The Third Wave of Science Studies: Studies of Expertise and Experience
Abstract
Science studies has shown us why science and technology cannot always solve technical problems in the public domain. In particular, the speed of political decision-making is faster than the speed of scientific consensus formation. A predominant motif over recent years has been the need to extend the domain of technical decision-making beyond the technically qualified élite, so as to enhance political legitimacy. We argue, however, that the `Problem of Legitimacy' has been replaced by the `Problem of Extension' - that is, by a tendency to dissolve the boundary between experts and the public so that there are no longer any grounds for limiting the indefinite extension of technical decision-making rights. We argue that a Third Wave of Science Studies - Studies of Expertise and Experience (SEE) - is needed to solve the Problem of Extension. SEE will include a normative theory of expertise, and will disentangle expertise from political rights in technical decision-making. The theory builds categories of expertise, starting with the key distinction between interactive expertise and contributory expertise. A new categorization of types of science is also needed. We illustrate the potential of the approach by re-examining existing case studies, including Brian Wynne's study of Cumbrian sheep farmers. Sometimes the new theory argues for more public involvement, sometimes for less. An Appendix describes existing contributions to the problem of technical decision-making in the public domain.
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The provenance of this paper is the theoretical work done at Cardiff University in putting together an application for an ESRC Research Centre, the `Centre for the Study of Expertise and Environmental Policy' (SEEP). This initial work was done in the autumn of 1999, and the bid was submitted on 20 January 2000. Here is the opening paragraph of the submission:
We face a crisis over the way we make decisions about the environment. We find ourselves caught on the horns of a dilemma: do we maximise the political legitimacy of our decisions by referring them to the widest democratic processes, and risk technical paralysis, or do we base our decisions on the best expert advice and invite popular opposition? This is the crisis that SEEP will address.
A little way below we find:
Thus, on the academic side we want to create a new way of talking and thinking about expertise and experience to replace the old discourse about science and truth.
It can be seen that the framework of the argument presented in this paper was already in place at this point. We are grateful to various members of three Cardiff departments - the Schools of City and Regional Planning, Journalism and Media Studies, and Social Sciences - for providing an environment in which the theory could be beaten out. The paper also benefitted from critical comments by members of audiences at Gothenburg University (where a version was presented by Collins in September 1999) and at Cornell University (where a nearly finished draft was presented in November 2001). We are also grateful to Ingemar Bohlin, Martin Kusch, Arie Rip, Steve Yearley, Anne Murcott and members of the Cardiff KES group for comments on earlier versions. We also thank the referees of the first submitted draft for providing us with the opportunity to improve the paper markedly.
1.
1. The Chambers Dictionary (Edinburgh, UK: Chambers Harrap Publishers, 1993), 951.
2.
2. For an approach which grows out of political philosophy, see Stephen Turner, `What is the Problem With Experts?', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 31, No. 1 (February 2001), 123-49. Turner argues that it initially seems hard to square the notion of liberal democracy with the idea of élite groups of experts whose knowledge takes them beyond the reach of normal political judgements. He concludes, however, that a rationale exists for expertise to function in modern democratic societies.
3.
3. Many other contemporary social analysts of science and technology have normative commitments but, so far as we know, none has developed a normative theory of expertise.
4.
4. Among the variations to be found are those expressed by one of our referees, who insisted that the discovery of the negotiability of the boundaries of expertise was in no way connected to the idea that anyone should have a say in expert decisions. It seems to us that if there is no defining criterion for expertise, it follows that there is no way of defining people out of the category, and this invites unlimited extension. It also seems to us that many have read precisely this conclusion into `Wave Two'. That the referee did not agree merely shows how difficult it is to describe a broad sweep in a way that will take everyone's interpretation into account.
5.
5. The term is used liberally in, for example, Hilary Arksey, RSI and the Experts: The Construction of Medical Knowledge (London: UCL Press, 1998).
6.
6. The wider use of the notion of expertise does, of course, do immense work in the debate about artificial intelligence, but precisely because it shows that so much expertise is restricted to humans, not machines - that is to say, it extends only to the boundary of social beings, and no further: see H.M. Collins, Artificial Experts: Social Knowledge and Intelligent Machines (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990); H.M. Collins and Martin Kusch, The Shape of Actions: What Humans and Machines Can Do (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998). If the term `lay expertise' has an application, a better one might be to the kind of expertise that is distributed throughout the human race.
7.
7. There were questions concerning the `social responsibility' of science, but these very problems arose out of science's power; to raise questions of social responsibility is to ignore questions of the foundation of knowledge. That things were not as uniformly simple as our broad brush suggests can be seen in publications such as Anthony Standen, Science is a Sacred Cow (London: Sheed & Ward, 1952), and Ian Welsh, Mobilizing Modernity: The Nuclear Moment (London: Routledge, 2001).
8.
8. Let us bear in mind that being philosophically `high and dry' does not mean that positivism does not remain immensely strong in terms of political and economic power, as well as being the predominant driving idea in the tremendously successful natural sciences.
9.
9. We resisted the pun. Both authors continue, unabashed, with their Wave Two-type studies, and so do their colleagues and students.
10.
10. The quotation marks here indicate where we are quoting the words of the referees of an earlier draft of the paper.
11.
11. We understand, of course, that any such contribution is not going to settle the problem `once and for all' (to quote a critical referee).
12.
12. See the works cited in note 6.
13.
13. The distinction made here is not to be confused with the similar methodological difference between investigating the flow of the river of history while standing in the stream - by studying a contemporaneous science - and by studying it as a historian, after the river has reached its outflow. This is a distinction of methodology, not aims.
14.
14. As has been argued in H.M. Collins and Steven Yearley, `Epistemological Chicken', in Andrew Pickering (ed.), Science as Practice and Culture (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1992), 301-26.
15.
15. As well as the work cited in note 6, see Trevor Pinch, H.M. Collins and Larry Carbone, `Inside Knowledge: Second Order Measures of Skill', Sociological Review, Vol. 44, No. 2 (May 1996), 163-86; H.M. Collins, `Tacit Knowledge, Trust and the Q of Sapphire', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 31, No. 1 (February 2001), 71-85.
16.
16. Collins & Yearley, op. cit. note 14. Let us hasten to add that many Wave Two authors have made valuable `upstream' contributions, and many of these are discussed in the Appendix and in the main body of the paper. We are simply trying to describe, systematize and set on a firmer foundation, the contribution of the sociology of scientific knowledge to what happens upstream. To give one example, Evelleen Richards has argued that it was part of the duty of science studies to give positive advice on the conduct of science, and Trevor Pinch, in reviewing her work, referred to it as `third generation' SSK (though his `first' and `second' generations did not coincide with our First and Second Waves): see, for example, Brian Martin, Evelleen Richards and Pam Scott, `Who's a Captive? Who's a Victim? Response to Collins's Method Talk', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Spring 1991), 252-55; Trevor Pinch, `Generations of SSK' (Review of Richards, Vitamin C and Cancer, & Sapp, Where the Truth Lies), Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 2 (May 1993), 363-73. Richards and Collins disagreed about whether her work was SSK, and Collins would still say it was not - it was knowledge science. This is the kind of distinction that we are trying to resolve here.
17.
17. H.M. Collins, Changing Order: Replication and Induction in Scientific Practice (Beverly Hills, CA & London: Sage, 1st edn, 1985; Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, rev. 2nd edn, 1992), passim; H.M. Collins, `The Meaning of Data: Open and Closed Evidential Cultures in the Search for Gravitational Waves', American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 104, No. 2 (September 1998), 293-337.
18.
18. The size of the core-set can be influenced by the `size' of the claim made - for example, the extent to which it seeks to overturn a small or large part of the conventional theories: see Trevor Pinch, Confronting Nature: The Sociology of Solar-Neutrino Detection (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1986) - and the availability of resources which limit the ability of scientists to participate in the debate at all: see Bruno Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society (Milton Keynes, Bucks., UK: Open University Press; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987).
19.
19. Thomas F. Gieryn, `Boundary-Work and the Demarcation of Science from Non-Science: Strains and Interests in Professional Ideologies of Scientists', American Sociological Review, Vol. 48 (1983), 781-95; T.F. Gieryn, Cultural Boundaries of Science: Credibility on the Line (Chicago, IL & London: The University of Chicago Press, 1999).
20.
20. These remarks were made by Steven Yearley, who kindly allowed us to identify him as one referee of an earlier draft of this paper.
21.
21. And this has been known for a long time by those convinced by the arguments supporting moral relativism; moral relativism does not lead to moral anarchy, but to the sad acceptance that, beyond a certain point, moral judgements cannot be justified, but are nevertheless right - one just has to take responsibility for them.
22.
22. Or it might be that the appropriate circle of judgement for a work of art is still wider than the trained critics, and hence the claim that `I may not know much about art, but I know what I like', is not entirely frivolous. Indeed, some art is intended to make a fool of circles of specialist critics, or to cause us to reflect on the nature of the establishment. But, setting all that aside, should we feel happy with: `I may not know much about science, but I know what I like'?
23.
23. This is not to say that once upon a time the public, or at least those who witnessed experiments, were not more important to the process of science. And it is not to say that such rights are not being increasingly demanded. It is this latter process in which we are interested.
24.
24. In an unpublished paper to the conference on `Democratisation Socialised', held at Cardiff University (25-28 August 2000), Harry Collins argued that a demarcation criterion between science and art could be found in the relationship between the intentions of the author of a paper/work and the interpretation of the consumer - and that in scientific paper-writing, the author's intention must always be to limit interpretative licence, whereas in some forms of art or poetry, it might well be to provoke an unanticipated response or interpretation. Though our main three-fold classification - no special expertise, interactional expertise, and contributory expertise - was initially chosen because it is already present in the discourse and practice of social scientists, it has begun to feel less arbitrary as the argument has developed. The distinction seems to `pop up all over the place' once one starts to think about these matters. In this case, pressed upon us by our referee, it seems the obvious way to think about the relationship between artists and critics.
25.
25. Steven Shapin, `The Politics of Observation: Cerebral Anatomy and Social Interests in the Edinburgh Phrenology Disputes', in Roy Wallis (ed.), On the Margins of Science: The Social Construction of Rejected Knowledge, Sociological Review Monograph No. 27 (Keele, Staffs., UK: Keele University Press; London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979), 139-78.
26.
26. By `Lysenkoism and the like' we mean cases where state power is used to over-rule scientific conclusions that are subject to broad consensus within the international scientific community. We note that all but the most and least radical of scientific commentators decry, for example, the involvement of the tobacco companies in supporting scientific research aimed at certain conclusions.
27.
27. The degree of `visibility' of the politics is not, by itself, a good criterion of `intrinsicness' or `extrinsicness' of the politics, since degree of visibility is contingent on historical events and contexts (we thank Charles Thorpe for this point). The criterion of intrinsicness has to be the extent to which scientists, or other commentators, would willingly endorse the input of politics into the science. To play the Western science `language game' (and this whole paper stands and falls on an agreement to play it) means being unwilling to endorse, publicly, an input of political influence into science. However irreducible the political input, the politics must remain intrinsic if it is Western science that is being done. As we explain in the Appendix, this means that there are two ways to look at modern `standpoint theories'. One way is to see the input of new classes of expert, such as women, as experts on women, as a way of reducing already existing political biasses so as to increase the integrity of the science. The other way is to see them as insisting that science is a product of its political milieu, that there are different sciences based on different political viewpoints, and that the influence of the `standpoint' should be explicit and extrinsic. As we indicate, to argue in the second way is to abandon the language of Western science, something which we stand against.
28.
28. But the compartmentalization is analytically vital. The difference between SSK's descriptions and its prescriptions seem to be at the root of certain earlier heated debates. The prescriptions, as in the case of the justice system, are a matter of knowing how to act appropriately within a set of institutions or `language games'. Misunderstanding the difference between the analyst's `is' and the analyst's `ought' has led to some ghastly confusions: see, for example, Pam Scott, Evelleen Richards and Brian Martin, `Captives of Controversy: The Myth of the Neutral Social Researcher in Contemporary Scientific Controversies', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Autumn 1990), 33-57; Martin, Richards & Scott, op. cit. note 16; H.M. Collins, `In Praise of Futile Gestures: How Scientific is the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge?', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 26, No. 2 (May 1996), 229-44. One might say that Scott, Richards and Martin, having noticed that SSK has shown that politics is intrinsic to science, believe it should be made extrinsic also. We disagree. When one moves upstream into the area of prescription, one must be aware that one no longer has the analytic privileges and advantages accorded to those who remain downstream. Likewise, staying downstream is incompatible with overt prescription, because symmetry is central to downstream analysis.
29.
29. This phrase is due to Collins, Changing Order, op. cit. note 17, 145. The idea has been modified and extended by Donald MacKenzie, who points out that uncertainty and opposition can increase as science enters the policy-making sphere: D. MacKenzie, `The Certainty Trough', in Robin Williams, Wendy Faulkner and James Fleck (eds), Exploring Expertise: Issues and Perspectives (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1998), 325-29.
30.
30. We talk here of the cognitive debate. As Latour (op. cit. note 18) has argued, there are many factors that make scientific disputes more or less settled in practice.
31.
31. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1962; rev. 2nd edn, 1970); Harry Collins and Trevor Pinch, The Golem: What You Should Know About Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1st edn, 1993; Cambridge & New York: Canto, 2nd edn, with new afterword, 1998). In the afterword to the second edition of The Golem, evidence is used to show the relationship between textbook accounts and other accounts of the foundations of relativity.
32.
32. For example, the UK government's response to the possibility of a link between BSE in cattle and CJD in humans was orchestrated around these ideas, and government statements invariably took the line that there was no risk, or that beef was completely safe: see Barbara Adam, Timescapes of Modernity: The Environment and Invisible Hazards (London & New York: Routledge, 1998); B. Adam, `The Media Timescapes of BSE News', in Stuart Allan, Barbara Adam and Cynthia Carter (eds), Environmental Risks and the Media (London & New York: Routledge, 2000), 117-29. The same concern for certainty was also reported in Brian Wynne's study of the sheep-farmers: B. Wynne, `May the Sheep Safely Graze? A Reflexive View of the Expert-Lay Knowledge Divide', in Scott Lash, Bronislaw Szerszynski and Brian Wynne (eds), Risk, Environment & Modernity: Towards a New Ecology (London: Sage, 1996), 44-83; and, more recently, it can be seen in the response to concerns about the safety of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine given to young children and in the possible dangers posed to service men and women, and presumably civilians in war zones, by the use of depleted uranium (DU) ammunition.
33.
33. What is meant is that, like Harold Garfinkel's famous breaching experiments, scientific controversies highlighted the rules of scientific behaviour and their ambivalances: see Harold Garfinkel, `A Conception of, and Experiments With, “Trust” as a Condition of Stable Concerted Actions', in O.J. Harvey (ed.), Motivation and Social Interaction (New York: Ronald Press, 1963), 187-238.
