Racism and Health I: Pathways and Scientific Evidence
Abstract
This article reviews the scientific research that indicates that despite marked declines in public support for negative racial attitudes in the United States, racism, in its multiple forms, remains embedded in American society. The focus of the article is on the review of empirical research that suggests that racism adversely affects the health of nondominant racial populations in multiple ways. First, institutional racism developed policies and procedures that have reduced access to housing, neighborhood and educational quality, employment opportunities, and other desirable resources in society. Second, cultural racism, at the societal and individual level, negatively affects economic status and health by creating a policy environment hostile to egalitarian policies, triggering negative stereotypes and discrimination that are pathogenic and fostering health-damaging psychological responses, such as stereotype threat and internalized racism. Finally, a large and growing body of evidence indicates that experiences of racial discrimination are an important type of psychosocial stressor that can lead to adverse changes in health status and altered behavioral patterns that increase health risks.
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Biographies
David R. Williams is the Norman Professor of Public Health, African and African American Studies and Sociology at Harvard University. He is also Honorary Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa. His research focuses on the ways in which socioeconomic status, race, stress, racism and religious involvement can affect health. He is the author of over 300 scholarly papers and is an elected member of the Institute of Medicine and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2008, he was ranked as the Most Cited Black Scholar in the Social Sciences.
Selina A. Mohammed is an Associate Professor in Nursing and Health Studies at the University of Washington Bothell. Her research interests include examining the impact of racialized discrimination and other structural disadvantages on health, and using critical research methodologies to explore how historical, sociocultural, political, and economic contexts contribute to health inequities, particularly for American Indians. Dr. Mohammed holds a Master of Science in Nursing from the University of Michigan, Master of Public Health from the University of Washington, and Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing Science from the University of Washington.
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The Contribution of Neighborhood Characteristics to Psychological Symp...
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The Impact of Language on the Mental Health of Black Quebecers
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Racial/ethnic discrimination and suicide-related risk in a treatment-s...
-
Work as a social determinant of health in high-income countries: past,...
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The white racial frame of public health discourses about racialized he...
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The Influence of Contested Racial Identity and Perceived Everyday Disc...
-
A Call for Equity-Focused Social-Emotional Learning
-
Discrimination in Context: Examining Neighborhood-Level Variation in t...
-
Dismantling the monolith: ethnic origin, racial identity, and major de...
-
Off-White: decentring Whiteness in tobacco science
-
The Impact of Neighborhoods on Diabetes Risk and Outcomes: Centering H...
-
Indirect effect of race‐related stress on traumatic stress and depress...
-
Psychological Well-Being in Asian and Asian American University Studen...
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Gender differences in perceived racism threat and activism during the ...
-
Birth in the U.S. Plantation South and Racial Differences in all-cause...
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Can US Medical Schools Teach About Structural Racism?
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The Water Surrounding the Iceberg: Cultural Racism and Health Inequiti...
-
Institutional Racism and Health: a Framework for Conceptualization, Me...
-
Surgical Care for Racial and Ethnic Minorities and Interventions to Ad...
-
Burdens of the what‐if: Vicarious anti‐ Black ...
-
Frontline work and racial disparities in social and economic pandemic ...
-
Racial residential segregation and child mortality in the southern Uni...
-
Prevalence and determinants of depression, anxiety, and stress symptom...
-
Addressing Structural Racism in Pediatric Clinical Practice
-
Disparities in Healthcare Accessibility and Discrimination Faced by Bl...
-
Systemic barriers to care coordination for marginalized and vulnerable...
-
The Effects of Cross-Age Peer Mentoring on Adolescent Mentors of Color...
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Cutaneous Sarcoidosis
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Longitudinal weight status and academic achievement in elementary scho...
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Racial-Ethnic Disparities in Outpatient Mental Health Care in the Unit...
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Criminal Legal Involvement Among U.S. Adults With Serious Psychologica...
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Beyond Mortality: The Social and Health Impacts of COVID-19 among Olde...
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Structural racism is associated with adverse postnatal outcomes among ...
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‘They’ve all endorsed it…but I’m just not there:’ a qualitative explor...
-
Moving to opportunity? Low birth weight outcomes among Southern-born B...
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Remapping racial and ethnic inequities in severe maternal morbidity: T...
-
Interventions to address global inequity in diabetes: international pr...
-
The role of structural racism and geographical inequity in diabetes ou...
-
Combating Racism Through Research, Training, Practice, and Public Heal...
-
Scapegoating Immigrants in Times of Personal and Collective Crises: Re...
-
Social Alienation and Psychological Distress in Israeli Adolescents
-
Racialized Gender Differences in Mental Health Service Use, Adverse Ch...
-
Racial discrimination predicts the increase in body weight and BMI in ...
-
Racialized Health Inequities: Quantifying Socioeconomic and Stress Pat...
-
Self-Rated Health and Mortality: Moderation by Purpose in Life
-
The impact of COVID‐19 and housing insecurity on lower‐income Black wo...
-
Magnifying inequality: How Black women found safety in the midst of du...
-
Conceptualizing the Mechanisms of Social Determinants of Health: A Heu...
-
Impact of community-level socioeconomic disparities on quality of life...
-
Racial Discrimination, Social Disadvantage, and Racial–Ethnic Disparit...
-
Discrimination and mental health of highly educated immigrants in Hong...
-
What Is the Power of Identity? Examining the Moderating Role of Racial...
-
The more you need, the less you get: Intersectionality and the inverse...
-
Racial discrimination and its impact on mental health
-
Racism and Social Determinants of Psychosis
-
Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment
-
Resilience and Its Limits: The Roles of Individual Resilience, Social ...
-
State Minimum Wage Increases As a Potential Policy Lever to Reduce Bla...
-
Factors influencing intrapartum health outcomes among Black birthing p...
-
Experiences of racism and perinatal depression: Findings from the preg...
-
Understanding the relationship between perceived discrimination, allos...
-
Black feminist theory in maternal health research: A review of concept...
-
Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Suicidal Ideation and Suic...
-
Multidimensional Approaches to Understanding Structural Racism’s Impac...
