An Empirical Study on the Incentive Mechanism for Public Active Involvement in Grass-Roots Social Governance Based on Stimulus-Organism-Response Theory
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theory and Hypotheses Development
2.1. S-O-R Theory
2.2. Conceptual Models
2.2.1. Organizational Institutional Factors
2.2.2. Individual Driven Factors
2.2.3. Incentive Effect
2.3. Incentive Mechanism: A Hypothetical Model
2.3.1. Reward System, Acquisition Drive, and Incentive Effect
2.3.2. Organizational Climate, Bond Drive, and Incentive Effect
2.3.3. Work Design, Comprehension Drive, and Incentive Effect
2.3.4. Organizational Justice, Defense Drive, and Incentive Effect
3. Methods
3.1. Sample and Procedures
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Measurement of Organizational Institutional Factors
3.2.2. Measurement of Individual Driven Factors
3.2.3. Measurement of Incentive Effect
3.3. Reliability and Validity Analysis
3.3.1. Reliability and Validity Analysis of Organizational Institutional Factors
3.3.2. Reliability and Validity Analysis of Individual Driven Factors
3.3.3. Reliability and Validity Analysis of Incentive Effect
4. Results
4.1. SEM of Hypothesis
4.1.1. Path Fitting of Incentive Effect of Various Factors
4.1.2. SEM of Overall Hypothesis Model
4.2. Test of Hypothesis
4.2.1. Test of Hypothesis 1
4.2.2. Test of Hypothesis 2
4.2.3. Test of Hypothesis 3
4.2.4. Test of Hypothesis 4
4.3. Model Construction of Incentive Mechanism for Public Active Involvement
5. Conclusions and Discussion
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Theoretical Implications
5.3. Practical Implications
5.4. Limitations and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Organizational institutional factors Items |
Reward system |
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Organizational climate |
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Work design |
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Organizational justice |
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Individual driven factors Items |
Acquisition |
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Bond |
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Comprehension |
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|
|
|
Defense |
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|
|
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|
Incentive effect Items |
Participation a |
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Satisfaction b |
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Engagement c |
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Willingness to Participate d |
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a Items adapted from Kanungo et al. (1982) [52]. b Items adapted from Weiss et al. (1967) [53]. c Items adapted from Schaufeli et al. (2006) [54]. d Items adapted from Chen et al. (1998) [55]. |
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Item | Reward System | Organizational Climate | Work Design | Organizational Justice | Total Scale |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chronbach’s α | 0.858 | 0.924 | 0.926 | 0.953 | 0.954 |
Number | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 13 |
AVE | Reward System | Organizational Climate | Work Design | Organizational Justice | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reward system | 0.815 * | 0.903 | / | / | / |
Organizational climate | 0.870 * | 0.748 | 0.933 | / | / |
Work design | 0.898 * | 0.681 | 0.730 | 0.948 | / |
Organizational justice | 0.935 * | 0.761 | 0.812 | 0.720 | 0.967 |
Item | Number | Chronbach’s α | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Acquisition | Acquisition1 | 2 | 0.811 | 0.852 |
Acquisition 2 | 2 | 0.895 | ||
Bond | 6 | 0.901 | ||
Comprehension | Comprehension 1 | 2 | 0.803 | 0.828 |
Comprehension 1 | 2 | 0.895 | ||
Defense | 7 | 0.953 | ||
Total Scale | 25 | 0.945 |
AVE | Acquisition | Bond | Comprehension | Defense | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AVE | Acquisition 1 | Acquisition 2 | AVE | Comprehension 1 | Comprehension 2 | ||||
Acquisition | 0.830 * | 0.823 * | 0.907 | / | / | 0.831 * | 0.912 | / | / |
0.817 * | 0.686 | 0.904 | 0.891 * | 0.609 | 0.944 | ||||
0.911 | / | ||||||||
Bond | 0.814 * | 0.799 | 0.902 | / | / | ||||
Comprehension | 0.833 * | 0.820 | 0.704 | 0.913 | / | ||||
Defense | 0.866 * | 0.563 | 0.555 | 0.729 | 0.931 |
Item | Participation | Satisfaction | Engagement | Willingness to Participate | Total Scale |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chronbach’s α | 0.951 | 0.927 | 0.899 | 0.940 | 0.938 |
Number of items | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 14 |