34.
34. See also Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond, `About Misunderstandings About Misunderstandings', Public Understanding of Science, Vol. 1, No. 1 (January 1992), 17-21.
35.
35. See, for example, Gieryn, opera cit. note 19.
36.
36. In other words, as indicated above, expertise is being treated in the way it would be treated under `knowledge science'.
37.
37. We are led to ask this question after, on the advice of a referee, re-reading Turner, op. cit. note 2.
38.
38. Our claim in respect of astrology is not that it has never been used to contribute to decision-making at a variety of levels, but that very few of its proponents confuse it with science, any more than they would confuse the sayings of an oracle with science.
39.
39. Turner, op. cit. note 2.
40.
40. Part of our job could be described as helping to realize such continuities in expertise as continuities in social and cognitive networks.
41.
41. Wave Two studies show that many of the arguments used by scientists to exclude some whole field or other from scientific consideration are based on risible or disingenuous oversimplifications of the way their own sciences work, but this is not to make the other fields valid: H.M. Collins and Trevor J. Pinch, `The Construction of the Paranormal: Nothing Unscientific is Happening', in Wallis (ed.), op. cit. note 25, 237-70. The stress on the orthogonal nature of decisions about fields and decisions about expertise within fields, and the subsequent setting out of Figure 8, emerged from the discussion at Cornell University in November 2001, mentioned above.
42.
42. For a discussion of expertise and experience, see Peter Dear, Discipline and Experience: The Mathematical Way in the Scientific Revolution (Chicago, IL & London: The University of Chicago Press, 1995).
43.
43. To anticipate a potential question, what we will call `interactional competence' in an expertise can be a Type I interactional competence, even though it is not itself a fullblown Type I expertise.
44.
44. There is a terminological difficulty here. Turner classifies expertise, rather than competence within an expertise. We want to talk about competence within an expertise. Unfortunately, the possession of certain expertise is also seen as a sign of competence, as when we say that certain humans are `more competent at sports' than others if they possess more sports expertise. We don't think the terminological untidiness causes any great problems, however, as the meaning should always be clear from the context.
45.
45. For example, into tacit and explicit knowledge, with two different more detailed classifications within these broad categories: see, for example, the work of Collins cited in notes 6 and 15. With another author, he has also divided human abilities into `polimorphic' and `mimeomorphic': Collins & Kusch, op. cit. note 6, passim. Probably the most currently well-known classification of expertise is that due to Hubert and Stuart Dreyfus (H.L. Dreyfus and S.E. Dreyfus, Mind Over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer [New York: Free Press, 1986]), but the Dreyfus model is not appropriate for answering the kinds of question we pose here.
46.
46. Researchers in the sociology of scientific knowledge have long understood how difficult it is to employ research assistants, precisely because the skills needed to do the research are not the generic skills of the broadly trained social scientist, but must include interactional skills in the substantive topic of the field study. Here our starting point in the esoteric sciences is felicitous. Sociologists who do not study the esoteric sciences may not be so familiar with these distinctions, and may find them less immediately persuasive, but these distinctions are useful ones nevertheless. As was pointed out at the discussions at Cornell University in November 2001, this classification is very broad, and it may be that more refined classifications are needed. Nevertheless, this classification is all that is necessary to `hammer in a piton'.
47.
47. Collins experienced complete failure in his attempts to acquire interactional competence in the field of amorphous semiconductors.
48.
48. Collins acquired enough competence to make significant published contributions to the field of the investigation of paranormal metal bending: B.R. Pamplin and H.M. Collins, `Spoon Bending: An Experimental Approach', Nature, Vol. 257 (4 September 1975), 8. Of course, an identical defence could be made of the nature of science, and is made in the tu quoque argument. That is to say, in our work, we act as though there is such a thing as science. But this presents no problem, so long as our relativism is of the methodological kind. Likewise, there is nothing in this argument to prevent analyses based on methodological relativism in respect of expertise. We are just demonstrating another way to go about things.
49.
49. Brian Wynne, `Sheep Farming after Chernobyl: A Case Study in Communicating Scientific Information', Environment, Vol. 31, No. 2 (1989), 10-15, 33-39; Wynne, op. cit. note 32; B. Wynne, `Misunderstood Misunderstandings: Social Identities and Public Uptake of Science', in Alan Irwin and Brian Wynne (eds), Misunderstanding Science? The Public Reconstruction of Science and Technology (Cambridge, New York & Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 19-46.
50.
50. Here we do not discuss the power relationships and protection of vested interests. Through our discussions, we merely want to use academic argument to lessen the impact of these interests in future incidents of this sort, by lessening their legitimacy.
51.
51. None of this is to claim that making established scientists listen will be easy. For the AIDS case, see Steven Epstein, `The Construction of Lay Expertise: AIDS Activism and the Forging of Credibility in the Reform of Clinical Trials', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 20, No. 4 (Autumn 1995), 408-37. There is a wider question about the extent to which the treatment activists represented the whole gay community, let alone the still more heterogeneous group of people suffering from AIDS.
52.
52. We are ignoring, for the purposes of our argument, the very obvious fact that the managers are also likely to be much better scientists than any visiting sociologist.
53.
53. As well as the technical abilities remarked on in the quotation and the previous note.
54.
54. Though in the case in question, some scientists thought that the referral was from too distant a site. They thought that high-energy physics, from where the managers came, gave them a misleading picture of the skills required to do interferometry. General Groves, who managed the Manhattan Project, was an interesting case who would seem to contradict this argument: see Charles Thorpe and Steven Shapin, `Who Was J. Robert Oppenheimer? Charisma and Complex Organization', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 30, No. 4 (August 2000), 545-90.
55.
55. Peter L. Berger, Invitation to Sociology (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1963), passim; Collins & Yearley, op. cit. note 14.
56.
56. The problem of translating between self-contained cultures, `paradigms' or `forms-of-life', is an old one: see, for example, H.M. Collins and Trevor J. Pinch, Frames of Meaning: The Social Construction of Extraordinary Science (Henley-on-Thames, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982). In the history of science, it has been alluded to under the heading of `trading zones': see Peter Galison, Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1997), passim. Skills of journalists are compared with those of sociologists in Phillip M. Strong, `The Rivals: An Essay on the Sociological Trades', in Robert Dingwall and Philip Lewis (eds), The Sociology of the Professions: Lawyers, Doctors and Others (London: Macmillan, 1983), 59-77.
57.
57. These judgements are not dissimilar to those made by scientists within the scientific community. Thus Lewis Wolpert has said that `scientists must make an assessment of the reliability of experiments. One of the reasons for going to meetings is to meet the scientists in one's field so that one can form an opinion of them and judge their work': L. Wolpert, `Review of The Golem', Public Understanding of Science, Vol. 3, No. 3 (July 1994), 328-29, at 329. We will go on to discuss the relationship between our concept and similar issues discussed by Brian Wynne in 1992 and 1993: B. Wynne, `Public Understanding of Science Research: New Horizon or Hall of Mirrors?', Ibid., Vol. 1, No. 1 (January 1992), 37-43; B. Wynne, `Public Uptake of Science: A Case for Institutional Reflexivity', ibid., Vol. 2, No. 4 (October 1993), 321-37. We, however, distinguish between specialist and ubiquitous expertises.
58.
58. Poor social judgements are the problem with those who believe in, say, newspaper astrology as a scientific theory. They are making a social mistake: they do not know the locations in our society in which trustworthy expertise in respect of the influence of the stars and planets on our lives is to be found.
59.
59. For a similar argument in respect of the rejection of claims about the existence of gravitational waves, see H.M. Collins, `Tantalus and the Aliens: Publications, Audiences and the Search for Gravitational Waves', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 29, No. 2 (April 1999), 163-97.
60.
60. Increasing the potential for debates about who is in and who is out - a typical boundary problem.
61.
61. To make the point from the opposite side, so-called `junk scientists', such as many of those who are called as expert witnesses in court rooms, often have paper credentials, but are not counted as experts by their peers.
62.
62. The term `phase' is used here in the materials-science sense - as in a `phase diagram' for a material - rather than in the time-sequence sense.
63.
63. Epstein, op. cit. note 51; Steven Epstein, Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge (Berkeley, Los Angeles & London: University of California Press, 1996).
64.
64. In the case of the sheep farmers, there was probably never a nexus.
65.
65. If Figure 6 is taken to represent the Cumbrian case, there would be no solid-line nexus at all between the core-set and the `pocket'. The dotted-line nexus would stay where it is, however - the sheep farmers should have been in the core-set from early in the game.
66.
66. For a full account, see H.M. Collins, `Public Experiments and Displays of Virtuosity: The Core-Set Revisited', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 18, No. 4 (November 1988), 725-48.
67.
67. This sentence is not as naïve as it appears. Compare what has been said about the Edinburgh phrenology case. We are not trying to suggest any hard and fast distinction between science and politics, nor are we suggesting that these tests and their interpretations could have been carried out completely `objectively'. What we are suggesting is that the way in which the political sphere encroached on the technical sphere in these cases was clearly illegitimate under almost any analysis of science. There is no difficulty in making prescriptive statements about it.
68.
68. Collins was able to demonstrate the incompetence of audiences of university personnel by showing them a film of the crash, and asking them to criticize it without prompting. They always failed to notice the visible features that had been pointed out by Greenpeace's experts.
69.
69. This is not to say that there are not groups of experience-based experts in different aspects of the safety of the transport of nuclear fuel in the population as a whole. For example, there are pockets of experience-based expertise concerning the degree of radioactivity on sections of rail (and sidings) used for railway transport. But these people are experts and, by that fact alone, not ordinary.
70.
70. In the case of the train crash, the experts who pointed out the deficiencies of the test came from Greenpeace; in the case of the aircraft crash, the experts (who were represented on a subsequent TV programme) were from ICI - the manufacturers of AMK.
71.
71. As Michael Bloor argues: see M. Bloor, `The South Wales Miners Federation, Miners' Lung and the Instrumental Use of Expertise, 1900-50', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 30, No. 1 (February 2000), 125-40, at 126.
72.
72. There is also the danger that this form of account takes us back to the sociology of error, in which deviant science is explained in a different way to `proper' science.
73.
73. The correct analysis varies from case to case, but we suspect that the motivation is most often of the first kind, as the stage magicians do not (and are not expected to) adopt the norms of the scientific community, such as honesty and openness. In either case, the welcoming of magicians into the heartland of science makes the point about the permeability of professional boundaries.
74.
74. See, for example, Eric Von Hippel, The Sources of Innovation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988). The rôle of these lead users is not entirely unproblematic, however, and, as Phil Agre has argued, can lead to the neglect of novice users in the design of technology: consult Agre's website: <http://dlis.gseis.ucla.edu/pagre/>. The result of this is that inefficient designs, particularly of IT interfaces, become embedded social practices, as manufacturers and lead users overlook the increasingly complex training and restructuring that is needed to make the machines work: see <http://commons.somewhere.com/rre/2000/RRE.notes. and.recommenda19.html>.
75.
75. Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes and Trevor Pinch (eds), The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987); W.E. Bijker, Of Bicycles, Bakelites, and Bulbs: Toward a Theory of Sociotechnical Change (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995).
76.
76. Thinking about planning debates brings out two other kinds of ability that belong below the line in the diagram. There is the ability of the middle-class protestors and professional lobbyists, who know how to present an argument and how to penetrate the appropriate networks; and there is the skill of the activists who know how to cause the authorities the maximum inconvenience and expense by climbing trees, burrowing into tunnels in the ground, and so forth. We could thus add these types of ability to the discriminatory and translation skills we identified earlier.
77.
77. See, for example, Michael Lynch and David Bogen, The Spectacle of History: Speech, Text, and Memory at the Iran-Contra Hearings (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996); Sheila Jasanoff, The Fifth Branch: Science Advisers as Policymakers (London & Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); S. Jasanoff, Science at the Bar: Law, Science, and Technology in America (Cambridge, MA & London: Twentieth Century Fund & Harvard University Press, 1995); Brian Wynne, Rationality and Ritual: The Windscale Inquiry and Nuclear Decisions in Britain, BSHS Monograph No. 3 (Chalfont St Giles, Bucks., UK: British Society for the History of Science, 1982); Roger Smith and Brian Wynne (eds), Expert Evidence: Interpreting Science in the Law (London: Routledge, 1989).
78.
78. As we will explain in the Appendix, Silvio Funtowicz and Jerome Ravetz misleadingly refer to this kind of situation as `post-normal', whereas it is simply `pre-normal': see S.O. Funtowicz and J.R. Ravetz, `Science in the Post-Normal Age', Futures, Vol. 25, No. 7 (September 1993), 739-55.
79.
79. Karl Popper, in his The Poverty of Historicism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957), used the term `historicist' to refer to teleological theories which assume a progressive historical trend. We do not discuss progressiveness, only sciences that deal with long-term unique changes.
80.
80. This kind of science has been examined by Barry Barnes in the context of economic decision-making: B. Barnes, The Nature of Power (Cambridge/Oxford, UK: Polity Press/Basil Blackwell, 1988), passim.
81.
81. There is a certain symmetry here: just as the scientific community is the appropriate location for disposing of political influence as it impinges on the construction of knowledge, so the polity is the appropriate locus for decisions about the societal response to uncertain knowledge.
82.
82. For example, do household conservation policies increase or decrease the output of greenhouse gases when one takes into account the environmental cost of collection and processing of recyclable waste? For a discussion of the role of SSK in urban energy policies, see Robert J. Evans, Simon Marvin and Simon Guy, `Making a Difference: Sociology of Scientific Knowledge and Urban Energy Policies', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Winter 1999), 105-31; for economic policy as social technology, see Robert Evans, Macroeconomic Forecasting: A Sociological Appraisal (London: Routledge, 1999).
83.
83. Apologies to Malcolm Ashmore for this un-ironic use of the word `wrong': M. Ashmore, `Ending Up On the Wrong Side: Must the Two Forms of Radicalism Always Be at War?', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 26, No. 2 (May 1996), 305-22.
84.
84. See Edward W. Lawless, Technology and Social Shock (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1977, at 418-25.
85.
85. The Greenpeace version of this story is available on their website at: <http://www.greenpace.org/˜comms/toxics/dumping/jun20.html>.
86.
86. See James C. Petersen and Gerald E. Markle, `Politics and Science in the Laetrile Controversy', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 9, No. 2 (May 1979), 139-66.
87.
87. Bent Flyvbjerg discusses the Aristotelian concept of `phronesis', which is a form of practical wisdom in a moral setting; prudence and wisdom capture some of its flavour: see B. Flyvbjerg, Making Social Science Matter: Why Social Inquiry Fails and How It Can Succeed Again (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), passim.