-
Shared decision making with black patients: A scoping review
-
Communicating Concerns, Emotional Expressions, and Disparities on Ethn...
-
Early Childhood Education: Health, Equity, and Economics
-
A Qualitative Exploration of Stressors: Voices of African American Wom...
-
An ecological approach to understanding and addressing health inequiti...
-
Social identity and racial disparities in science literacy
-
Understanding Retention in the HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Cascade Am...
-
The Workforce Needed to Address Population Health
-
The relationship between state-level structural racism and disparities...
-
Social Determinants of Health and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in COVID-1...
-
Baseline Assessment of Systemic Racism Education in Pharmacy Curricula
-
Achieving mental health equity in Black male suicide prevention
-
Wise Practices in Commercial Tobacco Research to Promote Racial Equity
-
Racism-Related Experiences and Adiposity: Findings From the Black Wome...
-
Improving Retention of Diverse Samples in Longitudinal Research on Dev...
-
Ethnography and quantification: Insights from epidemiology for Indigen...
-
Examining promotive and protective effects of ethnic identity on alcoh...
-
Anti-Black attitudes predict decreased concern about COVID-19 among Wh...
-
Estimating the Long-Term Causal Effects of Attending Historically Blac...
-
Exposure, Susceptibility, and Recovery: A Framework for Examining the ...
-
Understanding the types of racism and its effect on mental health amon...
-
Structural racism theory, measurement, and methods: A scoping review
-
Trends in Homicide Rates for US Children Aged 0 to 17 Years, 1999 to 2...
-
Understanding the Impact of Contemporary Racism on the Mental Health o...
-
Racism as a Social Determinant of Health for Newcomers towards Disrupt...
-
Conventional and expanded adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and mat...
-
Reporting on Race and Racial Disparities in Breast Cancer
-
Living in ancestrally diverse states of the United States is associate...
-
Tobacco endgame intervention impacts on health gains and Māori:non-Māo...
-
“I don’t think they’re as culturally sensitive”: a mixed-method study ...
-
Black Social Workers Matter: Using Parallel Narratives to Discuss Soci...
-
Gentrification, Health, and Intermediate Pathways: How Distinct Inequa...
-
Ethnic Differences in Social Support for Elderly Individuals in Rural ...
-
Racism-related stress: Manifestations, moderators, and additional cons...
-
Social justice and community multiculturalism
-
Racial/ethnic health disparities
-
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion: A Decade of Progress?
-
Racial Disparities Among Trauma Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic
-
“Now I just need something sweet”: Racism, emotional eating, and healt...
-
Racism measurement and influences, variations on scientific racism, an...
-
Complex effects of racism and discrimination on African Americans' hea...
-
Investigating the impact of structural racism on black birthing people...
-
A Culture of Stigmatization: The Healthcare of Minoritized Populations
-
Triage and Diagnostic Accuracy of Online Symptom Checkers: Systematic ...
-
Embedded racism: Inequitable niche construction as a neglected evoluti...
-
Interpersonal and Environmental Protective Factors and Their Associati...
-
Reasons for Ethnic Disparities in the Prehospital Care Pathway Followi...
-
Structural racism and health in the age of COVID‐19: A selective revie...
-
Cultural Factors in Behavioral Health Assessment
-
Beyond Good Intentions: Principles for Anti-racist Community-Engaged R...
-
Geographic differences in the magnitude of black‐white disparities in ...
-
Heterogeneous and Racialized Impacts of State Incarceration Policies o...
-
Using network analysis to illuminate the intergenerational transmissio...
-
Seeking justice, equity, diversity and inclusion in pediatric nephrolo...
-
Challenges experienced by nurses caring for patients from different cu...
-
R.E.A.C.T: A framework for role modeling anti-racism in the clinical l...
-
Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Relationship Between Neighborhood...
-
Self-reported anxiety and depression problems and suicide ideation amo...
-
Double Impact: A Dyadic Discrimination Model for Poor, Minority, and P...
-
Racialising genetic risk: assumptions, realities, and recommendations
-
Centering racial justice for Black/African American and Indigenous Ame...
-
The effects of social isolation stress and discrimination on mental he...
-
Allostatic load predicts racial disparities in intracerebral hemorrhag...
-
Structural interventions that affect racial inequities and their impac...
-
Indigenous health equity in health register ascertainment and data qua...
-
Disparities in Reproductive Aging and Midlife Health between Black and...
-
Prioritizing indigenous health equity in health registers: an environm...
-
Pursuing Pharmacoequity: Determinants, Drivers, and Pathways to Progre...
-
Economic Well-Being And Health: The Role Of Income Support Programs In...
-
Teaching of the Black Population’s Health: Anti-Racist Lenses for a Pa...
-
Measuring institutional and structural racism in research on adolescen...
-
Race/ethnicity, immigrant generation, and physiological dysregulation ...
-
Historical Research: The History of African American Breastfeeding in ...
-
Study Selection Bias and Racial or Ethnic Disparities in Estimated Age...
-
Structural racism and adverse maternal health outcomes: A systematic r...
-
Socially Assigned Race and the Health of Racialized Women and Their In...
-
The impact of organizational statements of support for the black commu...
-
Collecting and Reporting Accurate Data on Race and Ethnicity Are Neces...
-
Neglected tropical diseases and systemic racism especially in Brazil: ...
-
Addressing Black Infant Mortality Through Harnessing the Power of Comm...
-
Light at night and the risk of breast cancer: Findings from the Sister...
-
Milliyetçilik Yazınının Tarihsel Serüveninin Bibliyometrik Analiz Yönt...
-
Somos Fuertes Pero También Sufrimos (We Are Strong but We Also Suffer)
-
Re-envisioning, Retooling, and Rebuilding Prevention Science Methods t...
-
Narrowing Racial Differences in Trust: How Discrimination Shapes Trust...
-
Disparities Exist in Physical Therapy Utilization and Time to Utilizat...
-
Socioeconomic inequalities and Black/White disparities in US cocaine-i...
