Central European Business Review 2022, 11(2):19-40 | DOI: 10.18267/j.cebr.286

Training Perception and Work Engagement: The Mediating Role of Organisational-Based Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy

Phuong Tran Huy ORCID...1, Thi Ngoc Quynh Dinh ORCID...2
1 National Economics University, Faculty of Human Resource Economics and Management, Hanoi, Vietnam, phuongth@neu.edu.vn
2 Foreign Trade University, Faculty of Japanese, Hanoi, Vietnam, quynhdtnjp@ftu.edu.vn

This article aims to investigate the impact of training perception on work engagement. In addition, self-efficacy and organisational based self-esteem are hypothesised as mediators of the above relationship. Data were collected from employees in Vietnam using a self-administered questionnaire survey. Path analyses with Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) were used to verify the proposed relationships. The results show that both perceived training benefits and transfer of training significantly and positively influence work engagement. In addition, organisational based self-esteem partially mediates the impact of perceived training benefit on work engagement. Self-efficacy mediates a portion of the effects of the transfer of training on work engagement. The results add to the existing literature on the determinants of work engagement and on the consequences of the transfer of training. The findings also provide insight into the conditions for effective training in organisations.
Implications for Central European audience: Developing an engaged workforce is a vital task to all organisations. However, data showed that the work engagement level in Europe is low, especially in Central Europe. The results of the study provide insight into the determinants of employee engagement at work. In addition, like Vietnam, most countries in Central Europe have been in transition from former central-command systems to market economies. The application of contemporary Western human resource practices needs special consideration to ensure its effectiveness. The current study may supply some empirical implications for both academics and practitioners.

Keywords: work engagement; training benefit; transfer of training; organisational based self-esteem; self-efficacy
JEL classification: J28, M12, M53

Received: March 6, 2021; Revised: May 31, 2021; Accepted: June 8, 2021; Prepublished online: September 7, 2021; Published: May 19, 2022  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Tran Huy, P., & Dinh, T.N.Q. (2022). Training Perception and Work Engagement: The Mediating Role of Organisational-Based Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy. Central European Business Review11(2), 19-40. doi: 10.18267/j.cebr.286
Download citation

References

  1. Aguinis, H., & Kraiger, K. (2009). Benefits of training and development for individuals and teams, organisations, and society. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 451-474. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163505. Go to original source...
  2. Ahmad, K. Z., & Bakar, R. A. (2003). The association between training and organisational commitment among white-collar workers in Malaysia. International Journal of Training and Development, 7(3), 166-185. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2419.00179. Go to original source...
  3. Ahmad, I., & Begum, K. (2020). Impact of abusive supervision on intention to leave: a moderated mediation model of organisational-based self esteem and emotional exhaustion. Asian Business Management. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-020-00116-0. Go to original source...
  4. Alshahrani, H., & Rasmussen Pennington, D. (2018). "Why not use it more?" Sources of self-efficacy in researchers' use of social media for knowledge sharing. Journal of Documentation, 74(6), 1274-1292. https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-04-2018-0051. Go to original source...
  5. Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 63(3), 308-323. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-01-2013-0008. Go to original source...
  6. Armstrong, M. (2000). Understanding training. Human Resource Management Practice. 8th Edition. Kogan page limited, London.
  7. Arrowsmith, J., & Parker, J. (2013). The meaning of 'employee engagement' for the values and roles of the HRM function. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(14), 2692-2712. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.763842. Go to original source...
  8. Bailey, C., Madden, A., Alfes, K., & Fletcher, L. (2017). The Meaning, Antecedents and Outcomes of Employee Engagement: A Narrative Synthesis. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(1), 31-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12077. Go to original source...
  9. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. The Career Development International, 13(3), 209-223. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476. Go to original source...
  10. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2014). Burnout and work engagement: The JD-R approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 389-411. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235. Go to original source...
  11. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & ten Brummelhuis, L. L. (2012). Work engagement, performance, and active learning: The role of conscientiousness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 555-564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.08.008. Go to original source...
  12. Bal, P. M., De Lange, A. H., Jansen, P. G. W., & Van Der Velde, M. E. G. (2008). Psychological contract breach and job attitudes: A meta-analysis of age as a moderator. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72(1), 143-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2007.10.005. Go to original source...
  13. Baldwin, T. T., & Ford, J. K. (1988). Transfer of training: A review and directions for future research. Personnel Psychology, 41(1), 63-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1988.tb00632.x. Go to original source...
  14. Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 359-373. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1986.4.3.359. Go to original source...
  15. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W H Freeman/Times Books/ Henry Holt & Co.
