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Further Reading

Naval Air Force
(Aviatsiya Voyenno-Morskoyo Flota AV-MF)

The principal missions of Soviet surface combatants, attack submarines and naval aviation included the protection of the sea-approaches to the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact Allies and the isolation of NATO forces from reinforcement and resupply. Modern naval aviation functionally divided into kind aviation carrying Marine; antisubmarine; extermination; Intelligence and auxiliary facilities (airborne warning and control, electronic warfare, mine, security, control and communications, refueling aircraft fuel in the air, search and rescue, transport, sanitation). By basing site it is divided into carrier aviation and land-based aircraft.

Naval Aviation was primarily landbased; its main mission was to conduct air strikes on enemy ships and fleet support infrastructure. The importance attached to its antiship mission was shown by the fact that Naval Aviation has received almost as many TU-26 bombers as have the Strategic Air Armies. Naval Aviation also provided ASW and general reconnaissance support for naval operations.

In 1989 Naval Aviation consisted of nearly 1,000 fixed-wing aircraft and over 300 helicopters. The Naval Aviation fleet included 130 Tu-26 and 230 Tu-16 medium-range bombers armed with air-to-surface cruise missiles for carrying out antiship strikes. Naval Aviation also had 100 Su-17 and Su-24 fighter-bombers that provided close air support to Naval Infantry. Older aircraft in Naval Aviation's inventory have been converted into ASW and maritime reconnaissance platforms.

The Tupolev BACKFIRE was the latest bomber addition to the currently operational strategic bomber forces. Introduced in 1974, by 1981 some 100 were deployed with the Soviet Air Force, with a like number assigned to Soviet Naval Aviation, Production of the BACKFIRE continued at a rate of 30 per year. Most were based in the western USSR, although by the late 1970s the Soviets deployed a sizable number in the Far East. The deployment of over 30 naval long-range BACKFIRE B aircraft to the Far East since 1980 - in addition to the Air Force BACKFIRES in the region -- has significantly increased the threat to shipping in large expanses of the Pacific.

Moving an American carrier within striking range of Murmansk would also bring it within range of an extensive array of Soviet forces. A carrier battle group sailing as far north as Vestfjorden in northern Norway, for example, could come under attack by land-based Soviet naval aviation bombers-from 85 to about 250 planes in the Northern and Baltic fleets. At this range, Soviet bomber forces could be accompanied by about 270 Soviet fighters and interceptors in this area. And a greater number of Soviet attack submarines and surface combatants might be encountered this far north.

By the mid-1980s the roles and missions of Soviet Naval Aviation appeared to be changing as it became more powerful. Naval Aviation had grown by over 50 percent from the mid-1960s to 1980s, with a current force about 400 aircraft. The more dramatic changes were taking place in sea based aviation; the result being the construction of a large conventional carrier. Soviet Naval Aviation (SNA) anti-carrier role; the anti-Polaris/Poseiden role; and other developments were central in the 1950s and 1960s. Evolution of the naval doctrine culminated in the construction of the new carrier. Evolution and changes in military doctrine are considered as the rationale for these changes, including command of the sea and fleet defense. Land-based aviation was traditionally emphasized over sea based aviation.

In the 1990s and 2000s, the main challenge facing the Russian Navy and its aircraft, was to maintain its capacity, while avoiding a profound transformation. This era of ever-dwindling number of different aircraft, as well as the very limited financial resources, which are not allowed to provide adequate funding for even basic training of flight crews and flight service park. The commander of naval aviation proved unable or unwilling to initiate a realistic long-term reforms and to develop plans for the development of an organism hireyuschego naval aviation. Instead, they tried to find a temporary palliative solutions to solve problems with combat capability, which arose due to underfunding. In order to maintain a sufficient level of readiness of aircraft, naval aviation command allowed to extend as assigned, and time between overhauls aircraft. This caused a massive "cannibalization" of aviation equipment in order to keep the operational status at the level of 50%.

Modernization of the main types of aircraft in naval aviation was at a minimal pace, with no serious upgraded helicopter or naval aircraft had been received for service. With rare exceptions, by the late 1990s (when the latter was transferred to carrier-based fighter Su-33) deliveries of new aircraft was carried out; a small number of helicopters Ka-31 AEW was delivered in 2011 and 2012. [Probably the contract in 2009 to supply two Ka-31].