-
The Association Between Discriminatory Experiences and Self-Reported H...
-
Socioeconomic determinants of food allergy burden
-
“Who is our real enemy?” internalized racism in the Puerto Rican diasp...
-
Why are Black individuals disproportionately burdened with uterine fib...
-
Estimating the economic costs of Indigenous health inequities in New Z...
-
Discrimination, Social Media Use, and Chronic Stress in Black American...
-
Rethinking Xenophobia and Medical Xenophobia
-
Real-time racial discrimination, affective states, salivary cortisol a...
-
Vicarious structural racism and infant health disparities in Michigan:...
-
Radically reframing studies on neurobiology and socioeconomic circumst...
-
Criminogenic Risk Score Trajectories of Justice-Involved Youth: An Inv...
-
Dismantling "Race" in Health Research
-
Prevalence and Effects of Daily and Major Experiences of Racial Discri...
-
Nicotine vaping for relaxation and coping: Race/ethnicity differences ...
-
Experiences of ethnic discrimination and COMT rs4680 polymorphism are ...
-
Predictors of Patient Return to a Tertiary Neurofibromatosis Subspecia...
-
The enduring effects of racism on health: Understanding direct and ind...
-
A comprehensive framework for operationalizing structural racism in he...
-
Ethnic disparities in clozapine prescription for service-users with sc...
-
‘Cost, culture and circumstances’: Barriers and enablers of health beh...
-
Perinatal Health Inequalities in the Industrial Region of Estonia: A B...
-
Racism, Relationship Quality, and Health: Further Reflections on Ong e...
-
Experiences of racism and postpartum depression symptoms, care-seeking...
-
Examining the Reciprocity Between Perceived Discrimination and Health:...
-
Attitudes and Actions Related to Racism: the Anti-RaCism (ARC) Survey ...
-
Discrimination, High-Effort Coping, and Cardiovascular Risk Profiles i...
-
Social justice: the path to unity
-
The effect of race/ethnicity and adversities on smoking cessation amon...
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Racial discrimination is associated with greater arterial stiffness an...
-
Deaths associated with opioids, race and ethnicity, and years of poten...
-
Psychological Outcomes and Interventions for Individuals With Congenit...
-
How Systemic Racism and Preexisting Conditions Contributed to COVID-19...
-
Implicit and explicit attitudes toward gay men and lesbian women among...
-
Cohort Study of Race/Ethnicity and Incident Primary Open-Angle Glaucom...
-
Disparities in Cardiovascular Mortality Between Black and White Adults...
-
Black Patients Matter in Neurology
-
Racial differences in the association of accelerated aging with future...
-
Ethnicity, nativity, and the effects of stereotypes on cardiovascular ...
-
It's not all White: Implicit Racial Bias in Imagery Used in Plastic Su...
-
Assumptions about patients seeking PrEP: Exploring the effects of pati...
-
Quantifying the intersection of disability and homelessness in Massach...
-
“Wearing a Mask Won't Protect Us from Our History”: The Impact of COVI...
-
Who Are Nontraditional Students?
-
Obstacles, Responsibilities, and Life Stressors for the Adult Learner
-
Chronic Stress, Coping, and Mental Health Among Older African American...
-
Mechanisms of Cardiometabolic Health Outcomes and Disparities: What Ch...
-
Gendered Racism on the Body: An Intersectional Approach to Maternal Mo...
-
Considerations of Racism and Data Equity Among Asian Americans, Native...
-
Racialization and Psychological Distress among U.S. Latinxs
-
Meta-analysis: Are Psychotherapies Less Effective for Black Youth in C...
-
The Role of Racial–Ethnic Identity in Understanding Depressive Symptom...
-
Racial Differences in Cumulative Disadvantage Among Women and Its Rela...
-
Structural Racism and Suicide Prevention for Ethnoracially Minoritized...
-
Social Genomics as a Framework for Understanding Health Disparities Am...
-
Stratification Economics: Core Constructs and Policy Implications
-
Moving Beyond Implicit Bias in Antiracist Academic Medicine Initiative...
-
Experiences of Discrimination, Institutional Responses to Seminal Race...
-
Moe Kura: a longitudinal study of mother and child sleep and well-bein...
-
Promoting Caregiver Mastery in Black American Dementia Caregivers
-
Gender Differences in Coping with Racism: African American Experience ...
-
Connecting past to present: Examining different approaches to linking ...
-
Mental Health Interventions That Address Historical Trauma among Indig...
-
Love in a time of anti-Blackness: social rank, attachment, and race in...
-
Anti‐racism activism among Black adolescents and emerging adults: Unde...
-
Making Pain Research More Inclusive: Why and How
-
Impact of Federal, State, and Local Housing Policies on Disparities in...
-
Perceived Discrimination Among Surgical Residents at Academic Medical ...
-
Unstable Housing and Kidney Disease: A Primer
-
Racism, Health, and Politics: Advancing Interdisciplinary Knowledge
-
Management of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
-
Critical Race Theory
-
Impact of Racial Categorization on Effect Estimates: An HIV Stigma Ana...
-
Critical Biocultural Approaches to Health and Illness
-
Meeting the Moment: Bioethics in the Time of Black Lives Matter
-
Measuring What Matters: Data Absenteeism, Science Communication, and t...
-
Exploring elderly Māori experiences of aged residential care using a k...
-
Social-Cognitive and Affective Antecedents of Code Switching and the C...
-
Perceived racial and social class discrimination and cannabis involvem...
-
Variations in Maternal Factors and Preterm Birth Risk among Non-Hispan...
-
Racism and the Reproductive Health Experiences of U.S.-Born Black Wome...
-
Spotlighting Black Adolescent Development in the Shadow of Racism: A C...
-
Ending the HIV epidemic for all, not just some: structural racism as a...
-
A Population Health Perspective on Racism and Racial Microaggressions
-
Time to Reflect and Take Action on Health Disparities and Health Inequ...
-
Gendered racism and subjective cognitive complaints among older black ...
-
Longitudinal Associations Between Discrimination, Neighborhood Social ...