Unfortunately, the concept is somewhat slippery and includes components both of the political and of experience. To use the concept with confidence in this discussion, one would first need to redescribe natural science, using the term in the light of what we have learned about science over the last decades. Our paradigm case - the post-Chernobyl Cumbrian sheep farmers as discussed by Wynne - would not seem to benefit from the introduction of the term `phronesis'. The point is that the sheep farmers had technical knowledge of sheep ecology, not prudent understanding of how to act in a situation requiring ethical judgement, which is an essential element in Flyvbjerg's usage.
88.
88. On artists in the media, see Frank Muir, A Kentish Lad (Reading, Berks., UK: Corgi Books, 1997). Muir explains the mass defection of programme-makers from London Weekend Television when the Board of Directors sacked their talented boss. He says (324-25):
There was no contact at all between the board and the creative side of the company... Lord Campbell told us that in his experience all management was the same. `You unit heads may think that managing talented producers and performers raises special problems but I have been in sugar all my life and I can assure you that the management of people in television is precisely the same as the management of sugar workers'.
On scientists, see Turner, op. cit. note 2, and David H. Guston, `Evaluating the First US Consensus Conference: The Impact of the Citizens' Panel on Telecommunications and the Future of Democracy', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Autumn 1999), 451-82; and for scientists and government, D.H. Guston, Between Politics and Science: Assuring the Integrity and Productivity of Research (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
89.
89. Lawless, op. cit. note 84.
90.
90. The Phillips Report was critical of the way in which scientific advice is solicited, interpreted and used. In particular, caveats inserted in the original advice were not given sufficient weight, contradictory evidence was discounted, and the initial recommendations were not reviewed often enough. The full report is available on the internet at <www.bse.gov.uk>. See also Anne Murcott, `Not Science but PR: GM Food and the Makings of a Considered Sociology', Sociological Research Online, Vol. 4, No. 3 (September 1999); A. Murcott, `Public Beliefs about GM Foods: More on the Makings of a Considered Sociology', Medical Anthropology Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 1 (March 2001), 1-11.
91.
91. House of Lords Science and Technology Committee, Science and Society (London: HMSO, 2000); European Union White Paper on Governance: Broadening and Enriching Public Debate on European Matters, Report of the Working Group on Democratising Expertise and Establishing Scientific Reference Systems, available on the internet at <www.cordis.lu/rtd2002/science-society/governance.htm>; Loka Institute <www.loka.org>, `telecommunications and democracy' (April 1997); `genetically engineered foods' (February 2002). The Loka Institute website provides links to reports on over 40 consensus conferences held in over a dozen countries.
92.
92. House of Lords, op. cit. note 91, paragraph 5.48. Guidance on how government departments should put these principles into practice are given in the Office of Science and Technology (OST) publication, Guidelines 2000: Scientific Advice and Policy Making, available on the internet at <http://www.dti.gov.uk/ost/aboutost/guidelines.htm>, and in the Code of Conduct for Written Consultations produced by the Cabinet Office: <http://www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/servicefirst/2000/consult/code/ConsulationCode.htm>.
93.
93. Wellcome Trust and the Office of Science and Technology, Science and the Public: A Review of Science Communication and Public Attitudes to Science in Britain (London: Wellcome Trust & OST, 2000), 8.
94.
94. NSF Science and Engineering Indicators, 2000, quote at page 8-13 of on-line PDF version, available at <http://www.nsf.go/sbe/srs/seind00/start.htm>.
95.
95. Eurobarometer 52.1: The Europeans and Biotechnology (Brussels: EU, 2000), available via the internet from <http://europa.e.int/comm/dg10/ep/eb.html>.
96.
96. Perhaps surprisingly, the support for scientists was higher amongst younger people, defined as those aged between 15 and 24; it was 79%, higher than that for the sample as a whole.
97.
97. Recent examples in Britain include: Dr Harold Shipman, a former GP in Manchester who is currently in prison after being found guilty of murdering over a dozen of his patients, and being implicated in the deaths of many more; the scandals at the Bristol Children's Hospital, where doctors continued to operate, despite much higher death rates and the concerns of their colleagues; and the retention of children's organs by pathology labs without their parents' knowledge.
98.
98. There are clearly some inconsistencies here. For example, professors receive a different rating to scientists, though it is not clear what the distinction is, as it is possible to be both. Similarly, news readers score significantly more highly than journalists, despite the fact that what they read is the product of journalistic endeavour (and many of them are trained and experienced journalists).
99.
99. Michelle Corrado, `Trust in Scientists', paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Glasgow, 3-7 September, 2001); also available at the Mori website: <www.mori.com>.
100.
100. The Advisory and Regulatory Framework for Biotechnology: Report from the Government's Review (London: HMSO, 1999), quote at paragraph 36; available via the internet from: <http://www.dti.go.uk/ost/rmay99/Bioreport_1.htm>.
101.
101. The survey data supporting this observation is summarized in Mori, The Role of Scientists in Public Debate: Full Report (London: Wellcome Trust & Mori, 2000), available via the internet from: <http://www.wellcom.ac.uk/en/1/mismscnesos.html>.
102.
102. Interview by Brian Wynne given to River Path Associates, who were conducting research on science communication for the British Association: The River Path Report, `Now for the Science Bit - Concentrate!', was published in 1997, and is available via the internet from: <http://www.riverpth.com/library/>.
103.
103. Anne Kerr, Sarah Cunningham-Burley and Amanda Amos, `The New Genetics and Health: Mobilizing Lay Expertise', Public Understanding of Science, Vol. 7, No. 1 (January 1998), 41-60, at 48.
104.
104. Robin Grove-White, Phillip Macnaghten and Brian Wynne, Wising Up: The Public and New Technologies (Lancaster, UK: Centre for the Study of Environmental Change, Lancaster University, 2000).
105.
105. Steven Yearley, `Computer Models and the Public's Understanding of Science', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 29, No. 6 (December 1999), 845-66; COPUS, To Know Science is to Love It? Observations from Public Understanding of Science Research (London: COPUS & the Royal Society, no date); Irwin & Wynne (eds), op. cit. note 49; Ian Hargreaves and Galit Ferguson (eds), Who's Misunderstandng Whom? Bridging the Gap Between the Public, the Media and Science (Swindon, UK: Economic and Social Research Council [ESRC], 2000).
106.
106. Alan Irwin, Alison Dale and Denis Smith, `Science and Hell's Kitchen: The Local Understanding of Hazard Issues', in Irwin & Wynne (eds), op. cit. note 49, 47-64.
107.
107. Geoffrey Evans and John Durant, `The Relationship Between Knowledge and Attitudes in the Public Understanding of Science in Britain', Public Understanding of Science, Vol. 4, No. 1 (January 1995), 57-74; Welsh, op. cit. note 7.
108.
108. A full report based on this survey is available from: <http://www.vcu.ed/lifesciencessurvy/>.
109.
109. Wynne, op. cit. note 32; Steven Yearley, `Making Systematic Sense of Public Discontents with Expert Knowledge: Two Analytical Approaches and a Case Study', Public Understanding of Science, Vol. 9, No. 2 (April 2000), 105-22.
110.
110. For a brief statement of the `deficit model', and a discussion of its weaknesses, see Alan Irwin, `Science and its Publics: Continuity and Change in the Risk Society', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 24, No. 1 (February 1994), 168-184, at 170-72. See also Simon Locke, `Golem Science and the Public Understanding of Science: From Deficit to Dilemma', Public Understanding of Science, Vol. 8, No. 2 (April 1999), 75-92, esp. the references listed at 90, note 14.
111.
111. As we explain in the main text, Turner (op. cit. note 2) takes the Problem of Legitimacy to be one based in political philosophy.
112.
112. Ulrich Beck, The Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity (London: Sage, 1992), 166 & passim.
113.
113. Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1990), esp. 124-34.
114.
114. Welsh's research on the nuclear industry clearly demonstrates that there was organized opposition to nuclear power from the moment it was first proposed: Welsh, op. cit. note 7.
115.
115. Michael Mulkay, Science and the Sociology of Knowledge (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1979), 11. Cited works are: Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1936); K. Mannheim, Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1952).
116.
116. See, for example, Robert K. Merton, The Sociology of Science (Chicago, IL & London: The University of Chicago Press, 1973). See also Michael Mulkay, `Norms and Ideology in Science', Social Science Information, Vol. 15 (1976), 637-56. Here Mulkay questions the adequacy of the norms as we move into the period of Wave Two.
117.
117. Lewis Wolpert, The Unnatural Nature of Science: Why Science does not make (Common) Sense (London: Faber & Faber, 1992); Paul R. Gross and Norman Levitt, Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and its Quarrels with Science (Baltimore, MD & London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994); P.R. Gross, N. Levitt and Martin W. Lewis (eds), The Flight From Science and Reason, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 775 (24 June 1996), i-xi, 1-593; Richard Dawkins, Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion and the Appetite for Wonder (London: Penguin, 1999); Noretta Koertge (ed.), A House Built on Sand: Exposing Postmodernist Myths About Science (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). A more recent attempt to develop a reasoned dialogue about the nature of science can be found in Jay Labinger and Harry Collins (eds), The One Culture? A Conversation About Science (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2001).
118.
118. Jasanoff, opera cit. note 77.
119.
119. Jasanoff (1995), op. cit. note 77, 215.
120.
120. Craig Waddell, `The Role of Pathos in the Decision-Making Process: A Study in the Rhetoric of Science Policy', Quarterly Journal of Speech, Vol. 76 (1991), 381-400; C. Waddell, `Reasonableness Versus Rationality in the Construction and Justification of Science Policy Decisions: The Case of the Cambridge Experimentation Review Board', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Winter 1989), 7-25. For a more critical account of the CERB's deliberations, see Rae S. Goodell, `Public Involvement in the DNA Controversy: The Case of Cambridge, Massachusetts', ibid., Vol. 4 (Spring 1979), 36-43.
121.
121. Of course, it is possible to question the sense in which the members of the CERB `represented' the population of Cambridge. Clearly they were unusual in that they were selected for, and then chose to be involved in, a complex scientific and technical controversy. For an account by a CERB member, see Sheldon Krimsky, Genetic Alchemy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1982); for a comprehensive account of the whole debate, see Susan Wright, Molecular Politics: Developing American and British Regulatory for Genetic Engineering, 1972-1982 (Chicago, IL & London: The University of Chicago Press, 1994).
122.
122. Waddell argues that whilst the rhetoric of science may be of facts and not emotion, the transcripts of the proceedings clearly reveal that advocates of both sides combined rational arguments (logos) with the other two elements of rhetoric (ethos or integrity, and pathos or emotional argument). In the end it was the combination of all three, with concrete examples of sick children being cured by a committed physician as a result of the research, that seems to have won the day.
123.
123. Alan Irwin, Citizen Science: A Study of People, Expertise and Sustainable Development (London & New York: Routledge, 1995), 17-21 & passim.
124.
124. How this participation is to be accomplished is, of course, another matter. The next section discusses the difficult choices farm workers and their representatives faced when they were, eventually, invited to participate in a US conference on 2,4,5,T.
125.
125. Examples include: Evelyn Fox Keller, Reflections on Gender and Science (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985); E.F. Keller and Helen E. Longino (eds), Feminism and Science (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990); Sandra Harding, Is Science Multicultural?: Postcolonialisms, Feminisms and Epistemologies (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998); Donna Haraway, Modest_Witness@Second_ Millennium.FemaleMan@Meets_OncoMouse™: Feminism and Technoscience (New York: Routledge, 1997).
126.
126. Described in Epstein, op. cit. note 63.
127.
127. Arksey, op. cit. note 5; Bloor, op. cit. note 71.
128.
128. Arie Rip, Thomas J. Misa and Johan Schot (eds), Managing Technology in Society: The Approach of Constructive Technology Assessment (London & New York: Pinter, 1995).
129.
129. Michael Gibbons, Camille Limoges, Helga Nowotny, Simon Schwartzman, Peter Scott and Martin Trow, The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies (London, Thousand Oaks, CA & New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1994).
130.
130. For an exchange of views on this issue, see the papers contained in Pickering (ed.), op. cit. note 14. The burden of our paper, of course, is to resurrect boundaries between expert and non-expert in order to resolve the Problem of Extension.
131.
131. Wynne (1992), op. cit. note 57, 39.
132.
132. Wynne (1993), op. cit. note 57, 328.
133.
133. Collins, op. cit. note 6; Collins & Kusch, op. cit. note 6; H.M. Collins, `Socialness and the Undersocialized Conception of Society', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Autumn 1998), 494-516.
134.
134. James C. Petersen, `Citizen Participation in Science Policy', in J.C. Petersen (ed.), Citizen Participation in Science Policy (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1984), 1-17.
135.
135. This is not to deny that the relevant agencies may not have embraced these changes as enthusiastically as they might. In practice, therefore, although procedural changes have enabled public representatives to participate in the development of policies, most of the reforms have focussed on making data and information available. As a result, they do not fundamentally challenge the existing definitions of who/what is an expert. In other words, they remain based on, and do little to challenge, a deficit model in which expertise is a resource denied to the socially and economically disadvantaged and abundantly available to the powerful. Participation therefore depends on redistributing expertise, but does not assume that it lies outside the scientific community. (See Petersen, op. cit. note 134, 26.)
136.
136. Petersen, ibid., 6-7.
137.
137. See, for example, Welsh, op. cit. note 7, passim. It is worth noting, however, that the importance attached to this is perhaps peculiar to the USA, and that culture's longstanding distrust in its own institutions. The contrast between US systems and those employed in France is clearly brought out in Theodore Porter, Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), esp. Chapters 6 and 7.
138.
138. See Lawless, op. cit. note 84.
139.
139. Information about the MPC's membership, past and present, can be found on the Bank of England website: <www.bankofengland.co.uk>.
140.
140. Certainly, we would expect Mr Greenspan, and other central bankers, to consult widely, but there is no suggestion that anyone other than this group should weigh up the evidence and make the decisions.
141.
141. Rip, Misa & Schot (eds), op. cit. note 128; Arie Rip, `Controversies as Informal Technology Assessment', Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization, Vol. 8, No. 2 (December 1986), 349-71.
142.
142. Rip, ibid., 363-34.
143.
143. Ibid.
144.
144. EU Workshop on `Democratising Expertise' and Establishing a European Scientific Reference System (Brussels, 30 March 2001); report available from: <http://europa.eu.int/comm/governance/areas/group2/index_en.htm>. This is also one of the recommendations of the Phillips Report into the BSE crisis: see note 90.
145.
145. In addition, the participants at the EU workshop were concerned about the point at which science goes public. EU scientists were uncomfortable with following a US model, in which all meetings and debates are public, and would prefer private discussions to prepare their positions beforehand. Concerns were also expressed about the resources consultation might consume, how the `cacophony of voices' would be dealt with and how `consultation fatigue' could be avoided. Dorothy Nelkin's work, however, suggests that these latter problems are not usually as significant as scientists expect: see, for example, D. Nelkin, `Science and Technology Policy and the Democratic Process', in J.C. Petersen (ed.), op. cit. note 134, 18-39.