Naval aviation experienced a difficult time in the late 1990s - early 2000s. When lack of fuel drastically reduced combat readiness, which was maintained at the expense of skills aircrew received in Soviet times. However, the training of new crews was practically not carried out, resulting by the year 2001 the average age of aircrew exceeded 40 years.

Since 2009, all flight and units of each of the four Russian fleets were converted to air bases, which replaced the old system of individual regiments and squadrons, which in turn consist of aviation squadrons and units. Carrier-based fighter aircraft was reduced to a single organizational separate regiment of naval aviation - 279th OKIAP. The Staff of Naval Aviation in Moscow had directly subordinated the 859th Naval Aviation Training Center in Eyske on the Azov Sea. It is designed for retraining for new types of aircraft and in-depth training in the use of all kinds of weapons and tactics for all structures of naval aviation, as well as training of ground staff and its qualifications. The 7055th Air Base (formerly 46th Otap - separate transport aviation regiment), located in Astafyevo near Moscow, was responsible for performing transport for the benefit of naval aviation command within Russia.

By 2010 Naval Aviation of the Navy was experiencing a serious shortage of patrol seaplanes, which were actually is not funded. At that time, only the Be-12 seaplane remained in the ranks of emergency services in the Black Sea fleet. The other fleets have no seaplanes at all, they were all cut, because they were simply outdated, with the first planes of this type having appeared in 1963.

Further development of naval aviation goes towards improving aircraft, increasing the speed, range and duration, its automation, creation of search facilities of marine and land targets on new physical principles, as well as the development of high-precision long-range weapons with powerful warheads.

Russian Navy aircraft has undergone a difficult period of reforms. In accordance with the order of the General Staff of the Armed Forces, released in March 2011, the aircraft fleet in a short time had to transfer to the Air Force all missile-carrying aircraft of three squadrons of long-range bombers Tu-22M3, the main part of the strike and fighter units, as well as greater part of the transport aircraft. As a result of dramatic changes in the Russian naval aviation was focused on the tasks anti-submarine warfare (ASW) patrol, search and rescue operations, while retaining its structure in a single regiment of shipborne fighters and limited ability to perform strike missions from land airfields.

By mid-2011 Russian naval aviation consisted of more than 300 aircraft, of which about 130 were combat ready, so the alert level was 43%. For the most part the average age of the Navy aircraft was rapidly approaching the 30-year milestone, about half of the fleet released over 25 years ago.

Navy aircraft available in all four fleets - the Northern, Pacific, Baltic and Black Sea, in addition, there were several parts of central subordination. Each fleet had its headquarters structure of the Marine aviation, which is responsible for military training and supply subordinate air bases.

Assessing opportunities of reformed naval aviation suggests that it is still operational. Being armed with a number of combat-ready patrol aircraft IL-38 and Tu-142MK/MZ, naval aviation can show their capabilities as part of Russia's foreign policy, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, by demonstrating its presence, muscles and strength.

High political significance was demonstrated during patrol missions in the North Pole, when standing in front of naval aviation task of monitoring the environment and ice conditions, as well as monitoring the activities of foreign vessels. This was a direct consequence of the recent Russian aspirations by transferring its borders to the north in order to expand its control over the continental shelf, which stretches from northern Siberia to the mineral-rich and still undeveloped areas around the North Pole. This should allow Russia to establish control over large areas in the Arctic and naval aviation plays an important role.

Naval Air Force History

On July 17 pilots of the Russian Navy (Navy) celebrate their professional holiday - Day of Russian Naval Aviation. The holiday was established in accordance with the order of Commander of the Navy of the Russian Federation # 253 of 15 July 1996 "On the introduction of annual holidays and professional days in the specialty", and the date was chosen due to the fact that on July 17 (July 4 old stype) 1916 was the first victory Russian naval pilots on domestic seaplanes in a dogfight over the sea. On this day, four seaplanes M-9 aircraft carrier vessel "The Eagle" Baltic Fleet had a dogfight over the sea to protect a Russian naval base on the island of Saaremaa against German aircraft. During combat, two aircraft were shot down by the Kaiser and the other two fled. Russian pilots returned unscathed. This day is considered the birthday of naval aviation of the Russian Navy.