-
Lifecourse Educational Trajectories and Hypertension in Midlife: An Ap...
-
Promoting Health Equity Across the Life Span
-
The Role of Middle School Sports Involvement in Understanding High Sch...
-
The Association between Racial Discrimination, Posttraumatic Stress Di...
-
Uses of theory in racial health disparities research: a scoping review...
-
Health inequities and the inappropriate use of race in nephrology
-
Structural Heteropatriarchy and Birth Outcomes in the United States
-
Racialized economic segregation and health outcomes: A systematic revi...
-
Educational Attainment, Race, and Ethnicity as Predictors for Ideal Ca...
-
Utilizing the Intersectional Perspective to Shift Individual and Syste...
-
A Call to Action to Enhance Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion ...
-
Racial/ethnic group comparisons of quit ratios and prevalences of cess...
-
Neighborhood Social Cohesion and the Health of Native Hawaiian and Oth...
-
Racial discrimination and disability among Asian and Latinx population...
-
Examination of maternal near-miss experiences in the hospital setting ...
-
Structural Racism and Pediatric Health—A Call for Research to Confront...
-
Towards Social Inclusion, Social Justice, and Health Equity
-
Strategies for Implementing Antiracist Frameworks in Teaching Material...
-
Impossible Body Escapes
-
Obesity and Immigration
-
Impact of gentrification on asthma visits to the emergency department
-
Low Income Populations
-
Psychometric properties and factor structure of the Center for Epidemi...
-
Defining the social determinants of health for nursing action to achie...
-
Cultural trauma as a fundamental cause of health disparities
-
The impact of anticipated, vicarious, and experienced racial and ethni...
-
Simulation Modelling of Tobacco Endgame Interventions and Their Impact...
-
Equity-Driven Sensing System for Measuring Skin Tone–Calibrated Periph...
-
Impact of the COVID ‐19 pandemic on elemen...
-
Extreme heat and its association with social disparities in the risk o...
-
Does increased migration affect the rural–urban divide in suicide? A r...
-
Emergency Medicine Nurse Practitioner and Physician Assistant Burnout,...
-
Who meets national early childhood sleep guidelines in Aotearoa New Ze...
-
HEALTH DISPARITIES, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, AND SYSTEMIC ANTI-B...
-
Addressing Racism in Preventive Services
-
COVID‐19, Social Determinants of Health, and Opportunities for Prevent...
-
Stigma, Perceived Discrimination, and Mental Health during China’s COV...
-
Racial Attitudes, Accumulation Mechanisms, and Disparities
-
Objectively measured sleep and physical function: Associations in low-...
-
“PrEP’s just to secure you like insurance”: a qualitative study on HIV...
-
Fifteen-year trends in self-reported racism and link with health and w...
-
The pathways from perceived discrimination to self-rated health among ...
-
Pervasive structural racism in environmental epidemiology
-
The association of workplace health education with smoking-related beh...
-
This is our lane: talking with patients about racism
-
Recreational cannabis legalization and alcohol purchasing: a differenc...
-
Correlates of perceived stress among community-dwelling older African ...
-
Developing an Antiracist Lens: Using Photography to Facilitate Public ...
-
Tip of the iceberg: Measuring racial discrimination in studies of heal...
-
Differences in the proportion of children meeting behavior guidelines...
-
Ethnic inequalities in health in later life, 1993–2017: the persistenc...
-
Applying Critical Race Theory to Public Administration Scholarship
-
Invited Commentary: Population Health in Peril—Needed US Science and P...
-
From Race-Based to Precision Oncology: Leveraging Behavioral Economics...
-
Lifetime Major Discrimination Experiences Moderate the Impact of Depre...
-
Structural racism and its pathways to asthma and atopic dermatitis
-
Colorism and Health Disparities in Home Countries: The Case of Puerto ...
-
Cultivating diversity as an ethos with an anti-racism approach in the ...
-
Living While Black, Gay, and Poor: The Association of Race, Neighborho...
-
Charting a Course towards Resilience Following Adverse Childhood Exper...
-
General orders for the embedded researcher: Moorings for a developing ...
-
Providers PrEP: Identifying Primary Health care Providers' Biases as B...
-
Workplace Discrimination and Short Sleep Among Healthcare Workers
-
Poverty, Racism, and the Public Health Crisis in America
-
Racial Incivility in Everyday Life: A Conceptual Framework for Linking...
-
Prevalence and correlates of depression among Black individuals in Can...
-
Failing to address racism: A commentary on “From Florence to Fossil Fu...
-
Exploring the Factor Structure of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery in...
-
Propositions for Race-Based Research in Intellectual and Developmental...
-
Changing the Narrative: Structural Barriers and Racial and Ethnic Ineq...
-
Immigrant Health Inequities: Exposing Diversions and White Supremacy
-
Osteoporosis Prevention, Screening, and Diagnosis
-
Challenging the binary: Gender/sex and the bio‐logics of normalcy
-
No Longer the Exception, but the Standard: Integrating Trauma-Informed...
-
Racialized Experiences Differentiate Food Security Among African Ameri...
-
Racial Disparities in Financial Security, Work and Leisure Activities,...
-
Differences in Emotional Responses to Race-Based Trauma among Black an...
-
Critical ‘street race’ praxis: advancing the measurement of racial dis...
-
Older and Wiser? Age Moderates the Association Between Discrimination ...
-
Impact of Stress and Loneliness on Health-Related Quality of Life Amon...
-
Structural racism, racial inequities and urban–rural differences in in...
-
Breaking the cycle of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs): Economic p...
-
Coming face to face with implicit bias, microaggressions, and macroagg...
-
Between the Prophetic and Priestly: The Role of Black Pastoral Authori...
-
How racialized students navigate campus life in a mid-sized Canadian c...
-
Racism and Poverty are Barriers to the Treatment of Youth Mental Healt...
-
The Daily Life Experiences Scale: Factor Structure, Reliability, Valid...
-
Cognitive flexibility and the health of Black college-attending young ...
-
Close Encounters in the World of Women's Sexual Health: An Alien's Jou...