146.
146. The parliamentary debate on embryonic stem cell research in Britain may be an example implicitly referred to here, where scientific advisers gave technical information to both sides of the debate.
147.
147. Cf. Evans, op. cit. note 82; see also Guston (1999), op. cit. note 88.
148.
148. Sandra Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986), 250; cited in Isobelle Stengers, The Invention of Modern Science (Minneapolis & London: University of Minnesota Press, 2000), at 20-21.
149.
149. For example, Harding, op. cit. note 125.
150.
150. Harry Collins and Trevor Pinch, The Golem at Large: What You Should Know About Technology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), at 7-29.
151.
151. Arksey, op. cit. note 5, 174.
152.
152. Locke, op. cit. note 110; Collins & Pinch, opera cit. notes 31, 56 & 150.
153.
153. Jon Turney, `Review of The Golem at Large', Public Understanding of Science, Vol. 8, No. 2 (April 1999), 139-40, at 140.
154.
154. Wynne (1993), op. cit. note 57, 333.
155.
155. Funtowicz & Ravetz, op. cit. note 78, 751.
156.
156. Yearley, op. cit. note 105; Yearley, op. cit. note 109.
157.
157. For example, Yearley notes that the risks due to GM crops could be classed as `high' or `very high'. It may be, however, that the NUSAP notation developed by Funtowicz and Ravetz in other publications goes some way to addressing these concerns. See: Silvio O. Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, Uncertainty and Quality in Science for Policy (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1990).
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Ireland’s Covid-19 response: Perspectives from science communication
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Social Work as a Transformative Science: The Importance of Relevance S...
-
“Some Vital Religion”: Social Religion and the Science of Character Ed...
-
Science communication herstories: reflecting on the Greek feminist bir...
-
Questioning and Disputing Vaccination Policies. Scientists and Experts...
-
Förnuft och känsla – Kunskapsbruk hos gårdagens förbudskritiker och da...
-
Demarcation without Dogmas
-
The Cows May Safely Graze: Placing Expert‐Lay Relationships at the Cen...
-
Institutionalization of Spatial Resources in Participatory Governance ...
-
Real Fakes
-
Profesionales psicosociales en la justicia familiar en Chile: ¿Tratami...
-
Annual Research Review: Shifting from ‘normal science’ to neurodiversi...
-
Defining a Flexible Notion of “Good” STEM Writing Across Contexts: Les...
-
Interesting numbers: An ethnographic account of quantification, market...
-
‘An eye more penetrating than other men's’: Finding the ...
-
Is local knowledge peripheral? The future of Indigenous knowledge in r...
-
Exploring the Relationship Between Interdisciplinary Ties and Linguist...
-
SAGE advice and political decision-making: ‘Following the science’ in ...
-
Simulation as a sustainable trading zone: aiming at intergenerational ...
-
Establishing the research agenda for oral healthcare using the Dialogu...
-
Distinguishing between legitimate and illegitimate roles for values in...
-
Disagreeing with ‘local agreement’: a survey of public attitudes towar...
-
Enhanced Observation: How Therapeutic Are They Within A Medium Secure ...
-
Normative positions towards COVID-19 contact-tracing apps: findings fr...
-
Towards a solver-aware systems architecting framework: leveraging expe...
-
The ‘co’ in co-production of climate action: Challenging boundaries wi...
-
Media Framing of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
-
Disjunctures of Practice and the Problems of Collapse
-
Scientists, Experts and Public Opinion
-
Bridging Engineering and Humanities at Techno-Anthropology
-
Terminology for Medical Journalism: Terminological Resources, Neology,...
-
Em favor das associações: uma homenagem à sociologia de Bruno Latour (...
-
Post-Normal Science in Practice: Reflections from Scientific Experts W...
-
Doing violence to evidence on violence? How the alcohol industry creat...
-
Patient Science: Citizen Science Involving Chronically Ill People as C...
-
‘The more we verify it, the more truth there is’: Producing the truth ...
-
Od dyktatury ekspertów do demokracji nieliberalnej
-
Performing Expertise in Building Regulation: ‘Codespeak’ and Fire Safe...
-
Expert reports by large multidisciplinary groups: the case of the Inte...
-
Politicized disease surveillance: A theoretical lens for understanding...
-
Post-Science in a Post-Modern World
-
Chapter 4. “If it wasn’t absolutely true, it couldn’t be published”
-
Introduction
-
Walking to the Car
-
Notes
-
Overhaul
-
Bibliography
-
The People’s Car of Dar es Salaam
-
Oily Ujamaa
-
Motorized Domesticities
-
Conclusion
-
Feyerabend and manufactured disagreement: reflections on expertise, co...
-
Unraveling the politics of ‘doing inclusion’ in transdisciplinarity fo...
-
Scientists, presidents, and pandemics—comparing the science–politics n...
-
Empires built on sand: On the fundamental implausibility of reactor sa...
-
Exploring the educational turn in resilience discourse in Israel: thre...
-
Situating innovation policy in Mediterranean Arab countries: A researc...
-
Making an expert: Sources and their contributions in news coverage of ...
-
Playing by the rules? How community actors use experts and evidence to...
-
Adapting practice-based philosophy of science to teaching of science s...
-
Uncertain and under Quarantine: Toward a Sociology of Medical Ignoranc...
-
Wie legitim ist der Kohlekompromiss? Spannungsfelder und Verhandlungsd...
-
Forensic Anthropology as a Discipline
-
Traversing Technology Trajectories
-
Discrimination against Veiled Muslim Women in Switzerland: Insights fr...
-
Effects of Noise Pollution on Residential Property Value in Enugu Urba...
-
Capital and symbolic power in water quality governance: stakeholder dy...
-
The bad expert
-
Leading inter- and transdisciplinary research: Lessons from applying t...
-
Behavioral brittleness: the case for strategic behavioral public polic...
-
Relational expertise and the spatial (re)production of austerity: Chal...
-
Design multiple: How different configurations of participation matter ...
-
When Boundary Organisations Fail: Identifying Scientists and Civil Ser...
-
“Those on the Right Take Chloroquine”: The Illiberal Instrumentalisati...
-
Making the board: participatory game design for environmental action
-
On the making of crystal balls: Five lessons about simulation modeling...
-
What Makes Epistemic Injustice an “Injustice”?
-
Experts, expertise and health and physical education teaching: A scopi...
-
Audience as Journalistic Boundary Worker: The Rhetorical Use of Commen...
-
La contribution des associations de patients et d’usagers à la démocra...
-
¿En qué confiamos al evaluar la calidad de las universidades? Un análi...
-
Underdetermination, Assemblage Studies and Educational Technology: Ret...
-
Against modernist illusions: why we need more democratic and construct...
-
“All We Want, Is to Get Rid of the Straw”: How Biofuel Policies Need t...
-
Post-disciplinary realism
-
The epistemic effects of close entanglements between research fields a...
-
Knowledge politics, vulnerability and recognition-based justice: Publi...
-
Evidence-based Policy and Public Value Management: Mutually Supporting...
-
The Pluralization of Academia: Disentangling Artistic Research
-
Cascading Expert Failure
-
Methodology, Theory and Context
-
Aterrando no sul: uma proposta político-epistemológica para a área de ...
-
Intercultural communication and science and technology studies
-
Re-Thinking the Knowledge Economy Through Alternative Agro-Food Networ...
-
Expert Characteristics: Implications for Expert Systems
-
Introduction: Bringing Together Alternative Agro-Food Networks and the...
-
Co-producing Research with Users and Communities
-
Conceptualising the Role of Expertise in EU Policy-Making
-
Media Framing of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
-
Risk
-
Understanding the Ago-Food Economy as a Knowledge Economy
-
Self-Organisation and Steering in International Research Collaboration...
-
‘Big Interdisciplinarity’: Unsettling and Resettling Excellence
-
Knowledge and Science Advice During and After COVID-19: Rethinking ‘Ex...
-
Models and Trades: Strategies to Improve Community Engaged Research in...
-
Approaches to collaborative landscape analysis and planning
-
Fuzzy boundaries: Simulation and expertise in bushfire prediction
-
A common ground? Constructing and exploring scenarios for infrastructu...
-
Judgement aggregation in scientific collaborations: The case for waivi...
-
Core competencies for ethics experts in health technology assessment
-
Teaching women to question and control: public pedagogies of birth and...
-
Whose knowledge, whose values? An empirical analysis of power in trans...
-
Design as an interactive boundary object
-
Epistemic Consultants and the Regulation of Policy Knowledge in the Ob...
-
Involvement of Patient and Family Representatives in Health-Care Job I...
-
Expertise in research integration and implementation for tackling comp...
-
‘Is climate science taking over the science?’: A corpus-based study of...
-
Protection of traditional agricultural knowledge and rethinking agricu...
-
Urban metabolism of the informal city: Probing and measuring the ‘unme...
-
Relational Resilience and the Making of Diverse Worlds
-
Through a Critical Lens: Expertise in Epidemiology for and by Indigeno...
-
The Evolving Field of Risk Communication
-
Fiducia, reputazione sociale e visibilità degli esperti
-
Science, society, and policy in the face of uncertainty: reflections o...
-
A framework for Science Shop processes: Results of a modified Delphi s...
-
The benefits of acquiring interactional expertise: Why (some) philosop...
-
Citizen Science and Scientific Objectivity: Mapping Out Epistemic Risk...
-
Power of the people: A review of citizen science programs for conserva...
-
Communicating Scientific Choices in a Multilingual EU: The Position of...
-
Public Deliberation on South Korean Nuclear Power Plants: How Can Lay ...
-
Food additives and the future of health: An analysis of the ongoing co...
-
Towards a critical realist epistemology?
-
Finding the place of argumentation in science education: Epistemics an...
-
Conceptualising the sociology of education: an analysis of contested i...
-
2. Scientific literacy in a digital world
-
Drowning ‘Truths’: Contrasting experiential-experts’ perceptions with ...
-
Are Experts Representative of Non-Experts? Elective Modernism, Aspects...
-
Knowledge and legitimacy in asylum decision-making: the politics of co...
-
Reconfiguring health knowledges? Contemporary modes of self-care as ‘e...
-
Eating well, living well and weight management: A co-produced semi-qua...
-
Professionalism in Science: Competence, Autonomy, and Service
-
Science as Snake Oil: Rural Development, Discourse, and the Broken Pro...
-
Roadwork: expertise at work building roads in the Maldives
-
The politics of sharing: Sociotechnical imaginaries of digital platfor...
-
Remaking Participation in Science and Democracy
-
Documenting the untold histories of late-diagnosed autistic adults: a ...
-
Recalculating climate change consensus: The question of position and r...
-
The generative role of curiosity in soft skills development for contem...
-
Ethics in Archaeological Lidar
-
Is literacy what we need in an unequal data society?
-
An interdisciplinary and catchment approach to enhancing urban flood r...
-
Questioning scientific practice: linking beliefs about scientists, sci...
-
The insides and outsides of parliamentary politics: Introduction to a ...
-
Patient involvement in agenda-setting processes in health research pol...
-
Codesigning care improvements for women living with HIV: a patient-ori...
-
Art-based methods for Participatory Action Research (PAR)
-
Historical perspective of artisanal encircling gillnet use at the Braz...
-
The Politics of Participatory Sustainability Assessments: An Analysis ...
-
Experts at Coordination: Examining the Performance, Production, and Va...
-
Crying ‘Crying Wolf’: How Misfires and Mexican Engineering Expertise a...
-
Max Weber’s ‘Inconvenient Facts’ and Contemporary Studies of Public Sc...
-
European Action Plans for Science–Society Relations: Changing Buzzword...
-
Micro-foundations of the multi-level perspective on socio-technical tr...
-
Governing the futures of non-invasive prenatal testing: An exploration...
-
Commentary: Broadening the research remit of participatory methods in ...
-
“We're taking their brilliant minds”: Science teacher expertize, meta‐...
-
From self-tracking to self-expertise: The production of self-related k...
-
Expert biases in technology foresight. Why they are a problem and how ...
-
Digging Deeper into Precision/Personalized Medicine: Cracking the Suga...
-
The presence of citizen science in sustainability reporting
-
What Is Science?
-
How Does Science Fit into Society? The Fractal Model
-
Cornucopia
-
Epistemological Anarchism and How Science Works
-
Technoscientific Citizenship in Citizen Science. Assembling Crowds for...
-
Distributed Cognition in Aid of Interdisciplinary Collaborations
-
Interdisciplinary Research (Interdisciplinarity)
-
Kollaboratives Forschen
-
Academic Evaluation in Higher Education
-
Understanding mechanisms of conflict resolution beyond collaboration: ...
-
Genomics, The Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, and Society
-
Trying to make sense out of chaos: science, politics and the COVID-19 ...
-
A perspectiva dos pesquisadores sobre os desafios da pesquisa no Brasi...
-
The human side of geoscientists: comparing geoscientists' and non-geos...
-
Advising and controling: science communication at a crossroads
-
Training Students to Improve Coastal Resilience
-
The role of curiosity in workplace automation
-
Commentary 1: Weksler-Derri et al.’s “Ethical Challenges in Participat...
-
Citizen science beyond invited participation: nineteenth century amate...
-
A co-produced method to involve service users in research: the SUCCESS...
-
Towards better species identification processes between scientists and...
-
Research governance and the future(s) of research assessment
-
Transforming evidence for policy and practice: creating space for new ...
-
Staying the Course: On the Value of Social Studies of Science in Resis...
-
(Re)defining Journalistic Expertise in the Digital Transformation: A C...
-
The Third Wave of Science Studies
-
Groups, social processes and decision making in finance
-
Active and latent social groups and their interactional expertise
-
Interpreting expertise: Finnish journalists’ accounts on journalistic ...
-
The knowledge that went up in smoke: Reindeer herders’ traditional kno...
-
New Departures—Or a Spanner in the Works? Exploring Narratives of Impa...
-
Embodied Practitioner Knowledge: Reconfiguring the Boundary between Sc...
-
Public perceptions of who counts as a scientist for controversial scie...
-
Design Engagements at the Margins of the Global South: De-Centering th...
-
Experience, Expertise, and Users' Participation: The Case of the Czech...
-
Evaluating ‘impact’ in the UK’s Research Excellence Framework (REF): l...
-
Mapping participation: A systematic analysis of diverse public partici...
-
Improving quality of care and outcome at very preterm birth: the Prete...
-
Systems science and the art of interdisciplinary integration
-
Groups and individuals: conformity and diversity in the performance of...
-
What do we know about public attitudes towards experts? Reviewing surv...
-
Experimentation in the sociology of science: Representational and gene...
-
Interdisciplinarities in Action: Cognitive Ethnography of Bioengineeri...