  16. Bartlett, K. R. (2001). The relationship between training and organisational commitment: A study in the health care field. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 12(4), 335-352. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.1001. Go to original source...
  17. Bhatti, M. A., Battour, M. M., Sundram, V. P. K., & Othman, A. A. (2013). Transfer of Training: Does it Truly Happen? An examination of support, instrumentality, retention and learner readiness on the transfer motivation and transfer of training. European Journal of Training and Development, 37(3), 273-297. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090591311312741. Go to original source...
  18. Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley.
  19. Blume, B. D., Ford, J. K., Baldwin, T. T., & Huang, J. L. (2010). Transfer of Training: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Management, 36(4), 1065-1105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309352880. Go to original source...
  20. Bowling, N. A., Eschleman, K. J., Wang, Q., Kirkendall, C., & Alarcon, G. (2010). A meta-analysis of the predictors and consequences of organisation-based self-esteem. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(3), 601-626. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X454382. Go to original source...
  21. Brunger, M., & Spyra, K. (2018). Validation of the short-form Generalized Self-Efficacy scale (GSE-6) in rehabilitation. Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, 66(S5), 9-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2018.05.492. Go to original source...
  22. Burke, L. A., & Hutchins, H. M. (2007). Training transfer: An integrative literature review. Human Resource Development Review, 6(3), 263-296. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484307303035. Go to original source...
  23. Carter, W. R., Nesbit, P. L., Badham, R. J., Parker, S. K., & Sung, L. K. (2018). The effects of employee engagement and self-efficacy on job performance: a longitudinal field study. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(17), 2483-2502. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1244096. Go to original source...
  24. Chan, X. W., Kalliath, T., Brough, P., O'Driscoll, M., Siu, O.-L., & Timms, C. (2017). Self-efficacy and work engagement: test of a chain model. International Journal of Manpower, 38(6), 819-834. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-11-2015-0189. Go to original source...
  25. Chattopahyay, P., & George, E. (2001). Examining the effects of work externalisation through the lens of social identity theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4), 781-788. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.4.781. Go to original source...
  26. Chauhan, R., Ghosh, P., Rai, A., & Kapoor, S. (2017). Improving Transfer of Training with Transfer Design: Does Supervisor Support Moderate The Relationship?. Journal of Workplace Learning, 29(4), 268-285. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-08-2016-0079. Go to original source...
  27. Chin, W. W. (1998). Commentary: Issues and Opinion on Structural Equation Modeling. MIS Quarterly, 22(1), vii-xvi.
  28. Consiglio, C., Borgogni, L., Di Tecco, C., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2016). What makes employees engaged with their work? The role of self-efficacy and employee's perceptions of social context over time. The Career Development International, 21(2), 125-143. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-03-2015-0045. Go to original source...
  29. Costantini, A., Ceschi, A., Viragos, A., De Paola, F., & Sartori, R. (2019). The role of a new strength-based intervention on organisation-based self-esteem and work engagement: A three-wave intervention study. Journal of Workplace Learning, 31(3), 194-206. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-07-2018-0091. Go to original source...
  30. Costen, W. M., & Salazar, J. (2011). The Impact of Training and Development on Employee Job Satisfaction, Loyalty, and Intent to Stay in the Lodging Industry. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 10 (3), 273-284. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2011.555734. Go to original source...
  31. Coyle-Shapiro, J., & Kessler, I. (2000). Consequences Of The Psychological Contract For The Employment Relationship: A Large Scale Survey*. Journal of Management Studies, 37(7), 903-930. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00210. Go to original source...
  32. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499. Go to original source...
  33. Dhir, S., & Shukla, A. (2019). Role of organisational image in employee engagement and performance. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 26(3), 971-989. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-04-2018-0094. Go to original source...
  34. Dysvik, A., & Kuvaas, B. (2008). The relationship between perceived training opportunities, work motivation and employee outcomes. International Journal of Training and Development, 12(3), 138-157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2419.2008.00301.x. Go to original source...
  35. Fletcher, L. (2016). Training perceptions, engagement, and performance: comparing work engagement and personal role engagement. Human Resource Development International 19(1), 4-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2015.1067855. Go to original source...
  36. Fletcher, L., Alfes, K., & Robinson, D. (2018). The relationship between perceived training and development and employee retention: the mediating role of work attitudes. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(18), 2701-2728. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1262888. Go to original source...
  37. Frayne, C. A., & Geringer, J. M. (2000). Self-management training for improving job performance: A field experiment involving salespeople. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 361-372. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.3.361 Go to original source...