-
Lived experiences of UK Black Ophthalmology Trainees in the NHS
-
Racial inequality, racial discrimination and obesity incidence in adul...
-
From Womb to Neighborhood: A Racial Analysis of Social Determinants of...
-
Association of social deprivation with cognitive status and decline in...
-
Caregiver stress and cultural identity in families of preschoolers wit...
-
Reframing the narrative: Black maternal mental health and culturally m...
-
Racial inequity in preterm delivery among college‐educated women: The ...
-
Are the needs of racialized lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and q...
-
Racial and Ethnic Inequities in Mortality During Hospitalization for T...
-
Making the “C-ACE” for a Culturally-Informed Adverse Childhood Experie...
-
Characteristics associated with downward residential mobility among bi...
-
Immigration and Gender as Social Determinants of Mental Health during ...
-
Effect of Social Determinants of Health on Cognition and Risk of Alzhe...
-
Racial discrimination as a mediator between criminal justice contact a...
-
Social vulnerabilities for substance use: Stressors, socially toxic en...
-
Reparations for Black American descendants of persons enslaved in the ...
-
Discrimination and Health: The Mediating Effect of Acculturative Stres...
-
Health and Race
-
Correlates of personal health record registration and utilization amon...
-
Anti-Asian discrimination and the Asian-white mental health gap during...
-
Racism, racial discrimination, and trauma: a systematic review of the ...
-
Pathways from racial discrimination to cortisol/DHEA imbalance: protec...
-
Meeting the Psychological Health & Growth Needs of Black College Stude...
-
Early Childhood Adversity, Toxic Stress, and the Impacts of Racism on ...
-
Perceived Discrimination and Hypertension Risk Among Participants in t...
-
A review of place identity studies in post-apartheid South Africa
-
Association between school racial/ethnic composition during adolescenc...
-
How are social determinants of health integrated into epigenetic resea...
-
Work-family spillover and depression: Are there racial differences amo...
-
Importance of State and Local Variation in Black–Brown Attitudes: How ...
-
Food Insecurity and Obesity in US Adolescents: A Population-Based Anal...
-
“Love and Prayer Sustain Our Work” Building Collective Power, Health, ...
-
Sociocultural Environments and Health Disparities Research
-
Adverse Childhood Experiences
-
Culturally Responsive Trauma-Informed Services: A Multilevel Perspecti...
-
Heterogeneity in the Association of Citizenship Status on Self-Rated H...
-
Geographic Variation in Reproductive Health Among the Black Population...
-
A culturally and gender responsive stress and chronic disease preventi...
-
It’s Time for a Black Bioethics
-
Incorporating Measures of Structural Racism into Population Studies of...
-
Application of the Weathering Framework: Intersection of Racism, Stigm...
-
The Role of Stress in Breast Cancer Incidence: Risk Factors, Intervent...
-
The Stressed Brain: Neural Underpinnings of Social Stress Processing i...
-
Social Determinants of Health and Disability
-
Towards Social Inclusion, Social Justice, and Health Equity
-
Securitisation and Self-Censorship in Civil Society
-
Racial Identity Among Blacks and Whites in the U.S.
-
Lessons Learned from Implementing a Place-Based, Racial Justice-Center...
-
Why public health framing matters: An experimental study of the effect...
-
Severe Intimate Partner Violence, Sources of Stress and the Mental Hea...
-
Racism as a Root Cause Approach: A New Framework
-
Racial Discrimination Is Associated with Greater Arterial Stiffness an...
-
Exploring the Nexus of Energy Burden, Social Capital, and Environmenta...
-
Attitudes toward vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from H...
-
Black and Brown Women Fostering Authentic Activism in Counseling Progr...
-
“The Tip of the Iceberg”: Commentary on Sports, Health Inequity, and T...
-
The relationship between housing instability and intimate partner viol...
-
The Role of Neighborhoods in Shaping the Aging Experience During Times...
-
Naming racism in the public health classroom
-
Race and ethnic variation in college students’ allostatic regulation o...
-
Sleep timing and sleep problems of preschoolers in Aotearoa/New Zealan...
-
Discrimination: a health hazard for people from refugee and asylum-see...
-
Racial discrimination and health: a prospective study of ethnic minori...
-
Socially-assigned race and health: a scoping review with global implic...
-
Applying Community‐Based Participatory Approaches to Addressing Health...
-
Transforming responses: Exploring the treatment of substance-using Afr...
-
Geospatial perspectives on health: The PrEP4Love campaign and the role...
-
Racism as a Stressor Impacting the Health of African Americans
-
Anti-Racism in Nursing Education: Recommendations for Racial Justice P...
-
New pathogen, same disparities: why COVID‐19 and HIV remain prevalent ...
-
COVID-19's Disproportionate Impact on Communities of Color Spotlights ...
-
Caregiver experiences of racism are associated with adverse health out...
-
Vagueness, power and public health: use of ‘vulnerable‘ in public heal...
-
Everyday Discrimination Typologies Among Older African Americans: Gend...
-
Health Disparities at the Intersection of Gender and Race: Beyond Inte...
-
Reporting and combating the health crisis: an analysis of the PRC medi...
-
Race and Disability in Media Coverage of the Police Homicide of Eric G...
-
Using Rap Music to Better Understand African American Experiences
-
Cardiovascular Health in Black Americans
-
Racial Differences in the Biochemical Effects of Stress in Pregnancy
-
Racial justice and HIV in the United States: now is the time
-
The Impact of Racial Discrimination on Health Disparities among Asian ...
-
Mental Health Disparities in Children of Caribbean Immigrants: How Rac...
-
Health Consequences of Prejudice and Discrimination
-
Independent and joint contributions of economic, social and physical e...
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Cancer Pain in Relation to Metropolitan Area Segregation and Nursing H...
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An Anti-Racist Approach to Achieving Mental Health Equity in Clinical ...
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Do Black Lives Matter to Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry?
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Social Support, Everyday Discrimination, and Depressive Symptoms Among...
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A Dream Deferred: African American Women’s Diminished Socioeconomic Re...