-
Co‐producing research with youth: The NeurOx young people's advisory g...
-
Creative (Climate) Communications
-
Knowledge Justice: An Opportunity for Counter-expertise in Security vs...
-
Science, Social Scientisation and Hybridisation of Knowledges
-
There’s No Such Thing as a Scientific Controversy
-
Making Research More Diverse: How Peripheral Members Join a Scientific...
-
Paradoxien digital-partizipativer Wissenschaft
-
Außenpolitikberatung als post-positivistischer Forschungsgegenstand: Z...
-
What Roles Can Lay Citizens Play in the Making of Public Knowledge?
-
Science and Christian Ethics
-
Drink monitoring for self and others: precollege drinkers and the ...
-
Making the future together: Shaping autism research through meaningful...
-
Fulfilling the promise of participation by not resuscitating the defic...
-
License to judge: fleshing out expertise in cultural policy
-
Exploring expanding expertise: artificial intelligence as an existenti...
-
Building Better Bridges: Toward a Transdisciplinary Science Communicat...
-
Expertise in rural development: A conceptual and empirical analysis
-
Creating research impact through the productive interactions of an ind...
-
Expertise and the PhD: Between depth and a flat place
-
La controverse à propos du fossile de Toumaï : médiatisations et réput...
-
The chef and the flavorist: reflections on the value of sensory expert...
-
Citizen Science During the Flint, Michigan Federal Water Emergency: Et...
-
Towards a cultural psychology of science
-
Not ‘getting on the bandwagon’: When climate change is a matter of unc...
-
Countering Expert Uncertainty: Rhetorical Strategies from the Case of ...
-
Skill Transmittance in Science Education
-
Systematicity is necessary but not sufficient: on the problem of facsi...
-
Research in haematological cancers: What do patients in the Netherland...
-
Especialismo, especificidade e identidade - as controvérsias em torno ...
-
Contested Knowledges: Large Dams and Mega-Hydraulic Development
-
Relationship‐building between climate scientists and publics as an alt...
-
What Is Science? (And Why Does This Matter?)
-
Sophistical refutations in the climate change debates
-
Experiences and expertise of codependency: Repetition, claim-coupling,...
-
Essay Review
-
TA at the crossroads: Politics of TA from the viewpoint of societal pr...
-
From pure science to participatory knowledge production? Researchers’ ...
-
Problem Setting and Problem Solving in the Case of Olive Quick Decline...
-
By any other name: early modern expertise and the problem of anachroni...
-
Waves, Owls and Boundaries: How to Think About Science and Democracy i...
-
One Word of Heart is Worth Three of Talent: Professional Communication...
-
Actions towards the joint production of knowledge: the risk of salmon ...
-
Disciplinary Diversity in Teams: Integrative Approaches from Unidiscip...
-
Looking Ahead
-
Communicating and Using Ensemble Flood Forecasts in Flood Incident Man...
-
Wissenschaft aus kultursoziologischer Perspektive
-
Infrastruktur, Interface, Intelligenz
-
Von der Selbstvermessung zur Selbstexpertisierung
-
Public Concerns in Sustainability Research: Observations on a Naturali...
-
Eine Reflexion über Legitimation, Partizipation und Intervention im Ko...
-
Wie Reallabore für Herausforderungen und Expertise in der Gestaltung t...
-
Expertise in Agriculture: Scientific and Ethical Issues
-
When Authority Goes Viral: Digital Communication and Health Expertise ...
-
Epistemology for interdisciplinary research – shifting philosophical p...
-
Knowing autism: The place of experiential expertise
-
Designing online species identification tools for biological recording...
-
De la « fronde anti-Linky » à la justification écologique du smart met...
-
Introduction
-
Twenty-Five Years of Opposing Trends: The Demystification of Science i...
-
Bonfire Night and Burns Night: Using the Imitation Game to Research En...
-
How (Well) Do Media Professionals Know Their Audiences? SEE Meets Medi...
-
Why They’ve Immersed: A Framework for Understanding and Attending to M...
-
Developing a Theoretical Scaffolding for Interactional Competence: A C...
-
Recognizing Counterfeit Scientific Controversies in Science Policy Con...
-
Geographical Expertise: From Places to Processes and Back Again
-
Social Sciences, What for? On the Manifold Directions of Social Resear...
-
Vitenskapsteori: What, Why, and How?
-
Macroeconomics under Pressure: The Feedback Effects of Economic Expert...
-
In Pursuit of Excellence Reconsidered: Expertise and Expert Performanc...
-
Interpreting societal culture value dimensions
-
No “Real” Experts: Unexpected Agreement Over Disagreement in STS and P...
-
O projeto da MP nº 746: entre o discurso e o percurso de um novo ensin...
-
Environmental Expertise as Group Belonging
-
Analysing the role of virtualisation and visualisation on interdiscipl...
-
Ekspertene i kunnskapssamfunnet
-
Are Experts Right or are They Members of Expert Groups?
-
Beyond the tradition: Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps to elicit expert view...
-
Fairness in Knowing: Science Communication and Epistemic Justice
-
Of temporality and plurality: an epistemic and governance agenda for a...
-
Building a Framework for Community Health Worker Skills Proficiency As...
-
Post-Normal Science. The Escape of Science: From Truth to Quality?
-
The Emergence of Statistical Objectivity: Changing Ideas of Epistemic ...
-
Situating Expertise: Lessons from the HIV/AIDS Epidemic
-
‘When shall we three Meet Again’ PPRIG as a Practitioner–Practitioner–...
-
“Is it useful to talk to other cancer patients?”
-
The Sociology of Science and the Garfield Effect: Happy Accidents, Una...
-
Evaluating Epistemic Commitments and Science Communication Practice in...
-
Precision Medicine Goes Global: How to Get It Right? Four Ways to Mobi...
-
Participation as Relational Space: A Critical Approach to Analysing Pa...
-
The Iowa Watersheds Project: Iowa's prototype for engaging communities...
-
Bots, Social Capital, and the Need for Civility
-
Setting up crowd science projects
-
Plurality in understandings of innovation, sociotechnical progress and...
-
Sciences normatives, procédures neutres
-
Conceptualising Social Value for the Third Sector and Developing Metho...
-
Environmental Problems, Citizen Knowledge, and Citizen Science: Chance...
-
La articulación de conocimientos en la producción jurídica sobre riesg...
-
New Democratic Sciences, Ethics, and Proper Publics
-
Who Really Wants an Ambitious Large-Scale Restoration of the Seine Est...
-
Socio-Humanistic Support for Technological Development: What Should It...
-
Chapter 3. Rethinking the notion of public
-
Trois regards sur la notion de « culture chinoise »
-
Interdisciplinarity in Transdisciplinary Projects: Circulating Knowled...
-
Better science through rhetoric: A new model and pilot program for tra...
-
Changing knowledge in the early economic thought of Michael Polanyi
-
Looking for Neuroethics in Japan
-
Scientific Expertise: Epistemic and Social Standards—The Example of th...
-
Studies of Expertise and Experience
-
Der Fall „Ostdeutschland“
-
From embodied risk to embodying hope: Therapeutic experimentation and ...
-
Collective organization of discourse expertise using information techn...
-
Politics of The Ring: Limits to Public Participation in Engineering Pr...
-
A (Pragmatic) Defense of (Some) Science
-
What makes interdisciplinarity difficult? Some consequences of domain ...
-
Organizing a Collaborative Development of Technological Design Require...
-
Serendipity Arrangements for Exapting Science-Based Innovations
-
Matters of Dwelling: Releasing the Genetically Engineered Aedes Aegypt...
-
Why Anti-Realist Views Persist in Communication Research: A Political ...
-
Scientists and religious leaders compete for cultural authority of sci...
-
Care leavers’ involvement in research: An ethnographic case study on i...
-
A Facilitated Expert-Based Approach to Architecting “Prizeable” Comple...
-
Peer Review of Impact: Could It Work?
-
Scientific Expertise and Engagement Experts
-
Understanding Objectivity in Research Reported in the Journal Science ...
-
Governance, Public Administration, and the Challenges of Globalization
-
Towards a Genealogy of Critical Physical Geography
-
Shaping of ‘Embodied Expertise’ in Alternative Medicine
-
Knowledge Environments at Universities: Some Theoretical and Methodolo...
-
Environmental Expertise
-
Introduction
-
Disciplines and Approaches
-
Interdisciplinarity Studies
-
The Relevance of Philosophy
-
Expert on Your Own Child, Expert on Your Own World—Reinventing Autism ...
-
The Economics of Science, Neoliberal Thought, and the Loss of Democrac...
-
Die Versinnbildlichung von Gesellschaftswissenschaft
-
How older people matter – Nutzer- und Nutzerinnenbeteiligung in AAL-Pr...
-
OBSOLETE: Science, Technology, and Society Studies
-
Science, Technology, and Society Studies
-
Ethnography and interdisciplinary work: experiences from the US and Br...
-
El activismo de los pacientes trasplantados en la Argentina
-
Interpréter dans la grosseur du trait
-
Valuing Multiple Trajectories of Knowledge: A Critical Review and Agen...
-
Professionswissen
-
The Methodological Pivot
-
Partizipative Wissenserzeugung und Wissenschaftlichkeit – ein methodol...
-
A facilitated expert‐based approach to architecting “openable” complex...
-
Performing rurality. But who?
-
From HPS to STS: Looking Back over My Past Sixty Years
-
Teoria e Prática de uma agenda de investigação sociológica em ciência ...
-
Connecting Environmental Humanities: Developing Interdisciplinary Coll...
-
Unstable relations: a critical appraisal of indigeneity and environmen...
-
Using diverse expertise to advance climate change fisheries science
-
Knowledge, Expertise, And Professional Practice in the Sociology of Mi...
-
The Imitation Game and the Nature of Mixed Methods
-
Dossier : Des recherches participatives dans la production des savoirs...
-
Entre Alemania y América. José Casares Gil y los viajes científicos en...
-
Professional expertise amongst speech-language therapists: “willing to...
-
Journalistic expertise: A communicative approach
-
Opportunities for knowledge co-production across the energy-food-water...
-
Reflecting on personal and professional energy stories in energy deman...
-
Making sense of citizen science: Stories as a hermeneutic resource
-
The Sociology of Science and Technology
-
Wucher, Seelenheil, Gemeinwohl. Der Scholastiker als Wirtschaftsexpert...
-
Recycled objects: curatorial practice and the engagement of contempora...
-
STS as science or politics?
-
Demarcating Fringe Science for Policy
-
Facing the Credibility Crisis of Science: On the Ambivalent Role of Pl...
-
Nature of talent: Empirical study of nature versus nurture perspective...
-
From regime protection to urban resilience? Assessing continuity and c...
-
Replication in Social Science
-
Crafting the expert-advocate: training and recruitment efforts in the ...
-
Third wave development expertise
-
Factors Determining Participation Quality in Collaborative Water Quali...
-
Enabling university educators to equip students with inter- and transd...
-
Managing Ambiguities at the Edge of Knowledge...
-
The Bearing of Studies of Expertise and Experience on Ethnography
-
Probes, Surveys, and the Ontology of the Social
-
Science ‘fact’ and science ‘fiction’? Homophilous communication in hig...
-
On Ethnographic Knowledge
-
Geschlechternormen und Expertise
-
Stretching and Challenging the Boundaries of Law: Varieties of Knowled...
-
Communicating with scientific graphics: A descriptive inquiry into non...
-
Individual, Group and Organised Experiential Expertise in Recovery fro...
-
Human Geography and the hinterland: The case of Torsten Hägerstrand’s ...
-
How Social Scientists Make Causal Claims in Court...
-
Can the subaltern listen? Self-determination and the provisioning of e...
-
The Research Priorities of People with Visual Impairments in the Nethe...
-
Who is the Expert? Integrated Urban Modeling and the Reconfiguration o...
-
The Need for Social Ethics in Interdisciplinary Environmental Science ...
-
Bibliographie
-
Fragility of Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Geography
-
Acquisition of T-shaped expertise: an exploratory study
-
The Problem of Expertise in Knowledge Societies
-
Fringe biotechnology
-
Sustainable flood memories, lay knowledges and the development of comm...
-
DATA ANALYSIS AND MACHINE LEARNING EFFORT IN HEALTHCARE
-
Post-truth?
-
Mixed qualitative-simulation methods...
-
Drinking Water Quality in Indian Water Policies, Laws, and Courtrooms:...
-
The Supreme Court cleans the air: legal and scientific standards for a...
-
Molecular Detector (Non)Technology in Mexico
-
Interdisciplinary Research (Interdisciplinarity)
-
Mass Media Roles in Climate Change Mitigation
-
Introduction to Philosophy of Systems Biology
-
Systems Biology Modeling Practices: Reflections of a Philosopher-Ethno...
-
Getting Back to Basics: Is the Knowledge of School Geography Powerful ...
-
Linking the Subcultures of Physics: Virtual Empiricism and the Bonding...
-
Mutual Linguistic Socialisation in Interdisciplinary Collaboration
-
Incorporating Value Discussions into High Level Radioactive Waste Disp...
-
Hybrid Disasters—Hybrid Knowledge
-
Are We Living in a Computable World? Answers and Controversies from Ch...
-
Nanotechnologies in Societal Context
-
Academic Evaluation in Higher Education
-
Introduction: When Science Meets the Public—Bridging the Gap
-
Experts’ understandings of drinking water risk management in a climate...
-
Designing the Epistemic Architecture for Galaxy Zoo: The Case Study of...
-
Constructing knowledge and ignorance in the social information worlds ...
-
Operationalizing Deep Structural Sustainability in Business: Longitudi...
-
Scientific advice on the move: the UK mobile phone risk issue as a pub...
-
Exploring Responsible Neuroimaging Innovation: Visions From a Societal...
-
Rethinking Moral Expertise
-
Firefighter willingness to participate in a stem cell clinical trial f...
-
Why do patients decline surgical trials? Findings from a qualitative i...
-
Mecanismos de homogeneização da atividade científica: o caso da ciênci...
-
Public Understanding of Genetics: The Deficit Model
-
Expert citizens’ role: civic science in environmental policy
-
Collaboration through innovation: implications for expertise in the AE...
-
Dissident Dietary Credibility: The Power of Discontent
-
Material expertise: An ontological approach to stakeholder participati...
-
‘Keep complaining til someone listens’: Exchanges of tacit healthcare ...
-
The Roles of Institutional Trust and Distrust in Grounding Rational De...
-
The UK’s 2012 Climate Change Risk Assessment: How the rational assessm...
-
Rigged or rigorous? Partnerships for research and evaluation of comple...
-
Making environmental policy work with civic science: the intermediary ...
-
Theorizing construction industry practice within a disaster risk reduc...
-
Scientific Practice in the Contexts of Peripheral Science: C. V. Raman...