  38. Gallup. (2017). State of the Global Workplace - Gallup Report (2017). Retrieved from: https://www.gallup.com/workplace/238079/state-global-workplace-2017.aspx.
  39. Gardner, D. G., & Pierce, J. L. (2016). Organisation-based self-esteem in work teams. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 19(3), 394-408. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430215590491. Go to original source...
  40. Gaskin, J., & Lim, J. (2016). Master validity tool. AMOS Plugin In: Gaskination's StatWiki.
  41. Gordon, J. R., & Hood, E. (2020). Organisation-based self-esteem and work-life outcomes. Personnel Review, 50(1), 21-46. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-09-2019-0484. Go to original source...
  42. Guan, X., & Frenkel, S. (2019). How perceptions of training impact employee performance: Evidence from two Chinese manufacturing firms. Personnel Review, 48(1), 163-183. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-05-2017-0141. Go to original source...
  43. Guest, D. (2002). Human Resource Management, Corporate Performance and Employee Wellbeing: Building the Worker into HRM. Journal of Industrial Relations, 44(3), 335-358. https://doi.org/10.1111/1472-9296.00053. Go to original source...
  44. Haar, J. M., & Brougham, D. (2016). Organisational-based self-esteem: A within country comparison of outcomes between Māori and New Zealand Europeans. Journal of Management & Organization, 22(5), 720-735. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2015.59. Go to original source...
  45. Haddad, S., & Taleb, R. A. (2016). The impact of self-efficacy on performance (An empirical study on business faculty members in Jordanian universities). Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 877-887.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.032. Go to original source...
  46. Hahn, H., & Mathews, M. (2018). Learning behaviors as a linkage between organisation-based self-esteem and in-role performance. Journal of Management & Organization, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.17. Go to original source...
  47. Hallberg, U. E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). "Same Same" But Different? Can Work Engagement Be Discriminated from Job Involvement and Organisational Commitment? European Psychologist, 11(2), 119-127. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.11.2.119. Go to original source...
  48. Hui, C., & Lee, C. (2000). Moderating Effects of Organisation-Based Self-Esteem on Organisational Uncertainty: Employee Response Relationships. Journal of Management, 26(2), 215-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600203. Go to original source...
  49. Iqbal, K., & Dastgeer, G. (2017). Impact of self-efficacy and retention on transfer of training: The mediating role of motivation to transfer. Journal of Management Development, 36(10), 1270-1282. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-06-2015-0087. Go to original source...
  50. Kaakeh, A., Hassan, M. K., Van-Hemmen, S., & Hossain, I. (2020). Understanding self-efficacy and performance of salespersons in Islamic banking. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(5), 973-988. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-10-2018-0160. Go to original source...
  51. Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287. Go to original source...
  52. Katono, I. W. (2010). The role of perceived benefits of training in generating affective commitment and high value of firms. Strategic Change, 19(3-4), 141-146. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.864. Go to original source...
  53. Kim, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2018). Organisation-Based Self-Esteem and Meaningful Work Mediate Effects of Empowering Leadership on Employee Behaviors and Well-Being. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 25(4), 385-398. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051818762337. Go to original source...
  54. Knight, C., Patterson, M., Dawson, J., & Brown, J. (2017). Building and sustaining work engagement - a participatory action intervention to increase work engagement in nursing staff. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(5), 634-649. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1336999. Go to original source...
  55. Kuvaas, B., & Dysvik, A. (2009). Perceived investment in employee development, intrinsic motivation and work performance. Human Resource Management Journal, 19(3), 217-236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2009.00103.x. Go to original source...
  56. Landy, F. J. (1985). Psychology of Work Behavior. I.L. Dorsey Press, Homewood.
  57. Ling Suan, C., & Nasurdin, A. M. (2014). An empirical investigation into the influence of human resource management practices on work engagement: the case of customer-contact employees in Malaysia. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(3), 345-360. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-12-2013-0083. Go to original source...
  58. Lorente, L., Salanova, M., Martinez, I. M., & Vera, M. (2014). How personal resources predict work engagement and self-rated performance among construction workers: A social cognitive perspective. International Journal of Psychology, 49(3), 200-207. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12049. Go to original source...
  59. Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., & Peterson, S. J. (2010). The development and resulting performance impact of positive psychological capital. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 21(1), 41-67. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20034. Go to original source...
  60. Mache, S., Vitzthum, K., Wanke, E., Groneberg, D. A., Klapp, B. F., & Danzer, G. (2014). Exploring the impact of resilience, self-efficacy, optimism and organisational resources on work engagement. Work: Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation, 47(4), 491-500.