However, the events associated with the birth of Russian naval aviation, occurred long before that date. With the advent of the first combat aircraft marine specialists became clear importance of aviation in warfare at sea. In 1909, Captain Leo Matsievich at a meeting of the Naval Technical Committee in the report "On the type of marine airplane" introduced the idea of the possibility of the use of aircraft from ships.

The history of Marine Aviation Russia began with the first Navy airplane flight by the naval officer lieutenant S.F. Dorozhinskiy on 16th September, 1910. At first they just flew over the sea, then mastered the hydroplane. On 22nd of September, 1910, Lieutenant G.V. Piotrovskiy on airplane "Blerio XII" with a mechanic on board undertook the Russia's first above-the-sea flight from Saint-Petersburg to Kronshtadt. Within half an hour he managed to fly 25 verst (1 versta=approximately 3 500 ft). It was the Russia's first intercity flight, and the press solemnly proclaimed Piotrovskiy "the pilot of long distances".

In March 1910 the French engineer Henri Fabre performed the first successful takeoff from water by seaplane, and in August 1911 - the first flight on amphibian "Canaries". Russia's first float plane was built by engineer Yakov Gakkelin February 1911.

In 1911, Dorozhinskiy made an attempt to fix the plane on the floats, two main floats and tail one, which he had constructed himself. But while carrying out trial tests, the airplane floats went deep into the water, thus preventing it from picking up speed necessary for taking off. After this event, a modern floatplane (model "Voizen-Kanar") was commissioned in France. Dorozhinskiy leant how to fly on it and became Russia's first hydroaviator.

Along with S.F. Dorozhinskiy many other seamen tested airplanes in terms of possibility to use them at sea. For example, 24 May (6 June), 1911, lieutenant V.V. Dybovskiy conducted a submarine search operation on airplane, thus laying the foundations for air anti-submarine operations. 19 April, 1911, is the date that can be considered the organizational start of the Russian Fleet aviation, when the Naval Minister Admiral I.K. Grigorovich approved the formation of the first naval aviators unit in Sebastopol which consisted of two divisions each of which had three airplanes. Same year, three single-float aircrafts of Curtis model and two "Voizen" airships were commissioned at international factories. The Black Sea was chosen to become the center of the hydroplanes tests. A formally launched the Marine Aviation Admiral Grigorovich, who had ordered from 19.04.1911 on the formation of two flying in Sevastopol offices of three Hydroplane each. Soon Marine aviation was also established on the Baltic Sea.

In 1913 the production of airplanes, including seaplanes, was put on an industrial basis in France, Germany, Russia, Italy and England. In Russia was created five aircraft factories, and in the same 1913, it was already built 270 aircraft. In 1913-1914, in Russia were first formed aviation military units, including hydro-plane station for the Navy. In the same period, Igor Sikorsky held the first Russian seaplane flights in the C-10 . First naval aircraft began seaplanes, In a year, the process of the naval aviation formation began in the Baltic Sea Fleet. At the outset of the World War I, naval aviators were carrying out courageous and risky operational flights on their beautiful "dragon-flies". It is the Russian naval aviators who were the first to deliver an air bombing attack on enemy ships. 29 October, 1914, during the Sebastopol assault operation carried out by the German battleship "Geben" and artillery bombardment, seven Russian flying ships flew off and, circling above the cruiser, dropped their bombs. They failed to find out how severely it was damaged, but this military episode clearly demonstrated that hydroplanes were becoming the striking force at sea capable of acting independently. Russian aircraft designers created several types of "flying boats" that the First World War were used for bombing and shelling from the air objects naval bases and ports, ships at sea, and even to destroy enemy aircraft in the air.

The development of the Russian naval aviation was focused on two main directions: ship-based aviation and coast-based aviation. By the end of 1917, the Baltic Sea Fleet floatplanes park consisted of 98 items while the Black Sea Fleet was equipped with 112 aircrafts. These were foreign airplanes "Teliet", "Newport", "Spad", "Lebed", "Short", "Ferry", and domestically-built flying ships like M-5, M-9, M-15, M-20 with engines "Ispano-Siusa", "Ron", "Salmson", "Gnome and Rom", "Sopwith", etc.