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Antiblackness as a Logic for Anti‐Immigrant Resentment: Evidence From ...
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Systemic racism, chronic health inequities, and COVID ...
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Intergenerational Change in Birthweight
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Neural Processing and Perceived Discrimination Stress in African Ameri...
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Psychological pathway from racial discrimination to the physical conse...
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Social Determinants of Racial Disparities in Cognitive Functioning in ...
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Socioeconomic Status, Ecologically Assessed Social Activities, and Dai...
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Ethnic Density and Psychological Distress in Palestinian Israeli Adole...
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Black’s Coping Responses to Racial Stress
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Gendered Race and Setting Matter: Sources of Complexity in the Relatio...
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Health and Health-Related Correlates of Internalized Racism Among Raci...
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Structural racism, economic opportunity and racial health disparities:...
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Why Sociology Matters to Race and Biosocial Science
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Race or racial segregation? Modification of the PM2.5 and cardiovascul...
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Introduction to an Applied Developmental Science ...
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Going Upstream to Advance Psychosis Prevention and Improve Public Heal...
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Patient Navigation: Addressing Social Challenges in Dialysis Patients
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Racial Battle Fatigue: The Long-Term Effects of Racial Microaggression...
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The Role of Neighborhood Experiences in Psychological Distress Among A...
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Poverty, insurance, and region as predictors of epilepsy treatment amo...
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Did the Medicare Prescription Drug Program Lead to New Racial and Ethn...
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Racial Microaggression, Overt Discrimination, and Distress: (In)Direct...
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A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Internalized Racial Oppres...
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Parent-Youth Relationships, Racial Discrimination, and Delinquency amo...
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Difference in the risk of depressive symptoms associated with physical...
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Rural life and suicide: Does the effect of the community context vary ...
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Psychiatric Disorders Among Older Black Americans: Within- and Between...
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Foreclosure Risk and Community Health: Does Social Capital Have a Prot...
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Shortened telomere length is associated with unfair treatment attribut...
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Racial differences in alcohol and tobacco use in adolescence and mid-a...
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Physiological Significance of Discrimination on Stress Markers, Obesit...
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Mechanisms of Racial Health Disparities: Evidence on Coping and Cortis...
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Leveraging Community Engagement: The Role of Community-Based Organizat...
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Invited Commentary: Making Causal Inference More Social and (Social) E...
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Race, death of a child, and mortality risk among aging parents in the ...
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The dual contingencies of ethnoraciality: Status-context disparities i...
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The Psychological Cost of Racial Discrimination: What is the Role of R...
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Women Living With HIV in High Income Countries and the Deeper Meaning ...
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Self-Rated Health and Structural Racism Indicated by County-Level Raci...
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Anti-black Attitudes Are a Threat to Health Equity in the United State...
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Discrimination, social support, and telomere length: the Multi-Ethnic ...
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Risk and protective factors associated with comorbid PTSD and depressi...
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The whole and inclusive university: a critical review of health promot...
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Urinalysis and Prenatal Health: Evaluation of a Simple Experiment That...
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Social determinants as moderators of the effectiveness of health behav...
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Do the Yolŋu people of East Arnhem Land experience smoking related sti...
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A Transdisciplinary Conceptual Framework of Contextualized Resilience ...
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Experiences of racism and subjective cognitive function in African Ame...
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Demographic Influences and Health Disparities in Adults with Diabetes
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Racism
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Die Gesundheit von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund aus sozialepidem...
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Perceived ethnic discrimination, race-related stress, and coping style...
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Le profilage racial à Montréal, effets des politiques et des pratiques...
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Understanding and addressing social determinants to advance cancer hea...
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Linked Lives in Double Jeopardy: Child Incarceration and Maternal Heal...
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The Intergenerational Transmission of Discrimination: Children’s Exper...
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The role of emotional eating in the links between racial discriminatio...
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Masculinity ideology and racism as indicators of obesity risk among Bl...
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Growing sense of social status threat and concomitant deaths of despai...
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Systolic Blood Pressure and Socioeconomic Status in a large multi-stud...
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The impact of racism on the future health of adults: protocol for a pr...
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The coin model of privilege and critical allyship: implications for he...
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Access to Norwegian healthcare system – challenges for sub-Saharan Afr...
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Association between experience of racial discrimination and hazardous ...
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Racial discrimination, the superwoman schema, and allostatic load: exp...
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Discrimination in the United States: Perspectives for the future
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Introduction
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Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of black Americans
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Understanding how discrimination can affect health
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Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of Native Americans
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Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of Latinos
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Pathways to Mental Health Services and Perceptions about the Effective...
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Prioritizing Health Equity: Patient Perspectives from a Clinic-Based P...
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Housing discrimination and racial cancer disparities among the 100 lar...
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Medicine and Health
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Psychosocial Stress and Overweight and Obesity: Findings From the Chic...
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Does Discrimination Breed Mistrust? Examining the Role of Mediated and...
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From Epidemiology to Action: The Case for Addressing Social Determinan...
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Patterns of Family, School, and Community Promotive Factors and Health...
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Socially Assigned Race and Diabetes: Findings from the Arizona Behavio...
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Vicarious Racism Stress and Disease Activity: the Black Women’s Experi...
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How long do preschoolers in Aotearoa/New Zealand sleep? Associations w...
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Friends, relatives, sanity, and health: The costs of politics
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Exposure to Evidence of White Privilege and Perceptions of Hardships A...
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Essential(ist) medicine: promoting social explanations for racial vari...
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Culture, Race, and Health: Implications for Racial Inequities and Popu...
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Violence Exposure and Sexual Risk Behaviors for African American Adole...
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Race, Environmental Inequality, and Physical Health
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Intersectional effects of racial and gender discrimination on cardiova...
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Perceived discrimination and health: Paradigms and prospects
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How Social Welfare and Health Professionals Understand “Race,” Racism,...
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Everyday discrimination among formerly homeless persons in permanent s...
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Cortisol and Racial Health Disparities Affecting Black Men in Later Li...
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Differential associations between everyday versus institution-specific...
