syndrome in Japan. Circ J. 2007;71 Suppl A:A61–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Baranchuk A, Nguyen T, Ryu MH, Femenía F, Zareba W, Wilde AAM, Shimizu W, Brugada P, Pérez-Riera AR. Brugada phenocopy: new terminology and proposed classification. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2012;17:299–314.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Bayés de Luna A, Brugada J, Baranchuk A, Borggrefe M, Breithardt G, Goldwasser D, Lambiase P, Riera AP, Garcia-Niebla J, Pastore C, Oreto G, McKenna W, Zareba W, Brugada R, Brugada P. Current electrocardiographic criteria for diagnosis of Brugada pattern: a consensus report. J Electrocardiol. 2012;45:433–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Zhang J, Sacher F, Hoffmayer K, O’Hara T, Strom M, Cuculich P, Silva J, Cooper D, Faddis M, Hocini M, Haïssaguerre M, Scheinman M, Rudy Y. Cardiac electrophysiological substrate underlying the ECG phenotype and electrogram abnormalities in Brugada syndrome patients. Circulation. 2015;131:1950–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Nademanee K, Hocini M, Haïssaguerre M. Epicardial substrate ablation for Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14:457–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Ackerman MJ, Priori SG, Willems S, Berul C, Brugada R, Calkins H, Camm AJ, Ellinor PT, Gollob M, Hamilton R, Hershberger RE, Judge DP, Le Marec H, McKenna WJ, Schulze-Bahr E, Semsarian C, Towbin JA, Watkins H, Wilde A, Wolpert C, Zipes DP, Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). HRS/EHRA expert consensus statement on the state of genetic testing for the channelopathies and cardiomyopathies: this document was developed as a partnership between the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) and the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). Europace. 2011;13:1077–109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Chung EH, McNeely DE, Gehi AK, Brickner T, Evans S, Pryski E, Waicus K, Stafford H, Mounsey JP, Schwartz JD, Huang S, Pursell I, Ciocca M. Brugada-type patterns are easily observed in high precordial lead ECGs in collegiate athletes. J Electrocardiol. 2014;47:1–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Shimizu W, Matsuo K, Takagi M, Tanabe Y, Aiba T, Taguchi A, Suyama K, Kurita T, Aihara N, Kamakura S. Body surface distribution and response to drugs of ST segment elevation in Brugada syndrome: clinical implication of eighty-seven-lead body surface potential mapping and its application to twelve-lead electrocardiograms. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2000;11:396–404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Chung EH. Brugada ECG patterns in athletes. J Electrocardiol. 2015;48:539–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Heidbuchel H, Sharma S, Link M, Basso C, Biffi A, Buja G, Delise P, Gussac I, Anastasakis A, Borjesson M, Bjørnstad HH, Carrè F, Deligiannis A, Dugmore D, Fagard R, Hoogsteen J, Mellwig KP, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Solberg E, Vanhees L, Drezner J, Estes NAM, Iliceto S, Maron BJ, Peidro R, Schwartz PJ, Stein R, Thiene G, Zeppilli P, McKenna WJ, Section of Sports Cardiology, European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Recommendations for interpretation of 12-lead electrocardiogram in the athlete. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:243–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Chevallier S, Forclaz A, Tenkorang J, Ahmad Y, Faouzi M, Graf D, Schlaepfer J, Pruvot E. New electrocardiographic criteria for discriminating between Brugada types 2 and 3 patterns and incomplete right bundle branch block. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:2290–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ohkubo K, Watanabe I, Okumura Y, Ashino S, Kofune M, Nagashima K, Nakai T, Kunimoto S, Kasamaki Y, Hirayama A. A new criteria differentiating type 2 and 3 Brugada patterns from ordinary incomplete right bundle branch block. Int Heart J. 2011;52:159–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Serra G, Baranchuk A, Bayés-De-Luna A, Brugada J, Goldwasser D, Capulzini L, Arazo D, Boraita A, Heras M-E, Garcia-Niebla J, Elosua R, Brugada R, Brugada P. New electrocardiographic criteria to differentiate the Type-2 Brugada pattern from electrocardiogram of healthy athletes with r’-wave in leads V1/V2. Europace. 2014;16:1639–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Zorzi A, Leoni L, Di Paolo FM, Rigato I, Migliore F, Bauce B, Pelliccia A, Corrado D. Differential diagnosis between early repolarization of athlete’s heart and coved-type Brugada electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol. 2015;115:529–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Zorzi A, Migliore F, Marras E, Marinelli A, Baritussio A, Allocca G, Leoni L, Perazzolo Marra M, Basso C, Buja G, Thiene G, Iliceto S, Delise P, Corrado D. Should all individuals with a nondiagnostic Brugada-electrocardiogram undergo sodium-channel blocker test? Heart Rhythm. 