Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Current perspectives of sudden cardiac death management in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

  • Published:
Heart Failure Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a rare but the most catastrophic complication in patients with HCM. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are widely recognized as effective preventive measures for SCD. Individualized risk stratification and early intervention in HCM can significantly improve patient prognosis. In this study, we review the latest findings regarding pathogenesis, risk stratification, and prevention of SCD in HCM patients, highlighting the clinic practice of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for SCD management.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

References

  1. Semsarian C, Ingles J, Maron MS, Maron BJ (2015) New perspectives on the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 65(12):1249–1254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.01.019

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Tajik AJ (2003) Cardiology patient page. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a patient perspective Circulation 108(19):e133–e135

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Maron BJ, Rowin EJ, Maron MS (2018) Global burden of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC Heart Fail 6(5):376–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2018.03.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Maron BJ, Rowin EJ, Casey SA, Maron MS (2016) How hypertrophic cardiomyopathy became a contemporary treatable genetic disease with low mortality: shaped by 50 years of clinical research and practice. JAMA Cardiol 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2015.0354

  5. Park YM (2023) Updated risk assessments for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Korean J Intern Med 38(1). https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2022.144

  6. Maron BJ, Rowin EJ, Maron MS (2021) Evolution of risk stratification and sudden death prevention in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: twenty years with the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Heart Rhythm 18(6):1012–1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.01.019

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ommen SR, Mital S, Burke MA, Day SM, Deswal A, Elliott P et al (2020) 2020 AHA/ACC guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 142(25):e558–e631. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000937

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Elliott PM, Anastasakis A, Borger MA, Borggrefe M, Cecchi F, Charron P et al (2014) 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the task force for the diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 35(39):2733–2779. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu284

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Maron BJ, Maron MS, Maron BA, Loscalzo J (2019) Moving beyond the sarcomere to explain heterogeneity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol 73(15):1978–1986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.061

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Maron BJ, Maron MS (2013) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet (London, England) 381(9862):242–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60397-3

    Article  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Seidman CE, Seidman JG (2011) Identifying sarcomere gene mutations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a personal history. Circ Res 108(6):743–750. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.223834

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Marian AJ, Braunwald E (2017) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy genetics, Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and therapy. Circ Res 121(7):749–770. https://doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.117.311059

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Prondzynski M, Mearini G, Carrier L (2019) Gene therapy strategies in the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pflugers Arch 471(5):807–815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-018-2173-5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Khera AV, Mason-Suares H, Brockman D, Wang M, VanDenburgh MJ, Senol-Cosar O et al (2019) Rare genetic variants associated with sudden cardiac death in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 74(21):2623–2634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.08.1060

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Shen H, Dong S-Y, Ren M-S, Wang R (2022) Ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: from bench to bedside. Frontiers In Cardiovascular Medicine 9:949294. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.949294

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Chida A, Inai K, Sato H, Shimada E, Nishizawa T, Shimada M et al (2017) Prognostic predictive value of gene mutations in Japanese patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart Vessels 32(6):700–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-016-0920-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Fraysse B, Weinberger F, Bardswell SC, Cuello F, Vignier N, Geertz B et al (2012) Increased myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity and diastolic dysfunction as early consequences of Mybpc3 mutation in heterozygous knock-in mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 52(6):1299–1307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.03.009

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Jacoby D, McKenna WJ (2012) Genetics of inherited cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 33(3):296–304. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr260

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, Winkel BG, Behr ER, Blom NA et al (2022) 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J 43(40):3997–4126. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Arbelo E, Protonotarios A, Gimeno JR, Arbustini E, Barriales-Villa R, Basso C et al (2023) 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad194

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Finocchiaro G, Sheikh N, Leone O, Westaby J, Mazzarotto F, Pantazis A et al (2021) Arrhythmogenic potential of myocardial disarray in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: genetic basis, functional consequences and relation to sudden cardiac death. Europace 23(7):985–995. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euaa348

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Pelliccia F, Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Camici PG (2022) Microvascular dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Clin Med 11(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216560

  23. Maron BJ (2010) Contemporary insights and strategies for risk stratification and prevention of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 121(3):445–456. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.878579

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Coppini R, Ferrantini C, Yao L, Fan P, Del Lungo M, Stillitano F et al (2013) Late sodium current inhibition reverses electromechanical dysfunction in human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 127(5):575–584. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.134932

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Coppini R, Ferrantini C, Del Lungo M, Stillitano F, Sartiani L, Tosi B et al (2013) Response to letter regarding article, “Late sodium current inhibition reverses electromechanical dysfunction in human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.” Circulation 128(10):e157. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004016

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Tashiro N, Muneuchi J, Ezaki H, Kobayashi M, Yamada H, Sugitani Y et al (2022) Ventricular repolarization dispersion is a potential risk for the development of life-threatening arrhythmia in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pediatr Cardiol 43(7):1455–1461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-022-02867-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cheng Z, Fang T, Huang J, Guo Y, Alam M, Qian H (2021) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: from phenotype and pathogenesis to treatment. Frontiers In Cardiovascular Medicine 8:722340. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.722340

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Helms AS, Alvarado FJ, Yob J, Tang VT, Pagani F, Russell MW et al (2016) Genotype-dependent and -independent calcium signaling dysregulation in human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 134(22):1738–1748

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Okuda S, Sufu-Shimizu Y, Kato T, Fukuda M, Nishimura S, Oda T et al (2018) CaMKII-mediated phosphorylation of RyR2 plays a crucial role in aberrant Ca release as an arrhythmogenic substrate in cardiac troponin T-related familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 496(4):1250–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, Tierney DM, Mueller FO (2009) Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes. Circulation 119(8):1085–1092. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.108.804617

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Finocchiaro G, Bhatia RT, Westaby J, Behr ER, Papadakis M, Sharma S et al (2023) Sudden cardiac death during exercise in young individuals with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC: Clin Electrophysiol 9(6):865–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2022.12.007

  32. Sharma S, Pelliccia A, Gati S (2020) The ‘Ten Commandments’ for the 2020 ESC guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa735

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Ommen SR, Mital S, Burke MA, Day SM, Deswal A, Elliott P et al (2020) 2020 AHA/ACC Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 142(25):e533–e557. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000938

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Sweeting J, Ingles J, Ball K, Semsarian C (2018) A control theory-based pilot intervention to increase physical activity in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 122(5):866–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.05.023

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Pelliccia A, Lemme E, Maestrini V, Di Paolo FM, Pisicchio C, Di Gioia G et al (2018) Does sport participation worsen the clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? Circulation 137(5):531–533. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.117.031725

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lampert R, Ackerman MJ, Marino BS, Burg M, Ainsworth B, Salberg L et al (2023) Vigorous exercise in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JAMA Cardiol 8(6). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2023.1042

  37. Gati S, Sharma S (2022) Exercise prescription in individuals with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: what clinicians need to know. Heart 108(24):1930–1937. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2021-319861

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Danielson GK, Kappenberger LJ, Kuhn HJ, Seidman CE et al (2003) American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology clinical expert consensus document on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 42(9):1687–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00941-0

  39. Maron MS, Rowin EJ, Wessler BS, Mooney PJ, Fatima A, Patel P et al (2019) Enhanced American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association strategy for prevention of sudden cardiac death in high-risk patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JAMA Cardiol 4(7):644–657. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2019.1391

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Rowin EJ, Maron BJ, Haas TS, Garberich RF, Wang W, Link MS et al (2017) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular apical aneurysm: implications for risk stratification and management. J Am Coll Cardiol 69(7):761–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.063

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Lee DZJ, Montazeri M, Bataiosu R, Hoss S, Adler A, Nguyen ET et al (2022) Clinical characteristics and prognostic importance of left ventricular apical aneurysms in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 15(10):1696–1711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.03.029

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Debonnaire P, Katsanos S, Joyce E, OV VDB, Atsma DE, Schalij MJ et al (2015) QRS fragmentation and QTc duration relate to malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 26(5):547–555. https://doi.org/10.1111/jce.12629

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Dinshaw L, Munch J, Dickow J, Lezius S, Willems S, Hoffmann BA et al (2018) The T-peak-to-T-end interval: a novel ECG marker for ventricular arrhythmia and appropriate ICD therapy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clin Res Cardiol 107(2):130–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-017-1164-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Wu G, Liu J, Wang S, Yu S, Zhang C, Wang D et al (2021) N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 107(19):1576–1583. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317701

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ramchand J, Fava AM, Chetrit M, Desai MY (2020) Advanced imaging for risk stratification of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 106(11):793–801. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Weng Z, Yao J, Chan RH, He J, Yang X, Zhou Y et al (2016) Prognostic value of LGE-CMR in HCM: a meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 9(12):1392–1402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.02.031

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Chan RH, Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Pencina MJ, Assenza GE, Haas T et al (2014) Prognostic value of quantitative contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the evaluation of sudden death risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 130(6):484–495. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.007094

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Li Y, Liu X, Yang F, Wang J, Xu Y, Fang T et al (2021) Prognostic value of myocardial extracellular volume fraction evaluation based on cardiac magnetic resonance T1 mapping with T1 long and short in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Radiol 31(7):4557–4567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-07650-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Qin L, Min J, Chen C, Zhu L, Gu S, Zhou M et al (2021) Incremental values of T1 mapping in the prediction of sudden cardiac death risk in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a comparison with two guidelines. Front Cardiovasc Med 8:661673. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.661673

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Avanesov M, Munch J, Weinrich J, Well L, Saring D, Stehning C et al (2017) Prediction of the estimated 5-year risk of sudden cardiac death and syncope or non-sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using late gadolinium enhancement and extracellular volume CMR. Eur Radiol 27(12):5136–5145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-017-4869-x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Xu Z, Wang J, Cheng W, Wan K, Li W, Pu L et al (2023) Incremental significance of myocardial oedema for prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jead065

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Yang F, Wang J, Li Y, Li W, Xu Y, Wan K et al (2019) The prognostic value of biventricular long axis strain using standard cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 294:43–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.08.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Yang F, Wang L, Wang J, Pu L, Xu Y, Li W et al (2021) Prognostic value of fast semi-automated left atrial long-axis strain analysis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 23(1):36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12968-021-00735-2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Wang J, Li Y, Yang F, Bravo L, Wan K, Xu Y et al (2021) Fractal analysis: prognostic value of left ventricular trabecular complexity cardiovascular MRI in participants with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Radiology 298(1):71–79. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020202261

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Fahmy AS, Neisius U, Chan RH, Rowin EJ, Manning WJ, Maron MS et al (2020) Three-dimensional deep convolutional neural networks for automated myocardial scar quantification in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a multicenter multivendor study. Radiology 294(1):52–60. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2019190737

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Wang J, Bravo L, Zhang J, Liu W, Wan K, Sun J et al (2021) Radiomics analysis derived from LGE-MRI predict sudden cardiac death in participants with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Front Cardiovasc Med 8:766287. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.766287

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Zegkos T, Tziomalos G, Parcharidou D, Ntelios D, Papanastasiou CA, Karagiannidis E et al (2022) Validation of the new American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines for the risk stratification of sudden cardiac death in a large Mediterranean cohort with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hellenic J Cardiol 63:15–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hjc.2021.06.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Wang J, Zhang Z, Li Y, Xu Y, Wan K, Chen Y (2019) Variable and limited predictive value of the European Society of Cardiology hypertrophic cardiomyopathy sudden-death risk model: a meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol 35(12):1791–1799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2019.05.004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Taha M, Dahat P, Toriola S, Satnarine T, Zohara Z, Adelekun A et al (2023) Metoprolol or verapamil in the management of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.43197

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Pollick C (1982) Muscular subaortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 307(16):997–999. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198210143071607

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Adelman AG, Shah PM, Gramiak R, Wigle ED (1970) Long-term propranolol therapy in muscular subaortic stenosis. Heart 32(6):804–811. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.32.6.804

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Hegde SM, Lester SJ, Solomon SD, Michels M, Elliott PM, Nagueh SF et al (2021) Effect of mavacamten on echocardiographic features in symptomatic patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 78(25):2518–2532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.1381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Maron BJ, Shen WK, Link MS, Epstein AE, Almquist AK, Daubert JP et al (2000) Efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for the prevention of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 342(6):365–373. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm200002103420601

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Shun-Shin MJ, Zheng SL, Cole GD, Howard JP, Whinnett ZI, Francis DP (2017) Implantable cardioverter defibrillators for primary prevention of death in left ventricular dysfunction with and without ischaemic heart disease: a meta-analysis of 8567 patients in the 11 trials. Eur Heart J 38(22):1738–1746. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx028

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Elliott P (2021) Sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: time to change the narrative. Eur Heart J 42(38):3945–3947. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab608

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the 1.3.5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University (Grant Number: 2023HXFH041), the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (Grant Number: 23NSFSC4589), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Number: 82202248).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Lutong Pu and Jialin Li contributed equally to this study.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Guoxue Xiang No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, China

    Lutong Pu, Jialin Li, Weitang Qi, Jie Wang & Yucheng Chen

  2. West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

    Jinquan Zhang, Hongyu Chen & Zihuan Tang

  3. Wexner Medical Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA

    Yuchi Han

  4. Center of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China

    Yucheng Chen

Authors
  1. Lutong Pu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jialin Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Weitang Qi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jinquan Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Hongyu Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Zihuan Tang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Yuchi Han
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Jie Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Yucheng Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

LP, JL, WQ, JZ, HC, ZT, YH, JW, and YC contributed to the conception/design of the work, acquisition of data, interpretation of the data, and writing/revising the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript and take responsibility for all aspects of the reliability of the data presented and their discussed interpretation.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Jie Wang or Yucheng Chen.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pu, L., Li, J., Qi, W. et al. Current perspectives of sudden cardiac death management in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart Fail Rev 29, 395–404 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-023-10355-w

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-023-10355-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation