Concepts of solute leaching in soils: a review of modelling approaches
T. M. ADDISCOTT
Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, U.S.A.
Search for more papers by this authorR. J. WAGENET
Department of Agronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.
Search for more papers by this authorT. M. ADDISCOTT
Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, U.S.A.
Search for more papers by this authorR. J. WAGENET
Department of Agronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.
Search for more papers by this authorSUMMARY
A number of conceptual models for solute leaching in soil are reviewed, quantitatively compared and classified as far as possible within a framework that makes distinction between deterministic and stochastic, mechanistic and functional and rate and capacity models. They are also discussed with reference to their purpose (viz research or management), complexity, flexibility, transferability and usefulness for field soils. The basic assumptions and structures of the models impose definite limits on the ways in which they can be used. The spatial variability of soil properties caused problems for deterministic models using rate parameters, but stochastic elements can be incorporated in these models. Simpler capacity-type models and non-mechanistic stochastic models offer other answers to this problem. Few data sets are available for testing a range of models and few models have been tested on a range of soil types, and very few models have much demonstrable ability to simulate transient field leaching conditions. Examples of a model being tested by someone other than the developer seem very rare.
References
- Addiscott, T.M. 1977. A simple computer model for leaching in structured soils. Journal of Soil Science 28: 554–563.
- Addiscott, T.M. 1981. Leaching of nitrate in structured soils. Simulation of the Nitrogen Behaviour of Soil-Plant Systems (eds M. J. Frissel and J. A. Veen), pp. 245–253. PUDOC Wageningen .
- Addiscott, T.M. 1982a. Simulating diffusion within soil aggregates: a simple model for cubic and other regularly-shaped aggregates. Journal of Soil Science 33: 37–45.
- Addiscott, T.M. 1982b. Computer assessment of the N status during winter and early spring. Assessment of the Nitrogen Status of the Soils (eds T. Batley et al.), pp. 15–26. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven .
- Addiscott, T.M., Rose, D.A. & Bolton, J. 1978. Chloride leaching in the Rothamsted Drain Gauges: influence of rainfall pattern and soil structure. Journal of Soil Science 29: 305–314.
- Amoozegar-Fard, A., Nielsen, D.R. & Warrick, A.W. 1982. Soil solute concentration distributions for spatially-varying pore water velocities and apparent diffusion coefficients. Soil Science Society of America Journal 46: 3–9.
- Barraclough, D., Hyden, M.J. & Davies, G.P. 1983. Fate of fertilizer nitrogen applied to grassland. I. Field leaching results. Journal of Soil Science 34: 483–497.
- Beven, K. 1981. Micro-, meso- and macroporosity and channeling phenomena in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 45: 1245.
- Beven, K. & Germann, P. 1981. Water flow in soil macropores: A combined flow model. Journal of Soil Science 32: 15–29.
- Biggar, J.W. & Nielsen, D.R. 1976. Spatial variability of the leaching characteristics of a field soil. Water Resources Research 12: 78–94.
- Bouma, J., Dekker, L.W. & Muilwuk, C.J. 1981. A field method for measuring short circuiting in clay soils. Journal of Hydrology 52: 347–354.
- Bresler, E. 1967. A model for tracing salt distribution in the soil profile and estimating the efficient combination of water quality and quantity under varying field conditions. Soil Science 104: 227–233.
- Bresler, E. Bielorai, H. & Laufer, A. 1979. Field test of solution flow models in a heterogenous irrigated cropped soil. Water Resources Research 15: 645–652.
- Bresler, E. & Dagan, G. 1979. Solute dispersion in unsaturated heterogenous soil at field scale. II. Applications. Soil Science Society of America Journal 43: 467–472.
- Bresler, E. & Dagan, G. 1981. Convective and pore scale dispersive solute transport in unsaturated heterogenous fields. Water Resources Research 17: 1683–1693.
- Bresler, E. & Laufer, A. 1974. Simulation of nitrate movement in soils under transient unsaturated flow conditions. Israel Journal of Agricultural Research 23: 141–153.
- Burns, I.G. 1972. Leaching studies. Report of the National Vegetable Research Station for 1971, pp. 39–40.
- Burns, I.G. 1974. A model for predicting the redistribution of salts applied to fallow soils after excess rainfall or evaporation. Journal of Soil Science 25: 165–178.
- Burns, I.G. 1975. An equation to predict the leaching of surface-applied nitrate. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 85: 443–454.
- Burns, I.G. 1980. A simpler model for predicting the effects of leaching of fertilizer nitrate during the growing season on the nitrogen fertilizer needs of crops. Journal of Soil Science 31: 175–202.
- Burns, I.G. & Collier, G.F. 1980. A simulation model for the leaching of borate in soils and pulverised fuel ash. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 31: 743–749.
- Cameron, K.C. & Wild, A. 1982. Prediction of solute leaching under field conditions: An appraisal of three methods. Journal of Soil Science 3: 659–669.
10.1111/j.1365-2389.1982.tb01797.x Google Scholar
- Chichester, F.W. & Smith, S.J. 1978. Disposition of 15N-labelled fertilizer nitrate applied during corn culture in field lysimeters. Journal of Environmental Quality 7: 227–233.
- Childs, S.W. & Hanks, R.J. 1975. Model for soil salinity effects on crop growth. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 39: 617–622.
- Coats, K.H. & Smith, B.D. 1964. Dead-end pore volume and dispersion in porous media. AIME Transactions 231: 273–284.
- Cunningham, R.K. & Cooke, G.W. 1958. Soil nitrogen. II. Changes in levels of inorganic nitrogen caused by fertilizer application, by leaching and uptake by grass. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 9: 317–324.
- Dagan, G. & Bresler, E. 1979. Solute dispersion in unsaturated heterogenous soil at field scale. 1. Theory. Soil Science Society of America Journal 43: 461–466.
- Dankwaerts, P.V. 1953. Continuous flow systems. Chemical Engineering Science 2: 1–13.
- De Smedt, F. & Wierenga, P.J. 1978. Approximate analytical solution for solute flow during infiltration and redistribution. Soil Science Society of America Journal 42: 407–412.
- Ericksson, E. 1971. Compartmental models and reservoir theory. Annual Review of Ecological Systems 2: 67–84.
10.1146/annurev.es.02.110171.000435 Google Scholar
- Freeze, R.A. 1980. A stochastic-conceptual analysis of rainfall-runoff processes on a hill slope. Water Resources Research 16: 391–408.
- Frissel, M.J. & Poelstra, P. 1967a. Chromatographic transport through soils. I. Theoretical evaluations. Plant and Soil 26: 285–301.
- Frissel, M.J. & Poelstra, P. 1967b. Chromatographic transport through soils. II. Column experiments with Sr- and Ca-isotopes. Plant and Soil 27: 20–32.
- Gleukauf, E. 1955. Theory of chromatography. Part 9. The ‘theoretical plate’ concept in column separations. Transactions of the Faraday Society 51: 34–44.
- Gupta, S.K. & Pandey, R.N. 1979. A simplified equation for reactive solute transport in soils. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 92: 587–589.
- Iskander, I. & Selim, H.M. 1981. Modelling nitrogen transport and transformations in soils. 2. Validation. Soil Science 131: 303–312.
- Jury, W.A. 1982. Simulation of solute transport using a transfer function model. Water Resources Research 18: 363–368.
- Jury, W.A., Stolzy, L.A. & Shouse, P. 1982. A field test of the transfer function model for predicting solute transport. Water Resources Research 18: 369–375.
- Krupp, H.K., Biggar, J.W. & Nielsen, D.R. 1972. Relative flow rates of salt water in soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 36: 412–417.
- Lawes, J.B., Gilbert, J.H. & Warington, R. 1882. On the amount and composition of the rain and drainage waters collected at Rothamsted. III. The drainage water from land cropped and manured. Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England 18: 1–71.
- Leistra, M., Bromilow, R.H. & Boesten, J.J.T.I. 1980. Measured and simulated behaviour of oxamyl in fallow soils. Pesticide Science 11: 379–388.
- Levin, I. 1964. Movement of nitrate through soil columns and undisturbed soil profiles. Transactions of the 8th International Congress of Soil Science (Bucharest) IV: 1011–1022.
- Martin, A.J.P. & Synge, R.L.M. 1941. A new form of chromatogram employing two liquid phases. I. A theory of chromatography. Biochemistry Journal 35: 1358–1364.
- Miller, E.E. & Miller, R.D. 1956. Physical theory for capillary flow phenomena. Journal of Applied Physics 27: 324–332.
- Nicholls, P.H. Bromilow, R.H. & Addiscott, T.M. 1982. Measured and simulated behaviour of Fluometuron, Aldoxycarb and chloride ion in a fallow structured soil. Pesticide Science 13: 475–483.
- Nielsen, D.R. & Biggar, J.W. 1962. Miscible displacement. III. Theoretical considerations. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 26: 216–221.
10.2136/sssaj1962.03615995002600030010x Google Scholar
- Nielsen, D.R., Biggar, J.W. & Erh, K.T. 1973. Spatial variability of field-measured soil-water properties. Hilgardia 42: 215–260.
- Nimah, M.N. & Hanks, R.J. 1973. Model for estimating soil water, plant and atmospheric interrelations. I. Description and Sensitivity. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 37: 522–527.
- Pandey, R.N. & Gupta, S.K. 1978. Equations to predict leaching of soluble salts in saline soils. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 91: 131–134.
- Raats, P.A.C. 1978. Convective transport of solutes by steady flows. I. General theory. Agricultural Water Management 1: 201–218.
- Rao, P.S.C., Davidson, J.M. & Hammond, L.C. 1976. Estimation of nonreactive and reactive solute front locations in soils. Proceedings of the Hazardous Waste Research Symposium EPA-608/9-76-015. July 1976 pp. 235–242. US/EPA: Cincinnati, Ohio.
- Reinger, P. & Bolt, G.H. 1972. Theory of chromatography and its application to cation exchange in soils. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 20: 301–313.
- Robbins, C.W., Wagenet, R.J. & Jurinak, J.J. 1980. A combined salt transport-chemical equilibrium model for calcareous and gypsiferous soils. Soil Science of America Journal 44: 119–1194.
- Rose, C.W., Chichester, F.W., Williams, J.R. & Ritchie, J.T. 1982a. A contribution to simplified models of field solute transport. Journal of Environmental Quality 11: 146–150.
- Rose, C.W., Chichester, F.W., Williams, J.R. & Ritchie, J.T. 1982b. Application of an approximate analytic method of computing solute profiles with dispersion in soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 11: 151–155.
- Rouselle, V. 1913. Le mouvement des nitrates dans le sol et ses consequences relative a l'emploi du nitrate de soude. Annales de la Science Agronomique, 4th Series, pp. 97–115.
- Scotter, D.R. 1978. Preferential solute movement through larger soil voids. I. Some computations using simple theory. Australian Journal of Soil Research 16: 257–267.
- Sharma, M.L. & Luxmoore, R.J. 1979. Soil spatial variability and its consequences on simulated water balance. Water Resources Research 15: 1567–1573.
- Tanji, K.K., Doneen, L.D., Ferry, G.V. & Ayers, R.S. 1972. Computer simulation analysis on reclamation of salt-affected soils in San Joaquin Valley, California. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 36: 127–133.
- Terkeltroub, R.W. & Babcock, K.L. 1971. A simple method for predicting salt movement through soil. Soil Science 111: 182–187.
- Thomas, G.W. & Coleman, N.T. 1959. A chromatographic approach to the leaching of fertilizer salts in soils. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 23: 113–116.
- Thomas, G.W., Phillips, R.E. & Quisenberry, V.L. 1978. Characterization of water displacement in soils using simple chromatography theory. Journal of Soil Science 29: 32–37.
- Tillotson, W.R. & Wagenet, R.J. 1982. Simulation of fertilizer nitrogen under cropped situations. Soil Science 133: 133–143.
- Trudgill, S.T., Pickles, A. & Smettem, K.R.J. 1983. Soil water residence time and solute uptake. 2. Dye tracing and preferential flow predictions. Journal of Hydrology 62: 279–285.
- Van De Pol, R.M., Wierenga, P.J. & Nielsen, D.R. 1977. Solute movement in a field soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 41: 10–13.
- Van Der Molen, W.H. 1956. Desalinization of saline soils as a column process. Soil Science 81: 19–27.
10.1097/00010694-195601000-00003 Google Scholar
- Van Genuchten, M.Th. & Wierenga, P.J. 1976. Mass transfer studies in porous sorbing media. I. Analytical solutions. Soil Science Society of America Journal 40: 473–480.
- Van Genuchten, M.Th. & Cleary, R.W. 1979. Movement of solutes in soil: computer-simulated and laboratory results. Soil Chemistry: B. Physico-Chemical Models (ed. G. H. Bolt) pp. 349–386. Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam .
10.1016/S0166-2481(08)70665-2 Google Scholar
- Van Genuchten, M.Th. & Alves, W.J. 1982. Analytical Solutions of the Convective-dispersive Solute Transport Equation. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. 1601.
- Van Hoorn, J.W. 1981. Salt movement, leaching efficiency and leaching requirement. Agricutural Water Management 4: 409–428.
- Wagenet, R.J. 1983. Principles of salt movement in soil. In Chemical Mobility and Reactivity in Soil Systems (eds D.W. Nelson et al.) Special publication of the American Society of Agronomy, Madison . Wisconsin .
- Wagenet, R.J. & Rao, B.K. 1983. Description of nitrogen movement in the presence of spatially variable soil hydraulic properties. Agricultural Water Management 6: 227–242.
- Warrick, A.W., Biggar, J.W. & Nielsen, D.R. 1971. Simultaneous solute and water transfer for an unsaturated soil. Water Resources Research 7: 1216–1225.
- Warrick, A.W., Mullen, G.J. & Nielsen, D.R. 1977a. Scaling field measured soil hydraulic properties using a similar media concept. Water Resouces Research 13: 355–362.
- Warrick, A.W., Mullen, G.J. & Nielsen, D.R. 1977b. Predictions of the soil water flux based upon field measured soil water properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal 41: 14–19.
- Wellings, S.R. & Bell, J.P. 1980. Movement of water and nitrate in the unsaturated zone of upper chalk near Winchester, Hampshire, England. Journal of Hydrology 48: 119–136.
- Wild, A. & Babiker, I.A. 1976. Winter leaching of nitrate at sites in Southern England. Agriculture and Water Quality, pp. 153–162. Technical Bulletin of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food No. 32 HMSO, London .