Skip to main content
Intended for healthcare professionals
Restricted access
Research article
First published September 2002

“It’s Not Just a Job”: Shifting Meanings of Work in the Wake of 9/11

Abstract

This article explores the impact of the World Trade Center disaster on the meanings that people attach to their work. In the wake of the attacks, several examples of people changing occupations appeared in the media. An analysis of people’s need for increased meaning in their work, and their exodus into work that they view as a calling, is given. It appears that for many, the disaster served to focus attention on what their work was contributing to the wider world. As a result, thousands of people in the United States have decided to pursue different careers.

Get full access to this article

View all access and purchase options for this article.

References

Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Meanings of life. New York: Guilford.
Bellah, R. N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W. M., Swidler, A., & Tipton, S. M. (1985). Habits of the heart: Individualismand commitment in American life. New York: Harper & Row.
Currier, A. (2002, February 28). WTC survivor enlists in Air Force. Air Education and Training Command News Service. Available online: http://www.af.mil/news/Feb2002/n20020228_0328.shtml
Davidson, J. C., & Caddell, D. P. (1994). Religion and the meaning of work. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 33, 135-147.
Dubin, R. (1956). Industrial workers’ worlds: A study of the “central life interests” of industrial workers. Social Problems, 3, 131-142.
Gillham, J. E., Shatte, A. J., Reivich, K. J., & Seligman, M.E.P. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and explanatory style. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism & pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp. 53-75). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Goodnough, A. (2002, February 11). More applicants answer the call for teaching jobs. The New York Times, p. 1-1.
Kanungo, R. N. (1981). Work alienation and involvement: Problems and prospects. International Review of Applied Psychology, 30, 1-15.
Kanungo, R. N. (1982). Measurement of job and work involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 341-349.
Kanungo, R. N., & Hartwick, J. (1987). An alternative to the intrinsic-extrinsic dichotomy of work rewards. Journal of Management, 13, 751-766.
Kutt Nahas, D. (2002, February 17). No pay, long hours but, now, glory. The New York Times, p. 1-1.
Lodahl, T. M., & Kejner, M. (1965). The definition and measurement of job involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 49, 24-33.
Loscocco, K. A. (1989). The interplay of personal and job characteristics in determining work commitment. Social Science Research, 18, 370-394.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1999). A five-factor theory of personality. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 139-153). New York: Guilford.
MOW International Research Team . (1987). The meaning of working. New York: Academic Press.
Murray, B. (2002). What a recovering nation needs from behavioral science. American Psychological Association Monitor on Psychology, 33, 30-32.
Nord, W. R., Brief, A. P., Atieh, J. M., & Doherty, E. M. (1990). Studying meanings of work: The case of work values. In A. Brief & W. Nord (Eds.), Meanings of occupational work: A collection of essays (pp. 21-64). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Rawsthorne, L. J., & Elliott, A. J. (1999). Achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A meta-analytic review. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 3, 326-344.
Roberson, L. (1990). Functions of work meanings in organizations: Work meanings and work motivation. In A. Brief & W. Nord (Eds.), Meanings of occupational work: A collection of essays (pp. 107-134). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Schwartz, B. (1986). The battle for human nature: Science, morality, and modern life. New York: Norton.
Schwartz, B. (1994). The costs of living: How market freedom erodes the best things in life. New York: Norton.
Staw, B. M., Bell, N. E., & Clausen, J. A. (1986). The dispositional approach to job attitudes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31, 56-77.
Weber, M. (1958). The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. New York: Scribner.
Weber, M. (1963). The sociology of religion. Boston: Beacon.
Wrzesniewski, A. (1999). Jobs, careers, and callings: Work orientation and job transitions. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan.
Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J. E. (2001). Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Academy of Management Review, 26, 179-201.
Wrzesniewski, A., & Landman, J. (2002). Occupational choice and regret: Decision antecedents and their outcomes. Unpublished manuscript.
Wrzesniewski, A., McCauley, C., Rozin, P., & Schwartz, B. (1997). Jobs, careers, and callings: People’s relations to their work. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 21-33.

Cite article

Cite article

Cite article

OR

Download to reference manager

If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice

Share options

Share

Share this article

Share with email
EMAIL ARTICLE LINK
Share on social media

Share access to this article

Sharing links are not relevant where the article is open access and not available if you do not have a subscription.

For more information view the Sage Journals article sharing page.

Information, rights and permissions

Information

Published In

Article first published: September 2002
Issue published: September 2002

Rights and permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Amy Wrzesniewski
New York University

Metrics and citations

Metrics

Journals metrics

This article was published in Journal of Management Inquiry.

VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICS

Article usage*

Total views and downloads: 1105

*Article usage tracking started in December 2016


Articles citing this one

Receive email alerts when this article is cited

Web of Science: 84 view articles Opens in new tab

Crossref: 87

  1. Employee recognition giving in crisis: a study of healthcare workers d...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  2. From “How-To” to “Why Do?” A Film-Centered Pedagogy for Teaching Conte...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  3. Impact of turning points and transitions on work and family orientatio...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  4. “Who am I? What am I doing?” The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on wo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  5. 2. Utvikling av effektiv ledelse: et teoretisk grunnlag og begrepsavkl...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  6. Meaningful leadership and sustainable HRM: catalysts for follower call...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  7. The Dynamics of Work Orientations: An Updated Typology and Agenda for ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  8. Pause But Not Panic: Exploring COVID-19 as a Critical Incident for Non...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  9. Breadwinning: Migrant workers’ family motivation in facing life-threat...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  10. We Are Boiling: Management Scholars Speaking Out on COVID-19 and Socia...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  11. Servant leadership to support wellbeing in higher education teaching
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  12. Employees’ Death Awareness and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  13. Misaligned Meaning: Couples’ Work-Orientation Incongruence and Their W...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  14. Meaningful Leadership: How Can Leaders Contribute to Meaningful Work?
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  15. “Making Out” While Driving: Relational and Efficiency Games in the Gig...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  16. Why Students Prefer “Business Administration Education”?
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  17. Exploring the pandemic's potential effects on workers' collectivist va...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  18. “Dando las Gracias a Mis Papás”: Analyzing the Enactment of Callings a...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  19. Acceptance and Strategic Resilience: An Application of Conservation of...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  20. Sustainable Workplace: Impact of Authentic Leadership on Change-Orient...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  21. To Mean Is To Be Perceived: Studying the Meaning of Work Through the E...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  22. Called to volunteer and stay longer: the significance of work calling ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  23. Unexpected change: Career transitions following a significant extra-or...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  24. COVID ‐19 as a nonprofit workplace crisis: Seeking insig...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  25. Careers in cities: An interdisciplinary space for advancing the contex...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  26. Finding Sanctuary in the Occupational Choice of Animal Shelter Work
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  27. A World Changed: What Post-9/11 Stories Tell Us about the Position of ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  28. Career Competencies and Perceived Work Performance
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  29. Space-Time Surveillance of Negative Emotions after Consecutive Terrori...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  30. Posttraumatic Growth at Work
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  31. Événements vécus et sens de la vie : vers une différenciation des comp...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  32. Factors Affecting the Preference for Public Sector Employment at the P...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  33. Références bibliographiques
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  34. Bibliographie
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  35. Serving self or serving others? Close relations' perspectives on ethic...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  36. The formative role of contextual hardships in women's career calling
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  37. Giving Meaning to Everyday Work After Terrorism
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  38. Generational Differences in Definitions of Meaningful Work: A Mixed Me...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  39. Memento Mori : ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  40. The Call to Serve–The Call to Lead
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  41. Calling as a Predictor of Life Satisfaction...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  42. The Influence of Spiritual Leadership on Social Workers’ Organizationa...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  43. Improving the baking quality of bread wheat by genomic selection in ea...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  44. When Does Corporate Social Responsibility Reduce Employee Turnover? Ev...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  45. Development and validation of the meaning of work inventory among Fren...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  46. The Call to Serve–The Call to Lead
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  47. Work Calling: Exploring the Communicative Intersections of Meaningful ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  48. A Study on Mediating Effects of Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy i...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  49. Toward Representative Bureaucracy...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  50. Called to Commitment: An Examination of Relationships Between Spiritua...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  51. A discursive textscape of workplace spirituality
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  52. Corporate Social Performance, the Meaning of Work, and Applicant Attra...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  53. When Does Narcissistic Leadership Become Problematic? Dick Fuld at Leh...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  54. Exploring the Attainment of Career Success
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  55. Both How and Why: Considering Existentialism as a Philosophy of Work a...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  56. Editor’s Introduction
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  57. Archetypal values of science and engineering staff in relation to thei...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  58. Ethical Leadership and Core Job Characteristics: Designing Jobs for Em...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  59. The Irresponsible Enterprise: The Ethics of Corporate Downsizing
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  60. Four ‘domains’ of career success: how managers in Nigeria evaluate car...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  61. The 9/11 effect: Toward a social science of the terrorist threat
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  62. The Effect of the Attacks of 9/11 on Organizational Policies, Employee...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  63. Public Service as a Calling: Reflections, Retreat, Revival, Resolve
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  64. Management Studies That Break Your Heart
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  65. Workplace Bullying in Health Care Affects the Meaning of Work
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  66. New directions for boundaryless careers: Agency and interdependence in...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  67. Callings and organizational behavior
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  68. The Legacy Motive: A Catalyst for Sustainable Decision Making in Organ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  69. The predictors of subjective career success: an empirical study of emp...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  70. Social Entrepreneurship and Community Leadership...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  71. The relationship between ethical leadership and core job characteristi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  72. Reintegrating job design and career theory: Creating not just good job...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  73. An integrative empirical approach to the predictors of self‐directed c...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  74. The Hot and Cool of Death Awareness at Work: Mortality Cues, Aging, an...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  75. The effects of organizational learning climate, career-enhancing strat...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  76. Factors influencing self‐directed career management: an integrative in...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  77. Career choice in management: findings from US MBA students
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  78. Creating an individual work identity
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  79. Career Management: Taking Control of the Quality of Work Experiences
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  80. Making Sense of Workplace Spirituality: Towards a New Methodology
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  81. Work and The Most Terrible Life
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  82. Moving beyond Schein's typology: individual career anchors in the cont...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  83. Our Callings, Our Selves: Repositioning Religious and Entrepreneurial ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  84. Why do Health Professionals Work in a Community Mental Health Service?
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  85. Effects of 9/11 on individuals and organizations: down but not out!
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  86. Conceptualizing and evaluating career success
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  87. EUSTRESS: AN ELUSIVE CONSTRUCT, AN ENGAGING PURSUIT
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar

Figures and tables

Figures & Media

Tables

View Options

Get access

Access options

If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:


Alternatively, view purchase options below:

Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.

Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.

View options

PDF/ePub

View PDF/ePub