-
As relações entre ciência e política, especialização e democracia: a t...
-
The patient–physician interaction as a meeting of experts: one solutio...
-
Beyond information policy
-
Expertos, metaexperticias y mediadores. Supervisión ética de la invest...
-
Being Expert: L’Aquila and Issues of Inclusion in Science-Policy Decis...
-
What is the public’s role in ‘space’ policymaking? Images of the publi...
-
Performing inter-professional expertise in rural advisory networks
-
Challenging Expertise: Paul Feyerabend vs. Harry Collins & Robert Evan...
-
The Pedagogical Roots of the History of Science: Revisiting the Vision...
-
Rethinking Activism and Expertise within Environmental Health Conflict...
-
Céline Granjou, Micropolitiques de la biodiversité. Experts et profess...
-
Expert judgements of sea-level rise at the local scale
-
Health professionals and the vaccine narrative: ‘the power of the pers...
-
Just Evidence: Opening Health Knowledge to a Parliament of Evidence
-
Embodying policy-making in mental health: the implementation of Partne...
-
Exploring responsible innovation: Dutch public perceptions of the futu...
-
Three Conceptual Models of Patient and Public Involvement in Standard-...
-
Non-certified environment and geography subject expertise in Chilean r...
-
Ideals, realities and paradoxes of stakeholder participation in EU fis...
-
The value of practice: A critique of interactional expertise
-
Stasis and Matters of Concern: The Conviction of the L’Aquila Seven
-
Hacking in the public interest: Authority, legitimacy, means, and ends
-
The Semantics of Untrustworthiness
-
Improving invasive species management by integrating priorities and co...
-
Expertise revisited, Part II: Contributory expertise
-
Collaboration, interdisciplinarity, and the epistemology of contempora...
-
An ethical perspective on accounting standard setting: Professional an...
-
Research data and metadata curation as institutional issues
-
Undertaking individual transdisciplinary PhD research for sustainable ...
-
Science Studies Elsewhere: The Experimental Life and the Other Within
-
The Realpolitik of Nuclear Risk: When Political Expediency Trumps Tech...
-
Economies of Scale Versus Small Is Beautiful...
-
Lay knowledge, social movements and the use of medicines: Personal ref...
-
Scientific Consensus and Expert Testimony in Courts: Lessons from the ...
-
Three Criteria for Consensus Conferences
-
Collins on experts: Gangnam Style STS
-
An evolving research agenda for human–coastal systems
-
Probing the Cultural Constitution of Causal Cognition – A Research Pro...
-
‘Best practice’ community dialogue: The promise of a small-scale delib...
-
Francis Crick, cross-worlds influencer: A narrative model to historici...
-
Dynamic systems and the role of evaluation: The case of the Green Comm...
-
Why rhetoric matters for ecology
-
From the arcane to the mundane: engaging French publics in discussing ...
-
Research outside academia? - An analysis of resources in extra-academi...
-
Science and Technology Forecasting
-
Values in the Social Sciences: The Case of Feminist Research
-
Two Kinds of Case Study and a New Agreement
-
Introduction
-
Interdisciplinary Nature of Nanoscience: Implications for Education
-
Changing Expectations of Experts: The Symbolic Role of Ethics Committe...
-
Wissenschaftspolitik und Science & Technology Studies
-
Selbsthilfefreundlichkeit als Dienstleistung von und an Krankenhäusern
-
DDR-Generationen revisited – Gibt es einen Generationszusammenhang der...
-
Bibliography
-
Shaping the subject of incontinence. Relating experience to knowledge
-
Ecological knowledge and North Sea environmental policies
-
Reading Songs, Experiencing Music: Co-creation, Materiality and Expert...
-
Contemporary Homemade Meteorological Science: Co-constructing the Home...
-
Modeling the State: An Actor-Network Approach
-
“Snow Scenes”: Exploring the Role of Memory and Place in Commemorating...
-
Incertitude et action publique. Définition des risques, production des...
-
Science, Translation and the Mangle: A Performative Conceptualization ...
-
Co-producing Social Problems and Scientific Knowledge. Chagas Disease ...
-
A Critical Participatory Approach to the Evaluation of Synthetic Biolo...
-
Wissenschaft aus kultursoziologischer Perspektive
-
Communicating and Using Ensemble Flood Forecasts in Flood Incident Man...
-
Re-live and learn – Interlocutor-induced elicitation of phenomenal exp...
-
Expertise revisited, Part I—Interactional expertise
-
Knowledge, Information, and Views of Climate Change: An Examination of...
-
Działanie, doświadczenie, wiedza. Wokół prac Harry’ego Collinsa
-
Words as cultivators of others minds
-
Strategic Science Translation and Environmental Controversies
-
Roles for university researchers in urban sustainability initiatives: ...
-
Scientific Practice and Science Education
-
Can We Teach People What Science Is Really Like?
-
Sovereignty, Risk and Biotechnology: Zambia's 2002 GM Controversy in R...
-
Conclusion
-
Wine science in the Wild West: information-seeking behaviors and attit...
-
Going with the flow? Using participatory action research in physical g...
-
Conflicting policy beliefs and informational complexities in designing...
-
Diversity as Asset
-
Introduction / L’expertise sous le regard des sciences sociales
-
Bibliographie générale
-
Alternative and Authoritative Knowledge...
-
Why animals are not robots
-
Navigating scientific uncertainty in wildfire and flood risk mitigatio...
-
Scientific consensus, the law, and same sex parenting outcomes
-
Chronic Victims, Risky Women: Domestic Violence Advocacy and the Medic...
-
Regulação em Saúde e Epistemologia Política: Contribuições da Ciência ...
-
The expert and the machine: Competition or convergence?
-
Expertise: A report and a manifesto
-
Plenty as a response to austerity? Big Data expertise, cultures and co...
-
The pasts, presents, and futures of testimony
-
From products to processes: Academic events to foster interdisciplinar...
-
The science and practice of river restoration
-
Is Driving an Expertise as the Others? A Study of Boundary-Work Around...
-
Tracing two apprentices’ Trajectories Toward Adaptive Professional Exp...
-
Engaging the Global South on climate engineering research
-
Biodiversité, paysage et cadre de vie
-
Managing Workplace Ethics: An Extended Conceptualization of Ethical Se...
-
Public harm or public value? Towards coproduction in research with com...
-
Science Media Centres and public policy
-
Renzhi Yu Pingjia: Kexue Lilun Yu Shiyan de Donglixue ( ...
-
Patient and Public Involvement in Health Service – A Critical Review i...
-
The problems with a ‘fact’-focused approach in environmental communica...
-
Nature of Science Contextualized: Studying Nature of Science with Scie...
-
Facing the Incompleteness of Epistemic Trust: Managing Dependence in S...
-
Thinking science with thinking machines: The multiple realities of bas...
-
Tensions in agnotology: Normativity in the studies of commercially dri...
-
The Role of Media References During Public Deliberation Sessions
-
A Sociological Analysis of Ethical Expertise...
-
Models and visions of science-policy interaction: Remarks from a Delph...
-
‘Prospecting responsible technology paths: Management options for an a...
-
Public engagement in biosciences and biotechnologies: Reflections on t...
-
Thinking and meddling with boundaries: Critical reflections on Matthew...
-
Scientists as policy actors: A study of the language of biofuel resear...
-
Politicizing science: Conceptions of politics in science and technolog...
-
Diagnostic Domain Defense: Autism Spectrum Disorder and the DSM-5
-
When Does Science Matter? International Relations Meets Science and Te...
-
Bringing tacit knowledge back to contributory and interactional expert...
-
An Investigation of Metrics for the In Situ Detection of Software Expe...
-
Publics as Threats? Integrating Science and Technology Studies and Soc...
-
Key actor perspectives on stakeholder engagement in Omani Environmenta...
-
Statistical Genre Analysis: Toward Big Data Methodologies in Technical...
-
Mapping the integrative field: taking stock of socio-technical collabo...
-
How UK psychiatric geneticists understand and talk about engaging the ...
-
Public involvement in research: making sense of the diversity
-
‘Nuts and Bolts and People’ Gender Troubled Engineering Identities
-
Im offensiven Mittelfeld – Deutschlands neue Spielmacher-Rolle in der ...
-
Science and Technology Studies, History of
-
Expertise, Anthropological Approaches to
-
Science and Technology Studies: Experts and Expertise
-
Scientific Knowledge, Sociology of
-
Science and Technology Studies, Ethnomethodology of
-
How California is mobilizing boundary chains to integrate science, pol...
-
Climate change and the city: Building capacity for urban adaptation
-
Democratizing Expertise and Environmental Governance: Different Approa...
-
Les plaintes en santé environnementale et l’expertise épidémiologique
-
How Should We Discuss Uncertainty in the Context of Environmental Issu...
-
Integrating knowledge: Challenges raised by the “Inventory of Synthesi...
-
What do Scientists and Engineers Do All Day? On the Structure of Scien...
-
Mass Media Roles in Climate Change Mitigation
-
What’s Actually New About Transdisciplinarity? How Scholars from Appli...
-
Diversity in Clinical Ethics
-
Privacy Versus Security: Problems and Possibilities for the Trade-Off ...
-
Wissenschaftspolitik und Science & Technology Studies
-
From conflict to collaboration: The role of expertise in fisheries man...
-
Psychical research in the history and philosophy of science. An introd...
-
Elite science and the BBC: a 1950s contest of ownership
-
Virtually Expert: Modes of Environmental Computer Simulation Modeling
-
Os novos rumos dos estudos sociais de ciência e tecnologia; continuida...
-
Reflecting on the Science in Science Commu...
-
Symbolic instruments and the Internet mediation of knowledge and exper...
-
‘Professionals who understand’: Expertise, public interest and societa...
-
How values come to matter at the European Commission
-
Sciences, politics, and associative democracy: democratizing science a...
-
Reassessing expert knowledge and the politics of expertise
-
Expertise Gaps in Value-Added Modeling...
-
Eyeballing expertise
-
Ambivalence, equivocation and the politics of experimental knowledge: ...
-
Rejecting knowledge claims inside and outside science
-
Linking the subcultures of physics: Virtual empiricism and the bonding...
-
Genius, Hawking, and expertise
-
Constructing New Expertise: Private and Public Initiatives for Safe Fo...
-
Expert Opinion in Reliability
-
Gatekeepers or Intermediaries? The Role of Clinicians in Commercial Ge...
-
Negotiating sustainability
-
The inescapability of knowing and inability to not know in the digital...
-
‘Heating up’ or ‘Cooling Down’? Analysing and Performing Broadened Par...
-
‘Clearly Necessary’, ‘Wonderful’ and ‘Engrossing’? Mass Observation Co...
-
Beyond breakthrough research: Epistemic properties of research and the...
-
Catching the WAVE: The Weight-Adjusting Account of Values and Evidence
-
Clarifying interactional and contributory expertise
-
Taking care: Anticipation, extraction and the politics of temporality ...
-
Citizen science and lifelong learning
-
A Pluralistic Approach to Interactional Expertise
-
Policy Deliberation and the Trading Zone Metaphor: Evaluating Expert P...
-
Scientists’ Views about Attribution of Global Warming
-
Integrated regional vulnerability assessment of government services to...
-
Highly Adaptable but Not Invulnerable: Necessary and Facilitating Cond...
-
From Ethnography to Engagement: The Lab as a Site of Intervention
-
Speech acts and performances of scientific citizenship: Examining how ...
-
Organ donation as transition work: Policy discourse and clinical pract...
-
Climate change research and credibility: balancing tensions across pro...
-
Michael Polanyi and the politics of science studies
-
Towards adequately framing sustainability goals in research projects: ...
-
The Role of Tacit Knowledge in Developing Networks for Sustainable Agr...
-
Engaging With Strangers and Brief Encounters...
-
Improving industrial R&D practices with social and ethical aspects: Al...
-
Synthetic biology: Too early for assessments? A review of synthetic bi...
-
The Networked Public, Multitentacled Participation, and Collaborative ...
-
A Study of the Interchanging Experiences at the Trading Zone: Focusing...
-
Regulating through the "Logic of Appropriateness" and the "Rhetoric of...
-
What Are the Key Ingredients for Effective Public Involvement in Healt...
-
Strategies for coordinating experimentation and modeling in integrativ...
-
Climate change perceptions and responses in Scotland's ski industry
-
Symbolic instruments and the Internet mediation of knowledge and exper...
-
Public understanding of participation in regulatory decision-making: T...
-
Mapping the climate sceptical blogosphere
-
Emerging sites of HCI innovation
-
Réseaux et entourages citationnels en chimie : quatre types d'implicat...
-
Utilizing “On Tap” Experts in Deliberative Forums: Implications for De...
-
Managing expectational language: translational genetic professionals c...
-
Naming, Framing, and Blaming: Exploring Ways of Knowing in the Decepti...
-
Coming to grips with scientific ignorance in the governance of endocri...
-
Estudos sociais da ciência e tecnologia e engajamento: novas tendência...
-
Continuous Variations: The Conceptual and the Empirical in STS
-
Studying Culture Differently: From Quantum Physics to the Music Synthe...
-
Setting Up Spaces for Collaboration in Industry Between Researchers fr...
-
Why are decisions in flood disaster management so poorly supported by ...
-
Using a knowledge learning framework to predict errors in database des...
-
Managing the uncertain earth: geophysical hazards in the risk society
-
Lay Expertise
-
Interdisciplinarity in Engineering Research and Learning
-
Quantifying the Tacit: The Imitation Game and Social Fluency
-
Boundaries, breaches, and bridges: The case of Climategate
-
Knowledge kills action – why principles should play a limited role in ...
-
Knowing Patients: Turning Patient Knowledge into Science
-
Risk and Public Involvement in Technology Governance
-
Citizens as Concerned but Knowledge-Poor Watchdogs: Attributions of Le...
-
The Study of Land Degradation in Drylands: State of the Art
-
Expertise in Agriculture: Scientific and Ethical Issues
-
A Framework for Using Nanotechnology to Improve Water Quality
-
Ready to Put Metadata on the Post-2015 Development Agenda? Linking Dat...
-
The Inuit Gift
-
Reporting on Climate Change
-
Blessing the Facts
-
Negotiating Risk, Expertise, and Near-Advocacy
-
What Gets Measured Gets Managed
-
Epilogue
-
Notes
-
References
-
Acting, predicting and intervening in a socio-hydrological world
-
Occupational Exposure to Cement Dust: Changing Opinions of a Respirato...
-
Gestion des relations professionnelles, gestion de l’application de la...
-
“Being a Consistent Pain in the Ass”: Politics and Epistemics in Media...
-
“Being a Consistent Pain in the Ass”: Politics and Epistemics in Media...
-
Experten als Qualitätsgarant im Gesundheitsjournalismus? Der Einsatz m...
-
Expert Advisers: Why Economic Forecasters Can Be Useful Even When They...