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The case for desegregation
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Maternal experiences of ethnic discrimination and child cardiometaboli...
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Coding the Everyday Discrimination Scale: implications for exposure as...
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Racial discrimination, John Henryism coping, and behavioral health con...
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Racial Discrimination, Disease Activity, and Organ Damage: The Black W...
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Placing prostate cancer disparities within a psychosocial context: cha...
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HIV-Related Medical Mistrust, HIV Testing, and HIV Risk in the Nationa...
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Ubiquitous Yet Unclear: A Systematic Review of Medical Mistrust
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Low Birth Weight Among Infants Born to Black Latina Women in the Unite...
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US children with special health care needs and ethnic discrimination: ...
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Discrimination and public health
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Intersectional decomposition analysis with differential exposure, effe...
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Perceived racism may partially explain the gap in health between Abori...
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The role of racial/ethnic identity in the association between racial d...
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Depressive Symptomatology, Racial Discrimination Experience, and Brain...
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Racism and Health: Evidence and Needed Research
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Words Matter
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A Meta-Analytic Review of Racial Discrimination: Relationships to Heal...
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Black/white differences in mortality among veteran and non-veteran mal...
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Combined Effects of Race and Socioeconomic Status on Cancer Beliefs, C...
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The State of Public Health Lead Policies: Implications for Urban Healt...
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Discrimination, Mental Disorders, and Suicidal Ideation in Latino Adul...
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The Role of Racial Residential Segregation in Black-White Disparities ...
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Experience of racism and associations with unmet need and healthcare s...
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Experiences of Discrimination and Prejudice Among American Indian Yout...
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Persistent Racial Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality Between Black...
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Reducing Extreme Economic Inequality
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A Clinical Practice Model to Promote Health Equity for Adolescents and...
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Indigenist and Decolonizing Research Methodology
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The Experience of Racism on Behavioral Health Outcomes: the Moderating...
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Racial discrimination, educational attainment, and biological dysregul...
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Transforming institutional racism at an Australian hospital
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Understanding Associations between Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Hea...
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10. Racism Across the Life Course
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21. Racism and the Health of Latina/Latino Communities
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I. IS RACISM A PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE?
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Racism and the Life Course: Taking Time Seriously
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BMI Trajectories in Adulthood: The Intersection of Skin Color, Gender,...
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Stress and the Mental Health of Populations of Color: Advancing Our Un...
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Experiences of Racism and Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration Among ...
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Multiple forms of discrimination and relationships with health and wel...
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Filling the Gaps in Adolescent Care and School Health Policy-Tackling ...
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The clinical imperative for inclusivity: Race, ethnicity, and ancestry...
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Experiences of Racism and Preterm Birth: Findings from a Pregnancy Ris...
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Perceived discrimination is associated with the inflammatory response ...
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Mass incarceration, race inequality, and health: Expanding concepts an...
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Racism & Health: A public health perspective on racial discrimination
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Stereotyping across intersections of race and age: Racial stereotyping...
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Minority representation, tokenism, and well-being in army units
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“They Are Clipping Our Wings”: Health Implications of Restrictive Immi...
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Racist Monuments Are Killing Us
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Positive Peer Association Among Black American Youth and the Roles of ...
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“You Know if You Quit, That’s Failure, Right?”: Barriers to Profession...
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Racial Discrimination and Mental Health in the USA: Testing the Revers...
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Weighed down by discriminatory policing: Perceived unfair treatment an...
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HIV testing history among young adults: The roles of sex, race, and se...
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Ending America’s HIV Epidemic: Why the National HIV/AIDS Strategy Stil...
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Addressing Recognition Gaps: Destigmatization and the Reduction of Ine...
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Institutions, Incorporation, and Inequality: The Case of Minority Heal...
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African American Women and Obesity Through the Prism of Race
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Racial Stratification, Immigration, and Health Inequality: A Life Cour...
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Islamophobia, Health, and Public Health: A Systematic Literature Revie...
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Depression among Black Youth; Interaction of Class and Place
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Family Income Reduces Risk of Obesity for White but Not Black Children
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Socioeconomic Status and Self-Rated Oral Health; Diminished Return amo...
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Independent and Joint Contributions of Fine Particulate Matter Exposur...
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Racism and health in New Zealand: Prevalence over time and association...
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Discrimination hurts: The effect of discrimination on the development ...
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Double Disadvantage in the Process of Disablement: Race as a Moderator...
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Race and ethnicity are not primary determinants in utilizing veterinar...
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Psychological pathways from racial discrimination to cortisol in Afric...
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What is Health Equity?
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Trends for Reported Discrimination in Health Care in a National Sample...
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Culture Shifts
-
Psychosocial Mechanisms Underlying Older Black Men’s Health
-
Ecological and political economy lenses for school health education: a...
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Area racism and birth outcomes among Blacks in the United States
-
Racial inequalities in health: Framing future research
-
Civic and political rights of the Batwa ethnic minority in local gover...
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What’s Your “Street Race”? Leveraging Multidimensional Measures of Rac...
-
Racism
-
Contextual, Organizational, and Ecological Factors Influencing the Var...
-
Social Identity and Discrimination in Religious/Spiritual Influences o...
-
Indigenist and Decolonizing Research Methodology
-
The Relationship Between Race, Patient Activation, and Working Allianc...
-
Unequal Gain of Equal Resources across Racial Groups
-
Documenting sociopolitical development via participatory action resear...
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Health Disparities due to Diminished Return among Black Americans: Pub...
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Drawing on antiracist approaches toward a critical antidiscriminatory ...
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Integrating Hip‐Hop Culture and Rap Music Into Social Justice Counseli...
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Racism and health service utilisation: A systematic review and meta-an...
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Black Deaths Matter: Race, Relationship Loss, and Effects on Survivors
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Embodied Harm: A Phenomenological Engagement with Stereotype Threat
-
Associations between race, discrimination and risk for chronic disease...
-
The impact of racial discrimination on the health of Australian Indige...
-
Social Determinants of Depression: The Intersections of Race, Gender, ...
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Impact of Discrimination on Health among Adolescent Immigrant Minoriti...