  61. Manojlovich, M. (2005). Promoting nurses' self-efficacy: a leadership strategy to improve practice. Journal of Nursing Administration, 35(5), 271-278. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005110-200505000-00011. Go to original source...
  62. McEvoy, G. M., Cragun, J. R., & Appleby, M. (1997). Using Outdoor Training to Develop and Accomplish Organizational Vision. Human Resource Planning, 20(3), 20-28.
  63. Memon, M., Salleh, R., & Baharom, M. (2016). The link between training satisfaction, work engagement and turnover intention. European Journal of Training and Development, Vol. 40(6), 407-429. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-10-2015-0077. Go to original source...
  64. Morrison, E. W., & Robinson, S. L. (1997). When employees feel betrayed: A model of how psychological contract violation develops. The Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 226-256. https://doi.org/10.2307/259230. Go to original source...
  65. Němečková, I. (2012). Education as an Employee Motivation and Retention Factor of Banks and Financial Companies Operating in the Czech Republic. Central European Business Review, 1(1), 33-37. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.cebr.6. Go to original source...
  66. Nik Nazli, N. N. N., & Sheikh Khairudin, S. M. H. (2018). The factors that influence transfer of training and its effect on organisational citizenship behaviour: Evidence from Malaysia civil defence force. Journal of Workplace Learning, 30(2), 121-146. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-09-2017-0080. Go to original source...
  67. Nishii, L. H., Lepak, D. P., & Schneider, B. (2008). Employee attributions of the "why" of HR practices: Their effects on employee attitudes and behaviors, and customer satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 61(3), 503-545. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00121.x. Go to original source...
  68. Niu, H. J. (2010). Investigating the effects of self-efficacy on foodservice industry employees' career commitment. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(4), 743-750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.03.006, Go to original source...
  69. Pierce, J. L., & Gardner, D. G. (2004). Self-Esteem Within the Work and Organisational Context: A Review of the Organisation-Based Self-Esteem Literature. Journal of Management, 30(5), 591-622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2003.10.001. Go to original source...
  70. Pierce, J. L., Gardner, D. G., Cummings, L. L., & Dunham, R. B. (1989). Organisation-based self-esteem: Construct definition, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 32(3), 622-648. https://doi.org/10.2307/256437. Go to original source...
  71. Prochazka, J., Gilova, H., & Vaculik, M. (2017). The Relationship Between Transformational Leadership and Engagement: Self-Efficacy as a Mediator. Journal of Leadership Studies, 11(1), 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21518. Go to original source...
  72. Rai, A., Patyal, V. S., & Maheshwari, S. (2020). The Mediating Role of Self-efficacy between Job Challenges and Work Engagement: Evidence from Indian Power Sector Employees. Journal of Public Affairs, e2494. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2494. Go to original source...
  73. Rich, B. L., LePine, J. A., & Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 617-635. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2010.51468988. Go to original source...
  74. Rogelberg, S. G., & Stanton, J. M. (2007). Introduction understanding and dealing with organisational survey non-response. Organizational Research Methods, 10(2), 195-209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428106294693. Go to original source...
  75. Romppel, M., Herrmann-Lingen, C., Wachter, R., Edelmann, F., Dungen, H. D., Pieske, B., & Grande, G. (2013). A short form of the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE-6): Development, psychometric properties and validity in an intercultural non-clinical sample and a sample of patients at risk for heart failure. GMS Psycho-Social-Medicine, 10, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3205/psm000091. Go to original source...
  76. Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contracts in organisations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Sage Publications, Inc. Go to original source...
  77. Sahinidis, A. G., & Bouris, J. (2008). Employee Perceived Training Effectiveness Relationship to Employee Attitudes. Journal of European Industrial Training, 32(1), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590810846575. Go to original source...
  78. Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600-619. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169. Go to original source...
  79. Saks, A. M. (2019). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement revisited. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 6(1), 19-38. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-06-2018-0034. Go to original source...
  80. Salanova, M., Agut, S., & Peiró, J. M. (2005). Linking Organizational Resources and Work Engagement to Employee Performance and Customer Loyalty: The Mediation of Service Climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1217-1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1217. Go to original source...
  81. Salanova, M., Llorens, S., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2011). Yes, I can, I feel, I just do it!'On gain cyclesand spirals of efficacy beliefs, affect and engagement. Applied Psychology: AnInternational Review, 60(2), 255-285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2010.00435.x. Go to original source...
  82. Salanova, M., Lorente, L., Chambel, M. J., & Martínez, I. M. (2011). Linking transformational leadership to nurses' extra-role performance: the mediating role of self-efficacy and work engagement. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(10), 2256-2266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05652.x. Go to original source...