-
Social Studies of Science and Science Teaching
-
From Expert Communities to Epistemic Arrangements: Situating Expertise...
-
Science and Technology Forecasting
-
The Role of Subjectivity and Knowledge Power Struggles in the Formatio...
-
Reprint of: When peer-reviewed publications are not enough! Delivering...
-
The pitfalls of European risk governance: a question of design or appl...
-
Public Engagement, Knowledge Transfer, and Impact Validity
-
La photographie et le film : des instruments de pouvoir ambivalents
-
What aggregators do: Towards a networked concept of journalistic exper...
-
The persistence of ‘normal’ catchment management despite the participa...
-
Values and Objectivity in Science: Value-Ladenness, Pluralism and the ...
-
Narratives of experience and production of knowledge within farmers' g...
-
Comment légitimer l'accession au statut d'expert pour limiter les cont...
-
Midstream Modulation in Biotechnology Industry: Redefining What is ‘Pa...
-
The Why and How of Enabling the Integration of Social and Ethical Aspe...
-
Moments of Uncertainty: Ethical Considerations and Emerging Contaminan...
-
The Role of Patient Advocacy Organizations in Shaping Genomic Science
-
Subpolitics and Democracy: The Role of New Media in the 2011 General ...
-
How do Early Childhood Education Teachers Perceive Their Expertise? A ...
-
Epistemic dependence in interdisciplinary groups
-
What is interdisciplinary communication? Reflections on the very idea ...
-
Conservation, evidence and policy
-
Evolution of Public Participation in the Assessment and Management of ...
-
Sociology, Knowledge and Evidence in Rural Policy Making
-
Using Evidence in Policy: The Importance of Mediating Beliefs and Prac...
-
Negotiating Proximity: Expert Testimony and Collective Memory in the T...
-
Networked trafficking: reflections on technology and the anti-traffick...
-
Derived embodiment and imaginative capacities in interactional experti...
-
Levels of immersion, tacit knowledge and expertise
-
Knowledge Building Expertise: Nanomodellers’ Education as an Example
-
The foundations of innovation in modern societies: the displacement of...
-
Making sense of policy implementation: The construction and uses of ex...
-
Possibilities and limits of collaboration between science and NGOs in ...
-
Utilising a blended ethnographic approach to explore the online and of...
-
Mettre en récits et partager l’expérience
-
Process, Not Product: Investigating Recommendations for Improving Citi...
-
Be(e)coming experts: The controversy over insecticides in the honey be...
-
The Imitation Game as a Method for Exploring Knowledge(s) of Chronic I...
-
Genetics and democracy—what is the issue?
-
The Role of the Sociologist after half-a-century of studying science
-
Sacrificial Experts? Science, Senescence and Saving the British Nuclea...
-
Survey of the Philosophic Discipline
-
THE GIFT OF SPIT (AND THE OBLIGATION TO RETURN IT)
-
A construção do diagnóstico do autismo em uma rede social virtual bras...
-
Les conditions de l’articulation entre recherche et expertise
-
Social science perspectives on natural hazards risk and uncertainty
-
What Organization Theorists and Public Policy Researchers Can Learn fr...
-
Power and knowledge: The politics of the knowledge society
-
Politicizing the expertise of the accounting industry in the realm of ...
-
“Climategate” and The Scientific Ethos
-
The rules of engagement: Power and interaction in dialogue events
-
Subjectivized Knowledge and Grassroots Advocacy...
-
Transdisciplinary Approaches to Engineering R&D: Importance of Underst...
-
Interdisciplinary Research (Interdisciplinarity)
-
For a Sociology of Expertise: The Social Origins of the Autism Epidemi...
-
Pour une Approche pragmatique, écologique et politique de l'expertise
-
Towards pragmatic, ecological and political approaches to expertise
-
Hacia un enfoque pragmático, écológico y político de la experticia
-
Du laboratoire scientifique à l'ordre constitutionnel
-
Metaphors and Cohabitation Within and Beyond the Walls of Life Science...
-
A Framework for Future Studies of Personalised Medicine: Affordance, T...
-
SoftGIS Development Process as a Trading Zone: Challenges in Implement...
-
Können Kommunikationsprobleme zwischen Managementwissenschaftlern und ...
-
For a public sociology on participatory democracy. Reflexive feedback ...
-
Measuring the Impact Values of Public Engagement in Medical Contexts
-
National Ethics Advisory Bodies in the Emerging Landscape of Responsib...
-
International expertise and local know-how in the trading zone
-
Developing an online learning community for mental health professional...
-
Trading expertise: The rise and demise of an industry/government commi...
-
Making Variety Simple: Agricultural Economists in Southern Italy, 1906...
-
Is Better Drug Policy a Matter of Knowing Whose Pants Are on Fire? Kir...
-
Sustainable technological citizenship
-
Perspectives on global warming
-
Challenges for the Application and Development of Omics Health Technol...
-
Governance of stem cell research: Public participation and decision-ma...
-
Involvement in research without compromising research quality
-
Building ‘participation’ upon critique: The Loweswater Care Project, C...
-
What is DIstinctive about Mediation? Experience and Expertise in Media
-
Framing the Discussion: Nanotechnology and the Social Construction of ...
-
Partisan Scholarship in Technoscientific Controversies: Reflections on...
-
Sustainable Development Indicators: From Statistics to Policy
-
Lessons from post‐normal science for climate science‐sceptic debates
-
Collaboration and co‐ownership in research: dynamics and dialogues bet...
-
When peer-reviewed publications are not enough! Delivering science for...
-
Field Expertise in Rural Land Management
-
Science at the policy interface: volcano-monitoring technologies and v...
-
Exploring the role of the amateur in the production and circulation of...
-
The Challenge of Governance in Regional Forest Planning: An Analysis o...
-
"The Most Famous Brain in the World": Performance and Pedagogy on an A...
-
Comment on Kuhn
-
Cod, curtains, planes and experts: Relational materialities in the mus...
-
Where are the Missing Masses? The Quasi-Publics and Non-Publics of Tec...
-
A Cultural Political Economy of Research and Innovation in an Age of C...
-
Between ‘Scientization’ and Democratization of Science: The ‘Politics ...
-
松本三和夫, Tekunosaiensu Risuku to Shakaigaku: Kagaku-shakaigaku no aratan...
-
Conhecimentos técnicos, políticas públicas e participação: o caso do C...
-
Staged Discovery and the Politics of Maya Hieroglyphic Things
-
Chapter 2 Managing the Future: Models, Scenarios and the Control of Un...
-
Debating the proper pace of life: sustainable consumption policy proce...
-
The legacy of climategate: revitalizing or undermining climate science...
-
Practices of Doing Interdisciplinary Risk‐Research: Communication, Fra...
-
‘Risk’ in Field Research
-
Ethical Risk Management, but Without Risk Communication◊
-
Networking expertise: Discursive coalitions and collaborative networks...
-
Empowering Spatial Information in the Evolution of Planning Systems: L...
-
Experts or good educators – or both? The development of early childhoo...
-
Spaces of Conservation of Local Breeds: The Case of Yakutian Cattle
-
Diversity and constructive conflict in stakeholder dialogue: considera...
-
Co-production of knowledge in transdisciplinary doctoral theses on lan...
-
Community Health Workers in Brazil’s Unified Health System: A framewor...
-
The Theatre of Scientific Advice
-
Science, Politics, and Identity in Northern Research Ethics Licensing
-
Mediating subpolitics in US and UK science news
-
Values, objectivity and credibility of scientists in a contentious nat...
-
Collaborate With Practitioners: But Beware of Collaborative Research
-
Mass Media Roles in Climate Change Mitigation
-
Connections to Support Learning About Science
-
Downscaling and visioning of mountain snow packs and other climate cha...
-
Structuring complexity for tailoring research contributions to sustain...
-
Godley Moves in Mysterious Ways: The Craft of Economic Judgment in Pos...
-
Ambiguous Weighting and Nonsensical Sense: The Problems of “Balance” a...
-
The Buddy Quiz: a collaborative assessment and a representation of the...
-
What do Students Gain from Laboratory Experiences?
-
Addressing the “Commitment Problem”
-
Recommendations for the user-specific enhancement of flood maps
-
Learning from the Transdisciplinary Case Study Approach: A Functional-...
-
Final Remarks
-
Levels of Immersion and Embodiment
-
Exploring the Impact of Science Communication on Scientific Knowledge ...
-
The challenges of building cosmopolitan climate expertise: the case of...
-
Science and Technology
-
Harold Garfinkel (29 October 1917 – 21 April 2011): A remembrance and ...
-
What happens in the Lab: Applying Midstream Modulation to Enhance Crit...
-
Engagement Agents in the Making: On the Front Lines of Socio-Technical...
-
The conservation values of Yakutian Cattle
-
On disciplinary judgement
-
Enacting disability: how can science and technology studies inform dis...
-
Patients’ and clinicians’ research priorities
-
Do expert assessments converge? An exploratory case study of evaluatin...
-
Managing the Experience of Evidence...
-
Public engagement coming of age: From theory to practice in STS encoun...
-
Un bilan des recherches sur la participation du public en démocratie :...
-
Models of democracy in social studies of science
-
Operationalising active involvement in the EU Water Framework Directiv...
-
The ‘policy turn’ in the Third Wave: return to the fact–value dichotom...
-
Misguided boundary work in studies of expertise: time to return to the...
-
Three thoughts on the Third Wave
-
Poets of the common good: experts, citizens, public policy
-
Object and shadow: responses to the CPS critiques of Collins, Weinel a...
-
References
-
In backyards, on front lawns: examining informal risk communication an...
-
Is there an expertise of production? The case of new media producers
-
The Mirage of Citizen Engagement in Uncertain Science: Public attitude...
-
Accounting for the Appeal to the Authority of Experts
-
Experts in Dialogue: An Introduction
-
Expertise as Argument: Authority, Democracy, and Problem-Solving
-
Made in conflict. Local residents' construction of a local environment...
-
Olhares sociol?gicos sobre a ci?ncia no s?culo vinte: mudan?as e conti...
-
Discipline and Governmentality : Implications of Foucaldien Theory of ...
-
Bridging autism, science and society: moving toward an ethically infor...
-
Rationalising a volcanic crisis through literature: Montserratian vers...
-
Introduction: Lay Participation in the History of Scientific Observati...
-
Participatory evaluation of agent-based land-use models
-
Risk Assessment of Emerging Technologies and Post-Normal Science
-
Post-Normal Science in Practice at the Netherlands Environmental Asses...
-
Articulating the signs of danger: Lay experiences of post-Chernobyl ra...
-
Knowing, farming and climate change adaptation in North-Central Namibi...
-
Developing a pedagogy of interactional expertise for sustainability ed...
-
Defending the boundaries of science: AIDS denialism, peer review and t...
-
Problematizing the user in user-centered production: A new media lab m...
-
Review essay: Tacit knowledge: Discovery by or topic for science studi...
-
Language and practice
-
Science-Policy Interactions in MPA Site Selection in the Dutch Part of...
-
How we talk when we talk about nano: The future in laypeople's talk
-
Dead by 50: Lay expertise and breast cancer screening
-
The process of setting micronutrient recommendations: a cross-European...
-
Strategy and PowerPoint: An Inquiry into the Epistemic Culture and Mac...
-
‘‘A Kind of Sorting Out’’: Crystal Methamphetamine, Gay Men, and Healt...
-
The National DNA Database on trial...
-
Professionalization and the Experience-Based Expert: Strengthening Par...
-
Post-Secondary Students’ Relationship to People They Consider to Be Sc...
-
Der Laie im Fokus nuklearer Debatten
-
Policy Learning through Public Inquiries? The Case of UK Nuclear Energ...
-
Generating sociability to drive science: Patient advocacy organization...
-
Sustaining sustainability science: The role of established inter-disci...
-
Fishermen, Scientists, and Boundary Spanners: Cooperative Research in ...
-
The Role of Statistics in the Debate on Science, Technology, and Innov...
-
A Case Study in the Applied Philosophy of Imaging: The Synaptic Vesicl...
-
Sozialexperiment als neue Figuration von Wissenschaft, Politik und Mar...
-
Antizipierte Technikkontroversen als Governance-Problem
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Drawing and Effacing Boundaries in Contemporary Media Democracy Work
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Governança na nova genética e a participação pública: o caso das pesqu...
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Conceitos de Ciência e a Política Científica, Tecnológica e de Inovaçã...
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Edmond Malinvaud et la méthodologie économique (Edmond Malinvaud and E...
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Nichtwissen als vernachlässigte Variable im Verhältnis von Organisatio...
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CATASTROPHE ETHICS AND ACTIVIST SPEECH: REFLECTIONS ON MORAL NORMS, AD...
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Doing flood risk science differently: an experiment in radical scienti...
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The Temporal Structure of Scientific Consensus Formation
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Mediating Science and Society in the EU and UK: From Information-Trans...
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Bureaucracy, Democracy and Exclusion: Why Indigenous Knowledge Holders...
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Reconstructing engineering from practice
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How Politics Deals with Expert Dissent: The Case of Ethics Councils
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Configuring users of cholesterol lowering foods: A review of biomedica...
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Public Involvement Designed to Circumvent Public Concern? The “Partici...
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Enactments of Expertise
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Functional‐dynamic public participation in technological decision‐maki...
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Reconsidering the Trade-off Between Expertise and Flexibility: a Cogni...
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Knowing How to Sleepwalk: Placing Expert Evidence in the Midst of an E...
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‘Fantastic hands’ – But no evidence: The construction of expertise by ...
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Moving beyond scientific agreement
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Envisioning nanotechnology: New media and future-oriented stakeholder ...
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The politics and policy of the Third Wave: new technologies and societ...
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Expert credibility in climate change
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Locating Scientific Citizenship: The Institutional Contexts and Cultur...
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Undone Science: Charting Social Movement and Civil Society Challenges ...
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“… a certain amount of engineering involved”: Constructing the public ...
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The Advantage and Disadvantage of Peripheral Ignorance: The Gas Adsorp...
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Dealing with Complaints to the REC: Discussion
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Virology Experts in the Boundary Zone Between Science, Policy and the ...
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Specialization and promotion in an academic discipline
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The contingency of psychiatric genomics in a Dutch research consortium
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Public Participation in the Making of Science Policy
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From the Sociology of Intellectuals to the Sociology of Interventions
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Subject Positioning and Deliberative Democracy: Understanding Social P...
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From Communities of Practice to Epistemic Communities: Health Mobiliza...
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Nanotechnology and Public Engagement
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Social movements, knowledge and public policy: the case of autism acti...
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Knowledge-theoretic models in hydrology
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Stakeholder participation in environmental knowledge production
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Wishful sinking: Disappearing islands, climate refugees and cosmopolit...
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Science education and democratic participation: an uneasy congruence?