AVE | Participation | Satisfaction | Engagement | Willingness to Participate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participation | 0.911 * | 0.954 | |||
Satisfaction | 0.879 * | 0.470 | 0.938 | ||
Engagement | 0.865 * | 0.498 | 0.529 | 0.930 | |
Willingness to Participate | 0.917 * | 0.730 | 0.603 | 0.634 | 0.958 |
Model | RMSEA | NFI | TLI | CFI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Path fitting model: Incentive Effect → Reward System | 449.882 | 179 | 2.513 | 0.060 | 0.945 | 0.960 | 0.966 |
Path fitting model: Incentive Effect → Reward System (modified) | 450.094 | 180 | 2.501 | 0.059 | 0.945 | 0.960 | 0.966 |
Path fitting model: Incentive Effect → Organizational Climate | 861.157 | 243 | 3.544 | 0.077 | 0.912 | 0.926 | 0.935 |
Path fitting model: Incentive Effect → Work Design | 492.575 | 179 | 2.752 | 0.064 | 0.943 | 0.956 | 0.963 |
Path fitting model: Incentive Effect → Work Design (modified) | 493.323 | 180 | 2.741 | 0.064 | 0.943 | 0.956 | 0.963 |
Path fitting model: Incentive Effect → Organizational Justice | 998.444 | 243 | 4.109 | 0.085 | 0.912 | 0.923 | 0.932 |
Path fitting model: Incentive Effect → Organizational Justice (modified) | 1005.253 | 244 | 4.120 | 0.085 | 0.912 | 0.922 | 0.931 |
Model | RMSEA | NFI | TLI | CFI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incentive mechanism hypothesis model | 3890.886 | 1045 | 3.723 | 0.080 | 0.816 | 0.847 | 0.858 |
Incentive mechanism hypothesis model (correction 1) |
3894.900 | 1057 | 3.685 | 0.079 | 0.816 | 0.849 | 0.859 |
Incentive mechanism hypothesis model (correction 2) |
3896.493 | 1058 | 3.683 | 0.079 | 0.816 | 0.849 | 0.858 |
Incentive mechanism hypothesis model (correction 3) |
3900.193 | 1060 | 3.679 | 0.079 | 0.816 | 0.849 | 0.859 |
Path | Estimate | S.E. | C.R. | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Organizational Climate → Bond | 0.47 | 0.048 | 9.894 | *** |
Work Design → Comprehend | 0.267 | 0.035 | 7.678 | *** |
Organizational justice → Defend | 0.554 | 0.042 | 13.315 | *** |
Reword System → Acquire | 0.51 | 0.048 | 10.686 | *** |
Reword System → Participation | −0.082 | 0.029 | −2.812 | 0.005 |
Organizational Climate → Participation | 0.17 | 0.038 | 4.51 | *** |
Organizational Climate → Satisfaction | 0.192 | 0.042 | 4.529 | *** |
Organizational Climate → Willingness to Participate | 0.11 | 0.036 | 3.094 | 0.002 |
Bond → Satisfaction | 0.105 | 0.049 | 2.141 | 0.032 |
Work Design → Participation | −0.183 | 0.038 | −4.86 | *** |
Work Design → Engagement | 0.178 | 0.047 | 3.822 | *** |
Comprehend → Participation | 1.269 | 0.103 | 12.277 | *** |
Comprehend → Satisfaction | 0.384 | 0.057 | 6.746 | *** |
Comprehend → Engagement | 0.802 | 0.096 | 8.329 | *** |
Comprehend → Willingness to Participate | 1.107 | 0.086 | 12.823 | *** |
Organizational justice → Satisfaction | 0.445 | 0.035 | 12.732 | *** |
Defend → Engagement | 0.108 | 0.04 | 2.675 | 0.007 |
Defend → Willingness to Participate | 0.094 | 0.028 | 3.366 | *** |
Variables | Reward System | Organizational Climate | Work Design | Organizational Justice |
Acquisition | Bond | Comprehension | Defense |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acquisition | 0.615 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
Bond | / | 0.562 | / | / | / | / | / | / |
Comprehension | / | / | 0.456 | / | / | / | / | / |
Defense | / | / | / | 0.603 | / | / | / | / |
Participation | −0.102 | 0.178 | 0.199 (0.419) |
/ | / | / | 0.913 | / |
Satisfaction | / | 0.277 (0.057) |
0.138 (0.138) |
0.630 | / | 0.101 | 0.303 | / |
Engagement | / | / | 0.437 (0.238) |
0.072 (0.072) |
/ | / | 0.523 | 0.116 |
Willingness to Participate | / | 0.120 | 0.379 (0.379) |
0.070 (0.072) |
/ | / | 0.831 | 0.117 |
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Huang, Q.; Fan, C.; Wang, J.; Zheng, S.; Sun, G. An Empirical Study on the Incentive Mechanism for Public Active Involvement in Grass-Roots Social Governance Based on Stimulus-Organism-Response Theory. Sustainability 2022, 14, 14232. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114232
Huang Q, Fan C, Wang J, Zheng S, Sun G. An Empirical Study on the Incentive Mechanism for Public Active Involvement in Grass-Roots Social Governance Based on Stimulus-Organism-Response Theory. Sustainability. 2022; 14(21):14232. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114232
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Qin, Chuanhao Fan, Jigan Wang, Shiying Zheng, and Guilu Sun. 2022. "An Empirical Study on the Incentive Mechanism for Public Active Involvement in Grass-Roots Social Governance Based on Stimulus-Organism-Response Theory" Sustainability 14, no. 21: 14232. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114232