2012;9:909–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Nunn L, Bhar-Amato J, Lambiase P. Brugada syndrome: controversies in risk stratification and management. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2010;10:400–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Mascia G, Arbelo E, Hernandez-Ojeda J, Solimene F, Brugada R, Brugada J. Brugada syndrome and exercise practice: current knowledge, shortcomings and open questions. Int J Sports Med. 2017;38:573–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Lampert R, Olshansky B, Heidbuchel H, Lawless C, Saarel E, Ackerman M, Calkins H, Estes NAM, Link MS, Maron BJ, Marcus F, Scheinman M, Wilkoff BL, Zipes DP, Berul CI, Cheng A, Jordaens L, Law I, Loomis M, Willems R, Barth C, Broos K, Brandt C, Dziura J, Li F, Simone L, Vandenberghe K, Cannom D. Safety of sports for athletes with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: long-term results of a prospective multinational registry. Circulation. 2017;135:2310–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Lampert R, Olshansky B, Heidbuchel H, Lawless C, Saarel E, Ackerman M, Calkins H, Estes NAM, Link MS, Maron BJ, Marcus F, Scheinman M, Wilkoff BL, Zipes DP, Berul CI, Cheng A, Law I, Loomis M, Barth C, Brandt C, Dziura J, Li F, Cannom D. Safety of sports for athletes with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: results of a prospective, multinational registry. Circulation. 2013;127:2021–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Corrado D, Basso C, Thiene G. Sudden cardiac death in young people with apparently normal heart. Cardiovasc Res. 2001;50:399–408.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Chugh SS, Kelly KL, Titus JL. Sudden cardiac death with apparently normal heart. Circulation. 2000;102:649–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, Bryant WJ, Callans DJ, Curtis AB, Deal BJ, Dickfeld T, Field ME, Fonarow GC, Gillis AM, Granger CB, Hammill SC, Hlatky MA, Joglar JA, Kay GN, Matlock DD, Myerburg RJ, Page RL. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:e91–e220.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Papadakis M, Raju H, Behr ER, De Noronha SV, Spath N, Kouloubinis A, Sheppard MN, Sharma S. Sudden cardiac death with autopsy findings of uncertain significance: potential for erroneous interpretation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2013;6:588–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Haïssaguerre M, Derval N, Sacher F, Jesel L, Deisenhofer I, de Roy L, Pasquié J-L, Nogami A, Babuty D, Yli-Mayry S, De Chillou C, Scanu P, Mabo P, Matsuo S, Probst V, Le Scouarnec S, Defaye P, Schlaepfer J, Rostock T, Lacroix D, Lamaison D, Lavergne T, Aizawa Y, Englund A, Anselme F, O’Neill M, Hocini M, Lim KT, Knecht S, Veenhuyzen GD, Bordachar P, Chauvin M, Jais P, Coureau G, Chene G, Klein GJ, Clémenty J. Sudden cardiac arrest associated with early repolarization. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2016–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Haïssaguerre M, Sacher F, Nogami A, Komiya N, Bernard A, Probst V, Yli-Mayry S, Defaye P, Aizawa Y, Frank R, Mantovan R, Cappato R, Wolpert C, Leenhardt A, de Roy L, Heidbuchel H, Deisenhofer I, Arentz T, Pasquié J-L, Weerasooriya R, Hocini M, Jais P, Derval N, Bordachar P, Clémenty J. Characteristics of recurrent ventricular fibrillation associated with inferolateral early repolarization role of drug therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:612–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Nam G-B, Kim Y-H, Antzelevitch C. Augmentation of J waves and electrical storms in patients with early repolarization. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2078–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Rosso R, Kogan E, Belhassen B, Rozovski U, Scheinman MM, Zeltser D, Halkin A, Steinvil A, Heller K, Glikson M, Katz A, Viskin S. J-point elevation in survivors of primary ventricular fibrillation and matched control subjects: incidence and clinical significance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1231–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Tikkanen JT, Junttila MJ, Anttonen O, Aro AL, Luttinen S, Kerola T, Sager SJ, Rissanen HA, Myerburg RJ, Reunanen A, Huikuri HV. Early repolarization: electrocardiographic phenotypes associated with favorable long-term outcome. Circulation. 2011;123:2666–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Cristoforetti Y, Biasco L, Giustetto C, De Backer O, Castagno D, Astegiano P, Ganzit G, Gribaudo CG, Moccetti M, Gaita F. J-wave duration and slope as potential tools to discriminate between benign and malignant early repolarization. Heart Rhythm. 