The Baltic Fleet naval aviation consisted of two air brigades united into an air division and one ship-borne aircraft unit. The Baltic Sea Fleet air division included two air brigades, one ship-borne aircraft unit and one airship detachment. In the Baltic Fleet the ship-borne aircraft was based on the hydroairtransport "Orlitsa"/"Female Eagle" (former steamship the Empress Alexandra) of 3 800 tons displacement and speed of 12 knots. The Orlitsa could place four float airplanes. In the Baltic Sea Fleet hydroairtransports the Emperor Alexander I and the Emperor Nikolay I of 9 240 tons displacement and speed of 14-15 knots could take on their boards 7-8 hydroplanes, while hydroaircruiser "Almaz"/"Diamond" could place 4 airplanes. They were united into the Black Sea Fleet hydroaircruiser division.

It was planned to equip each of the two light-weight cruisers of Svetlana type, built at the Baltic Fleet, with two hydroairplanes "Teliet". The Baltic Sea Fleet coastal aviation was based on the air station "Brigitovka" in Revel as well as in Gelsingforce and Abo (Turku). The coastal aviation of the Black sea Fleet was based in Balaklava. The training of the naval aviators was conducted in Oranienbaum, Gapsal and Bakin Schools as well as in the Aerobatics and Air Warfare School in Tsarskoye Selo (Pushkin) near Petrograd. Until 1917, there were 16 aircraft factories and works with highly-skilled personnel. Many prominent engineers and constructors worked on aircraft construction.

In the Russian Fleet, earlier than in other fleets, the idea of aircraft-carriers was introduced. For the first time it was clearly formulated by the ship engineer Captain K.M. Matsievich (who later became a very famous Russian naval pilot). According to his report, presented to the head of the Naval Headquarters in 1909, it was he who introduced the idea of the aircraft-carriers construction as well as catapults for catapult-assisted ship-deck take-off.

During the Civil war, both the Red and the White exploited the aircraft park inherited from the former tsarist army and fleet. During those battles, the aviation suffered huge losses because the aircraft factories did not work and aircraft park was not replenished which eventually led to complete deterioration of the Soviet Russia aviation.

It is only by the beginning of the first five-year plan (policy introduced by the Soviet government in 1920-1930) that the Soviet naval aviation started being equipped with the first domestically-constructed models of airplanes following the construction plan worked out by D.P. Grigorovich and the Naval aircraft construction bureau such as ROM-2, MP-5, TOM-1, TB-1a, MBR-2 and, by 1936, MDR-4. During the 1930th, a further impulse was given to development of the ship-based catapult aviation with which many battleships and cruisers were equipped. Heinkel catapults were bought in Germany.

In 1920, the Soviet naval pilots were given a lot of special governmental tasks. It is the naval pilots that formed the polar aviation which was to explore the Northern Sea Route. In 1934, facing extremely difficult weather conditions, they managed to save the members of that polar expedition and the crew of the steamship Tchelyuskin. For fulfilling this challenging mission, seven polar pilots were decorated with the Hero of the Soviet Union award. Among them were four former Black Sea naval pilots V.A. Liapidevskiy, S.A. Levanevskiy, V.S. Molokov and I.V. Doronin.

When, on 30 December 1937, the People's Navy Commissariat was set up, the naval aviation was renamed into the Navy Armed Forces, and then it was finally determined as one of the main branches of the Fleet. Within a relatively short period of time, the Navy Armed Forces significantly gained in numbers and quality. By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the aircraft fleet of naval aviation consisted of more than 2,5 thousand battle airplanes: bombers, torpedo-bombers, fighters and naval reconnaissance aircrafts, while the Navy Armed Forces personnel, by that time, had already acquired some battle experience in the course of the Russian-Finland war (1939-1940), thus, having enhanced their alertness and operational readiness and, in close cooperation with other branches of the Navy, aviation honed the skills necessary for solving even the most difficult and challenging operational missions. In those bloody, violent battles with the formidable enemy, they managed to accumulate the priceless experience of tactical and strategic use of the reconnaissance, mine-torpedo, bombardment and pursuit aviation.

Naval aviators piously revered and multiplied the military traditions of the Civil War naval pilots and, by performing heroic deeds and feats of arms, they did their best for the victory to happen sooner. It is the fleet pilots - Lieutenant Petr Brin'ko and Captain Aleksey Antonenko - who stood up staunchly for defending the Motherland from the enemy and were the first to be decorated with the Hero of the Soviet Union award and the Great Patriotic War medal.