-
Obesity and Associated Health Disparities Among Understudied Multiraci...
-
Waterpipe tobacco smoking among sexual minorities in the United States...
-
Worry about racial discrimination: A missing piece of the puzzle of Bl...
-
How the Social Environment Gets Under the Skin
-
Racial residential segregation and adverse birth outcomes: A systemati...
-
Paths to Respectability: Consumption and Stigma Management in the Cont...
-
Methods Used and Topics Addressed in Quantitative Health Research on G...
-
Science Is Complex—So Is Race
-
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Early-Stage Lung Cancer Survival
-
Racial identity and the quality of life among blacks and whites in the...
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The Race Project: Researching Race in the Social Sciences Researchers,...
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Black Lives Matter: A Theological Response to Racism’s Impact on the...
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The gendered experience of smoking stigma: implications for tobacco co...
-
Variations in Influenza and Pneumonia Immunizations for Medicare Benef...
-
Explaining intersectionality through description, counterfactual think...
-
Critical race theory–social constructivist bricolage: A health-promoti...
-
A review of sociocultural factors that may underlie differences in Afr...
-
Racial Disparities in Blood Pressure Trajectories of Preterm Children:...
-
Racial Cues and Racial Identity...
-
Integrative Literature Review of Factors Related to Breastfeeding in A...
-
Psychosocial Factors and Hypertension
-
Microaggressions, Discrimination, and Phenotype among African American...
-
Racial discrimination associated with higher diastolic blood pressure ...
-
Examining Racial Discrimination Frequency, Racial Discrimination Stres...
-
Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and inter...
-
A qualitative Kaupapa Māori approach to understanding infant and young...
-
Contextual, organizational and ecological effects on the variations in...
-
Racism as a fundamental determinant of health for Black boys
-
Ethnic minority membership and depression in the UK and America
-
Exploring racial influences on flu vaccine attitudes and behavior: Res...
-
Discrimination and psychiatric disorders among older African Americans
-
Internalized racism and mental health among African-Americans, US-born...
-
Everyday Racial Discrimination, Everyday Non-Racial Discrimination, an...
-
Examining the factor structure of the perceived ethnic discrimination ...
-
Language, Measurement, and Structural Violence: Global Mental Health C...
-
The Incidence, Prevalence, and Risk Factors Associated with Debilitati...
-
Indigenous Positioning in Health Research: The importance of Kaupapa M...
-
Development and testing of study tools and methods to examine ethnic b...
-
“You Are Not Alone”: Toward Equity in Breastfeeding and Skilled Lactat...
-
Resilience to adversity and the early origins of disease
-
Islamophobia and Public Health in the United States
-
Racial Discrimination and Adverse Birth Outcomes: An Integrative Revie...
-
A Racial Equity Toolkit for Midwifery Organizations
-
Prejudice, Stigma, Bias, Discrimination, and Health
-
Beyond genetic race: biocultural insights into the causes of racial he...
-
Does the Race of the Discrimination Agent in Latinos’ Discrimination E...
-
Disparities at the intersection of marginalized groups
-
Accelerated Health Declines among African Americans in the USA
-
Medical mistrust among social network members may contribute to antire...
-
Childhood Adversity and Men’s Relationships in Adulthood: Life Course ...
-
Social Disorder in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Building on Race, Plac...
-
Romantic Relationship Commitment Behavior Among Emerging Adult African...
-
Exploring the mental health benefits of participation in an Australian...
-
Substance Abuse Among Blacks Across the Diaspora
-
Using Multiple-hierarchy Stratification and Life Course Approaches to ...
-
The need for multi-level mitigation of medical mistrust among social n...
-
Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities Among People With Intellectual an...
-
A Vicious Cycle...
-
The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance...
-
Supportive Family Environments Ameliorate the Link Between Racial Disc...
-
Racial discrimination, socioeconomic position, and illicit drug use am...
-
Increased cardiovascular risks associated with familial inbreeding: a ...
-
Diverging Fortunes: Racial/Ethnic Inequality in Wealth Trajectories in...
-
Reverberations of Racism and Sexism Through the Subjective Sexualities...
-
Discrimination and sleep: a systematic review
-
Disparities in Service Use and Expenditures for People With Intellectu...
-
Perceived discrimination and youths' adjustment: sleep as a moderator
-
Racial Disparities in Diabetes Hospitalization of Rural Medicare Benef...
-
Die Gesundheit von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund aus sozialepidem...
-
Life Expectancy Varies in Local Communities in Chicago: Racial and Spa...
-
Stand-Your-Ground is losing ground for racial minorities' health
-
Racismo e Saúde: um corpus crescente de evidência internacional
-
Understanding the Role of Social Factors in Farmworker Housing and Hea...
-
Social determinants and health behaviors: conceptual frames and empiri...
-
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Men's Health
-
Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analys...
-
The Cost of Color: Skin Color, Discrimination, and Health among Africa...
-
Capturing the cardiac effects of racial discrimination: Do the effects...
-
Disparities and the Social Determinants of Mental Health and Addiction...
-
Black Lives Matter: A Commentary on Racism and Public Health
-
Perceived discrimination and markers of cardiovascular risk among low‐...
-
Psychische Störungen bei Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutsch...
-
Understanding Inequities in Home Health Care Outcomes: Staff Views on ...
-
Training providers on issues of race and racism improve health care eq...
-
Racial Microstressors, Racial Self-Concept, and Depressive Symptoms Am...
-
Self-Reported Experiences of Discrimination and Health: Scientific Adv...
-
Racial Identity and Well-Being among African Americans
-
Symptoms of anxiety on both sides of the US–Mexico border: The role of...
-
“More than skin deep”: stress neurobiology and mental health consequen...
-
Introduction: Context, Overview, and Guiding Questions
-
Stress, Health, and Disparities
-
Racial Disparities in the Health Benefits of Educational Attainment
-
Understanding the essence and lived experience of self-care management...
-
Whites’ Interpersonal Interactions Shape, and Are Shaped by, Implicit ...
-
Understanding Health Disparities
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