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Guest Editorial
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Theoretical Challenges for the Current Sociology of Science and Techno...
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Associating Gene Therapy with the Human Genome Project
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Environmental knowledge and small‐scale rural landholding in south‐wes...
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Trust and technology: the social foundations of aviation regulation
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Nations at Ease with Radical Knowledge...
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Discourse research that intervenes in the quality and safety of care p...
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The role of patient advocacy organisations in neuromuscular disease R&...
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Preserving a Space for Science in an Age of Democracy
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Wissen, Handeln, Können
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Science and Technology Studies
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Die Verflüssigung der Norm: Selbstregierung und personalisierte Gesund...
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Using, designing and plans
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Geographies of Science and Public Understanding? Exploring the Recepti...
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NGOs, the Science-Lay Dichotomy, and Hybrid Spaces of Environmental Kn...
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Beyond Neocorporatism? Transdisciplinary Case Studies as a Means for C...
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Food security and seasonal climate information: Kenyan challenges
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Q methodology to select participants for a stakeholder dialogue on ene...
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Strategy and Powerpoint: An Inquiry into the Epistemic Culture and Mac...
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Measuring and Envisioning Risks: Boundary-Work in Risk Management
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Credible Cultural Incentives for Challenged Neighborhoods: Cultural Ne...
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Références bibliographiques
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Rendre évident : une approche symétrique de la réglementation des prod...
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Complaints in environmental health and the construction of risk as cul...
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Public Understanding of Genetics: The Deficit Model
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Using Expert Elicitation to Prioritize Resource Allocation for Risk Id...
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Six Guiding Principles for Evaluating Mode-2 Strategies for Sustainabl...
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The Expertise Question Revisited: Horizontal and Vertical Expertise
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Moral Imagination, Trading Zones, and the Role of the Ethicist in Nano...
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Multidisciplinary Engagement with Nanoethics Through Education—The Nan...
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Technology, social services and organizational innovation ...
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Viewing the taken-for-granted from under a different aspect: A video-b...
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Qualitative research and deliberative methods: promise or peril?
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Rethinking the Synthesis Period in Evolutionary Studies
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Forestry in transition: Imperial legacy and negotiated expertise in Ro...
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Fairness as Appropriateness...
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Experts and Anecdotes...
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Publics performing publics: of PiGs, PiPs and politics
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Reliability rating and reflective questioning: a case study of extende...
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Public Involvement in Setting a National Research Agenda
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Engaging Technology: A Missing Link in the Sociological Study of Human...
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Third Wave criminology: Guns, crime and social order
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The Potentials and Limitations of Civil Society Research: Getting Undo...
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Fallacies of Virtualization...
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Tracking the numbers: Across accounting and finance, organizations and...
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Fostering deliberations about health innovation: What do we want to kn...
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Nieuwe rollen voor het wtc-publiek. Een essay
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Tempo, ci?ncia e consenso: os diferentes tempos que envolvem a pesquis...
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Participatory and evidence-informed general practice
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Health researchers’ attitudes towards public involvement in health res...
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Balancing Uncertain Risks and Benefits in Human Subjects Research
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Book review: Joan Haran, Jenny Kitzinger, Maureen McNeil, and Kate O'R...
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Putting Sociology First—Reconsidering the Role of the Social in ‘Natur...
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Noisy and definitely not normal: responding to wicked issues in the en...
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The first cuckoo in winter: Phenology, recording, credibility and mean...
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Ghosts in the Machine: Publication Planning in the Medical Sciences
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What Does it Mean that PRIMES is in P?...
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Lay Involvement and Legitimacy...
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Visions of Wales: Visual Artists and Cultural Futures
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Who's Credible? Expressions of Consensus and Conflict in Focus Groups ...
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Wind Power Planning Controversies and the Construction of ‘Expert’ and...
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Stem Cell Scientists' Discursive Strategies for Cognitive Authority
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Lester Firkins
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Public and User Participation in Public Service Delivery: Tensions in ...
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Co-Creative Expertise: Auran Games and Fury — A Case Study
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Just around the corner: rhetorics of progress and promise in genetic r...
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Book Review: Book Review Editor: Jeffrey Jablonski, University of Neva...
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Engaging Boundary Objects in OMS and STS? Exploring the Subtleties of ...
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A Cautionary Tale About Cautionary Tales About Intervention
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Does STS Mean Business?
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Media representational practices in the Anthropocene Era
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A Framework for Using Nanotechnology To Improve Water Quality
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Introduction: Expert Interviews — An Introduction to a New Methodologi...
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Engineering and Society: Working Towards Social Justice, Part I: Engin...
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Stakeholders or Experts? On the Ambiguous Implications of Public Parti...
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Scientific Knowledge: A Stakeholder Theory
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Introduction: The CEVIS Idea
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For Science, Love and Money...
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Opening Up for Participation in Agro-Biodiversity Conservation: The Ex...
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THE DIVERSITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE
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A Splintered Function: Fate, Faith, and the Father of the Atomic Bomb
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Developing public sociology through health impact assessment
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Foresight — balancing between increasing variety and productive conver...
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Dealing with uncertainty: a case study of controlling insect populatio...
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Public Proof in Courts and Jury Trials...
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Developing a Public Sociology: From Lay Knowledge to Civic Intelligenc...
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Participation and the New Governance of Life
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Democratizing Knowledge...
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You cannot be serious! Public understanding of technology with special...
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Editorial: Living with hazard and risk
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The Evolution of ‘Public Understanding of Science’: Public Engagement ...
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Experts in Their Fields: Farmer — Expert Knowledges and Environmentall...
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Review: Questioning Expertise
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Challenges for the Democratic Management of Technoscience: Governance,...
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Generation Scotland: consulting publics and specialists at an early st...
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The politics in environmental science: The Endangered Species Act and ...
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Deliberating Competence...
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New therapeutic landscapes in Africa: Parental categories and practice...
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Social identities and risk: expert and lay imaginations on pesticide u...
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Towards a hermeneutic of technomedical objects
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Sur les dynamiques de constitution des systèmes d'expertise scientifiq...
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Expertise and Scientific Uncertainty: Understanding Trust Amongst Prof...
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Deliberating Competence...
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Trading Zones, Moral Imagination and Socially Sensitive Computing
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Geography and paratactical interdisciplinarity: Views from the ESRC–NE...
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Articulating Contextualized Knowledge: Focus Groups and/as Public Part...
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‘Plausible uncertainty’: The negotiated indeterminacy of pandemic infl...
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CONCLUSIONS: DITCHING DEVILISH DICHOTOMIES
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Objet et acteurs de recherche
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Enchanted invertebrates: Blaschka models and other simulacra in Nation...
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Accounting for expertise: Wynne and the autonomy of the lay public act...
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Elephants in the rooms where publics encounter “science”?: A response ...
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Service Science, Management and Engineering: A Way of Managing Sociote...
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Actors’ and Analysts’ Categories in the Social Analysis of Science
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Designing is the Construction of Use Plans
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Hollywood Knowledge: Communication Between Scientific and Entertainmen...
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Nanobiotechnology and Ethics: Converging Civil Society Discourses
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Wissenschaftstheorie der Evaluation
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Assessing genetic testing: Who are the “lay experts”?
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Counterfeit Scientific Controversies in Science Policy Contexts
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Seven rules for researchers to increase their impact on the policy pro...
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‘Ordinary people only’: knowledge, representativeness, and the publics...
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The Sociology of Expertise: The Distribution of Social Fluency
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Expert Opinion in Reliability
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Listening Without Prejudice?...
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They give you the keys and say ‘drive it!’ Managers, referred expertis...
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Trading zones and interactional expertise
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Bycatch: interactional expertise, dolphins and the US tuna fishery
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The role of interactional expertise in interpreting: the case of techn...
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The evolution of BioBike: Community adaptation of a biocomputing platf...
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Primary source knowledge and technical decision-making: Mbeki and the ...
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Social networks and private spaces in economic forecasting
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Bringing Bones to Life: How Science Made Piltdown Man Human
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Bridging differential understanding of environmental risk of breast ca...
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Environmental Irony: Summoning Death in Bangladesh
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Feelings of Discontent and the Promise of Middle Range Theory for STS...
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Not Another Case Study...
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Biais cognitifs et choix technologiques : une analyse des priorités de...
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Where do Analysts Come from? The Case of Financial Chartism
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What is Political in Sub-politics?: How Aristotle Might Help STS
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Scientific Expertise in Public Arenas: Lessons from the French Experie...
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From convergence to contention: United States mass media representatio...
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Engaging with Technologies in Practice: Travelling the Northwest Passa...
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Environmentally Sustainable Construction: Knowledge and Learning in Lo...
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Combining Professional Expertize and Service User Expertize: Negotiati...
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On Cooling the Tourist Out Notes on the Management of Spoiled Expectat...
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Not by Productivity Alone: How Visibility and Specialization Contribut...
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The Language Barrier as an Aid to Communication
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Crossing Boundaries Social Science in the Policy Room
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Citizen engagement processes as information systems: the role of knowl...
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Unsettled Connections...
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Shifting Subject Positions: Experts and Lay People in Public Dialogue
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`Nuts and Bolts and People': Gender-Troubled Engineering Identities
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Geographies of science: histories, localities, practices, futures
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Metalogue as Methodology...
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Societal concerns and risk decisions
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Patient Partnership in Decision-Making on Biomedical Research...
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Ethics or Politics?:The Emergence of ELSI Discourse in Canada*
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Experts’ understanding of the public: knowledge control in a risk cont...
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Experts on public trial: on democratizing expertise through a Danish c...
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The Public Perception of Science and Technology in a Periphery Society...
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The Precautionary Principle and Traditional Risk Assessment...
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Re-Examining the Role of Knowledge Within Planning Theory
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Citizens in Defence of Something Called Science
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Towards Analytic‐deliberative Forms of Risk Governance in the UK? Refl...
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Science War II: the shift from physics to biology as the field of stru...
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The Uses of Sociology of Science for Scientists and Educators
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Controversy Studies
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Discursive Choices: Boycotting Star Wars Between Science and Politics
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Magnum Opus: When Harry Met Joe, and What Follows
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Exploring Ambivalence about Genetic Research and its Social Context
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Re-examining medical modernization: framing the public in Finnish biom...
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Modes of Social Science Engagement in Community Infrastructure Design
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Cognition, Environment and the Collapse of Civilizations
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Critical Accountability: Dilemmas for Interventionist Studies of e-Sci...
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Applied Cultural Theory
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Using Trading Zones and Life Cycle Analysis to Understand Nanotechnolo...
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Anti-social Epistemologies
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Experiments with interactional expertise
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JOURNALISM AND EXPERTISE
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Regulating Pesticide Risks in Denmark: Expert and Lay Perspectives
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Describing the impact of health research: a Research Impact Framework
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A Novel Account of Scientific Anomaly: Help for the Dispute over Low-D...
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Beyond expertise: Ecological science and the making of socially robust...
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The 35mm Solution: Photography, Scientists, and Whales
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Science studies, climate change and the prospects for constructivist c...
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Science, Expertise, and the Democratization of the Decision-Making Pro...
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A conceptual model of the role of complex science in local authority c...
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Sustainable agriculture, science and the co-production of ‘expert’ kno...
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«Decidiamo insieme!» Conflitti tecnologici e deliberazione pubblica
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Use of the deficit model in a shared culture of argumentation: the cas...
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Contesting sustainable development in Tierra del Fuego
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Understanding Loweswater: Interdisciplinary Research in Practice
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Green Groups and Grey Areas: Scientific Boundary-Work, Nongovernmental...
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Researching the Sustainable City: Three Modes of Interdisciplinarity
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Joined-up Knowledge for the Sustainable City?
-
A congress of the world
-
Conflicting discourses of knowledge: Understanding the policy adoption...
-
The Politics of Talk...
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Evolutionary psychology as public science and boundary work
-
Television wildlife programming as a source of popular scientific ...
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Nanotechnology and the need for risk governance
-
Travail d’articulation et organisations-frontières dans ...
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Ground Truth: Verification Games in Operational Meteorology
-
Current Bibliography of the History of Science and Its Cultural Influe...
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Public Knowledge and Public Trust
-
The Promises of Collaborative Research
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Interdisciplinarity “In the Making”: Modeling Infectious Diseases
-
How Does Participation Work? Deliberation and Performance in African F...
-
Reflexing Complexity...
-
Configuring the Urban Traveler...
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Computer decision-support systems for public argumentation: assessing ...
-
Green, gold and grey geography: legitimating academic and policy exper...
-
Making Classifications (at) Work: Ordering Practices in Science
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Ecological restoration as a real-world experiment: designing robust ...
-
Experts, publics and the environment in the UK: twentieth-century tran...
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Earth systems engineering management: human behavior, technology and s...
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Science and Technology Studies on Trial:: Dilemmas of Expertise
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Introduction: Demarcation Socialized: Constructing Boundaries and Reco...
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Gene Week: a novel way of consulting the public
-
Delegitimizing Science: Risk or Opportunity?
-
The geography of health knowledge/s
-
Rationalising public participation in the health service: the case of ...
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Challenging the ‘view from nowhere’: citizen reflections on specialist...
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From consensus to credibility
-
Medical modernisation, scientific research fields and the epistemic po...
-
Law and the uncooked - a reply
-
Le travail des experts : analyse d'un dispositif d'évaluation des risq...
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Le travail des experts : analyse d’un dispositif d’évaluation des risq...
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Credible Performances: The Performativity of Science Studies
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Collaborating on Convergent Technologies: Education and Practice
-
Talking about money: public participation and expert knowledge in the ...
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Thick Decisions: Expertise, Advocacy and Reasonableness in the Federal...
-
How Do You Know You’ve Alternated?
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Science and technology studies and information studies
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The Womb as Operation Room: Feminist Technology Studies without “Failu...
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Breaking the Waves in Science Studies...
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Seasick on the Third Wave? Subverting the Hegemony of Propositionalism...
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Constructing Expertise: In a Third Wave of Science Studies?
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King Canute Meets the Beach Boys: Responses to the Third Wave
-
Belief, knowledge and expertise: the emergence of the lay expert in me...
-
The evolution of the concept of medicalization in the late twentieth c...
-
Framing Processes in Public Commentary on US Federal Tobacco Control R...
-
Levels of Expertise and Trading Zones...
-
Cyberscience and Social Boundaries: The Implications of Laboratory ...
-
Unpacking and re-packing knowledge in development
-
From Representation to Production: Parsers and Parsing in Language Tec...
-
THINKING LIKE AN ASTRONOMER
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‚Demokratisierung ‘der wissenschaftlichen Politikberatung — Eine Antwo...
-
Universitäten, Wissen, Expertise — Soziologische Überlegungen zu epist...
-
Key sustainability issues in European sensitive areas — a participator...
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3. Community by Experiment: Recursive Practice in Landscape Design and...
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