  83. Santos, A., & Stuart, M. (2003). Employee perceptions and their influence on training effectiveness. Human Resource Management Journal, 13(1), 27-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2003.tb00082.x. Go to original source...
  84. Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The Measurement of Work Engagement With a Short Questionnaire: A Cross-National Study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471. Go to original source...
  85. Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 3(1), 71-92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326. Go to original source...
  86. Schaufeli, W. B., Shimazu, A., Hakanen, J., Salanova, M., & De Witte, H. (2019). An ultra-short measure for work engagement: The UWES-3 validation across five countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35(4), 577-591. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000430. Go to original source...
  87. Schaufeli, W., & Salanova, M. (2008). Enhancing work engagement through the management of human resources. In K. Naswall, J. Hellgren, & M. Sverke (Eds.), The Individual in the Changing Working Life (pp. 380-402). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511490064.018. Go to original source...
  88. Schmidt, S. W. (2007). The relationship between satisfaction with workplace training and overall job satisfaction. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 18(4), 481-498. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.1216. Go to original source...
  89. Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalised Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston, Measures in health psychology: A user's portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, UK: NFER-NELSON. Go to original source...
  90. Sendawula, K., Kimuli, S. N., Bananuka, J., & Muganga, G. N. (2018). Training, employee engagement and employee performance: Evidence from Uganda's health sector. Cogent Business & Management, 5(1), DOI: 10.1080/23311975.2018.1470891 Go to original source...
  91. Šikýř, M. (2013). Best Practices in Human Resource Management: The Source of Excellent Performance and Sustained Competitiveness. Central European Business Review, 2(1), 43-48. doi: 10.18267/j.cebr.38. Go to original source...
  92. Skarlicki, D. P., & Latham, G. P. (1997). Leadership training in organisational justice to increase citizenship behavior within a labor union: A replication. Personnel Psychology, 50(3), 617-633. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1997.tb00707.x Go to original source...
  93. Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 240-261. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.240. Go to original source...
  94. Susomrith, P., & Coetzer, A. (2019). Effects of informal learning on work engagement. Personnel Review, 48(7), 1886-1902. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-10-2018-0430. Go to original source...
  95. Tai, W. (2006). Effects of training framing, general self-efficacy and training motivation on trainees' training effectiveness. Personnel Review, 35(1), 51-65. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480610636786. Go to original source...
  96. Tesluk, P. E., Farr, J. L., Mathieu, J. E., & Vance, R. J. (1995). Generalisation of employee involvement training to the job setting: Individual and situational effects. Personnel Psychology, 48(3), 607-632. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01773.x. Go to original source...
  97. Towers Watson. (2012). Global Workforce Study: Engagement at Risk: Driving Strong Performance in a Volatile Global Environment. Retrieved from: https://employeeengagement.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/2012-Towers-Watson-Global-Workforce-Study.pdf
  98. Tran, H. P. (2019). How authentic leadership promotes individual knowledge sharing: viewing from the lens of COR theory. Management and Marketing, 14(4), 386-401. https://doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2019-0027. Go to original source...
  99. Truitt, D. L. (2011). The Effect of Training and Development on Employee Attitude as it Relates to Training and Work Proficiency. SAGE Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244011433338. Go to original source...
  100. Truss, C., Shantz, A., Soane, A., Alfes, K., & Delbridge, R. (2013). Employee engagement, organisational performance and individual well-being: exploring the evidence, developing the theory. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(14), 2657-2669. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.798921. Go to original source...
  101. Van Dyne, L., & Pierce, J. L. (2004). Psychological ownership and feelings of possession: Three field studies predicting employee attitudes and organisational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(4), 439-459. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.249. Go to original source...
  102. Wollard, K. K., & Shuck, B. (2011). Antecedents to Employee Engagement: A Structured Review of the Literature. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13(4), 429-446. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422311431220. Go to original source...
  103. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Work engagement and financial returns: A diary study on the role of job and personal resources. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(1), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317908X285633. Go to original source...
  104. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121. Go to original source...
  105. Zhao, H., Wayne, S. J., Glibkowski, B. C., & Bravo, J. (2007). The impact of psychological contract breach on work-related outcomes: a meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 647-680. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00087.x. Go to original source...
  106. Zumrah, A. R., Boyle, S., & Fein, E. C. (2013). The consequences of transfer of training for service quality and job satisfaction: An empirical study in the Malaysian public sector. International Journal of Training and Development, 17(4), 279-294. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12017. Go to original source...

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.