24 June, 1941, off the Kola Peninsula, pursuit planes faced and attacked six enemy bombers. During that battle, commander of the 4th fighter squadron of the 78th air regiment, senior lieutenant B.F. Safonov brought down "Unkers-88", thus opening the scoring for the Northern Fleet pilots. A short, though glorious, life was granted to this man. He did not spend a full year in fights but, yet, within this time he managed to bring down 30 Nazi airplanes independently and 3 planes in group fighting. 16 September, 1941, Boris Feoktistovich was decorated with the Hero of the Soviet Union. Unfortunately, the news about his second decoration with the Hero of the Soviet Union did not catch B.F. Safonov alive: 30 May, 1942, he conducted his last operational flight, having brought down two more enemy bombers.

During the first days of the war, the Nazi propaganda hastily declared worldwide that the Soviet aviation had been destroyed, and Reichsmarschall Gering assured the Germans that no soviet bomb could be thrown down on their "vaterland". At the beginning of August 1941, however, aviation bombed the Nazi Germany capital. The idea of this air-raid on Berlin from the Estonian Saaremaa Island was suggested by the Navy Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief Lieutenant-General S.F. Zhavoronkov. Since it was impossible to reach Berlin from the rear aerodromes due to the fuel supply shortages, it was decided to use the Saaremaa Island for this purpose. On the night of 7 August, five airplanes bombed Berlin. These planes were piloted by Colonel Evgeniy Preobrazhenskiy, Captain Andrey Efremov, Mikhail Plotkin, Vassiliy Grechnikov and senior lieutenant Petr Trychkov. The rest ten airplanes dropped their bombs on the reserve target which was the Schtettin port constructions as a heavy thunderstorm, raging that night, prevented them from reaching Berlin. Within a period from 7 August to 4 September, the air group headed by Preobrazhenskiy conducted 52 operational flights, at that, 33 airplanes managed to hit their targets dropped more than 36 t high-explosive and fire-bombs along with 34 bombs with propaganda leaflets.

During the Great Patriotic War, while fulfilling various military missions on land and sea, the Navy aviation conducted more than 350 thousand sorties of aircrafts. Soviet naval pilots sank 835 enemy ships and transports, brought down during air warfare and destroyed on the aerodromes 5 500 Nazi airplanes, numerous number of tanks, artillery batteries, pill-boxes, depots and railway echelons.

In the post-war years, piston-engined airplanes were replaced with modern supersonic jet-propelled aircrafts capable of flying for long distances at a very high altitude and equipped with cutting-edge devices and instruments for sea-based and coastal-based targets search and destruction.

The Russian Navy coastal-based and ship-based aviation is armed with all-weather sea missile carriers, low-flying attack aircrafts, fighters, anti-submarine airplanes and helicopters, vertical take-off and landing ship-borne airplanes. Anti-submarine cruisers of "Novorossiysk" type and heavy aircraft-carrying cruisers of "Admiral Kuznetsov" type are used as ship-borne aircraft carriers.

Further development of the Navy aviation proceed in the direction of aircraft modernization, flight speed increase, range ability and flight duration increase, its all-round automation, elaboration of technical solutions for sea-based and ground-based targets search applying new physical principles as well as construction of high-precision long-range weapon equipped with powerful full charges.

By the time the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, naval aviation of the powerful Soviet Navy had over 1,700 aircraft, including 372 long-range bombers equipped with cruise missiles, 966 tactical combat aircraft and 455 helicopters. These aircraft were combat ready in 52 air regiments and squadrons and ten separate groups. New Russian naval aviation inherited the lion's share of the Soviet legacy, but almost immediately embarked on a series of large-scale cuts, decommissioning of obsolete aircraft types.

By the beginning of 1995 as part of naval aviation was 63 long-range bombers Tu-22M2 (including 52 combat-ready), 82 Tu-22M3 (52 combat-ready), 67 patrol aircraft Tu-142 (19 combat-ready), 45 patrol aircraft IL-38 (20 combat-ready), 95 Ka-27 (75 combat-ready) and 128 Mi-14 and Ka-25 (68 combat-ready). By 1997, the alert level had fallen to 35%, but by 2000, the situation began to improve, and he grew up to 45-50%. These figures have remained more or less stable and the present.

But by the beginning of the new millennium, the combat capabilities of naval aviation fell to a critical level due to inadequate flight training caused limited by restrictions on fuel, which was 10 times smaller needs. As a result, only one-third could be considered combat ready crews, and even this modest level of achievement required a lot of effort.