2016;13:806–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Roten L, Derval N, Maury P, Mahida S, Pascale P, Leenhardt A, Jesel L, Deisenhofer I, Kautzner J, Probst V, Rollin A, Ruidavets J-B, Ferrières J, Sacher F, Heg D, Scherr D, Komatsu Y, Daly M, Denis A, Shah A, Hocini M, Jaïs P, Haïssaguerre M. Benign vs. malignant inferolateral early repolarization: focus on the T wave. Heart Rhythm. 2016;13:894–902.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Yamada T, McElderry HT, Doppalapudi H, Murakami Y, Yoshida Y, Yoshida N, Okada T, Tsuboi N, Inden Y, Murohara T, Epstein AE, Plumb VJ, Singh SP, Kay GN. Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias originating from the aortic root prevalence, electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characteristics, and results of radiofrequency catheter ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:139–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Lerman BB, Belardinelli L, West GA, Berne RM, DiMarco JP. Adenosine-sensitive ventricular tachycardia: evidence suggesting cyclic AMP-mediated triggered activity. Circulation. 1986;74:270–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Lerman BB. Response of nonreentrant catecholamine-mediated ventricular tachycardia to endogenous adenosine and acetylcholine. Evidence for myocardial receptor-mediated effects. Circulation. 1993;87:382–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Lerman BB, Stein K, Engelstein ED, Battleman DS, Lippman N, Bei D, Catanzaro D. Mechanism of repetitive monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 1995;92:421–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Heidbuchel H, Prior DL, La Gerche A. Ventricular arrhythmias associated with long-term endurance sports: what is the evidence? Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(Suppl 1):i44–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Sawant AC, Bhonsale A, te Riele ASJM, Tichnell C, Murray B, Russell SD, Tandri H, Tedford RJ, Judge DP, Calkins H, James CA. Exercise has a disproportionate role in the pathogenesis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy in patients without desmosomal mutations. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3:e001471.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Saeid AK, Klein GJ, Leong-Sit P. Sustained ventricular tachycardia in apparently normal hearts: medical therapy should be the first step in management. Card Electrophysiol Clin. 2016;8:631–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Lai E, Chung EH. Management of arrhythmias in athletes: atrial fibrillation, premature ventricular contractions, and ventricular tachycardia. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2017;19:86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Bradfield JS, Shivkumar K. Anatomy for ventricular tachycardia ablation in structural heart disease. Card Electrophysiol Clin. 2017;9:11–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Ling Z, Liu Z, Su L, Zipunnikov V, Wu J, Du H, Woo K, Chen S, Zhong B, Lan X, Fan J, Xu Y, Chen W, Yin Y, Nazarian S, Zrenner B. Radiofrequency ablation versus antiarrhythmic medication for treatment of ventricular premature beats from the right ventricular outflow tract: prospective randomized study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2014;7:237–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Latchamsetty R, Yokokawa M, Morady F, Kim HM, Mathew S, Tilz R, Kuck K-H, Nagashima K, Tedrow U, Stevenson WG, Yu R, Tung R, Shivkumar K, Sarrazin J-F, Arya A, Hindricks G, Vunnam R, Dickfeld T, Daoud EG, Oza NM, Bogun F. Multicenter outcomes for catheter ablation of idiopathic premature ventricular complexes. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2015;1:116–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Jeffrey J. Hsu

  2. Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Eugene H. Chung

Authors
  1. Jeffrey J. Hsu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Eugene H. Chung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eugene H. Chung .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

    David J. Engel

  2. Sports Cardiology Center, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center Atrium Health Sanger Heart & Vascular Institute, Charlotte, NC, USA

    Dermot M. Phelan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hsu, J.J., Chung, E.H. (2021). Other Arrhythmic Disorders: WPW, CPVT, Brugada and Idiopathic VF/VT. In: Engel, D.J., Phelan, D.M. (eds) Sports Cardiology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69384-8_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69384-8_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-69383-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-69384-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation