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Everyday Discrimination and Sleep Among Migrant and Non-migrant Filipinos: Longitudinal Analyses from the Health of Philippine Emigrants Study (HoPES)

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Abstract

This study aimed to (1) identify differences in sleep patterns between Filipino migrants and non-migrants across 2 years and (2) explore the impact of discrimination trajectories on sleep trajectories. The Health of Philippine Emigrants Study (HoPES) consisted of a migrant (n = 832) and non-migrant cohort (n = 805), with baseline data collected in the Philippines. Both cohorts were followed longitudinally, with the non-migrants followed in the Philippines and the migrant cohort followed to the United States. Sleep duration, quality, and difficulty were assessed with the National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcomes Information System (PROMIS) inventory, and discrimination was measured with an adapted version of the Everyday Discrimination scale. Migrants reported a faster decline in sleep duration (− 12 min a year) but higher sleep quality than non-migrants over 2 years. Migrants who reported high initial levels of everyday discrimination also reported faster declines in sleep duration and a slower decline in sleep difficulty. Further, migrants who reported stable (versus declining) levels of discrimination over 2 years reported a faster decline in sleep quality. These results speak to the complexity of immigrant health patterns and long-term associations between discrimination and sleep processes.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Commission on Filipinos Overseas and their staff, especially Regina Galias, Ivy Miravalles, Golda Myra Roma, and Paul Vincent Avecilla, without whom this research would not be possible. We also thank Anna Vivas, Elma P. Laguna, Christian Joy Cruz, Lorna Perez, Delia Carba, Klarrines Tanalago, and Vanessa Medina for their insights and assistance with this project. This project is dedicated in memoriam to Larry Tagalog, a great friend and colleague, who was instrumental in developing and implementing this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Fordham University, 441 E. Fordham Road, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA

    Kyle Lorenzo, Zhenqiang Zhao, Jinjin Yan, Natalie Hussein & Tiffany Yip

  2. UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA

    Gilbert Gee

  3. University of Washington School of Nursing, Box 357260, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA

    Butch de Castro

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Contributions

KL led the writing and analyses of this document. GCG and BDC are the Co-Principal Investigators of the study and assisted with the editing of this article. ZZ and JY assisted on the statistical analysis of the paper. NH assisted with the editing of the document. TY assisted with the conceptualization and editing of this document.

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Correspondence to Kyle Lorenzo.

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The study procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board at UCLA, and from the University of San Carlos-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., Philippines.

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Lorenzo, K., Gee, G., de Castro, B. et al. Everyday Discrimination and Sleep Among Migrant and Non-migrant Filipinos: Longitudinal Analyses from the Health of Philippine Emigrants Study (HoPES). J Immigrant Minority Health 26, 304–315 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-023-01554-6

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