Municipal solid waste prevention: A review of market-based instruments in six European Union countries
Abstract
Introduction
Member States shall ensure that (. . .) other preventive measures are implemented in order to prevent generation of packaging waste and to minimise the environmental impact of packaging.Such other preventive measures may consist of national programmes, incentives through extended producer responsibility schemes to minimise the environmental impact of packaging, or similar actions adopted, if appropriate, in consultation with economic operators, and consumer and environmental organisations, and designed to bring together and take advantage of the many initiatives taken within Member States as regards prevention.
Materials and methods
Scope of the study: Prevention and MSW
Countries selection method and boundaries’ definition
Results and discussion
Prevention programmes analysis
State | Region | Duration | Municipal/household waste targets have been set | Quantitative target on waste reduction |
---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium | Brussels | 2018–2023 | Yes | Reduction of household waste production per capita by 5% in 2023; 20% in 2030, compared with 2018 (Government of the Brussels Capital Region, 2018). |
Flanders | 2016–2022 | Yes | 502 kg of household waste per capita in 2022 (OVAM, 2016). | |
Wallonia | 2018– | Yes | Expected effects of the household waste prevention actions up to 2025: Household waste 501.20 kg capita−1 (in 2013, 528.9 kg capita−1) (Government of Wallonia, 2018). | |
Bulgaria | National | 2014–2020 | Yes | In 2020, the value of ‘generated municipal waste per inhabitant’ will be less than the value of the indicator in 2011. This should be true for every municipality (Bulgarian Ministry of Environment and Water, 2014). |
Italy | National | 2013–2020 | Yes | By 2020, 5% reduction in the ratio: Generated MSW/GDP compared with 2010; as a monitoring measure, the tendency of MSW/household consumption will be considered as well (Italian Ministry of the Environment, 2013). |
The Netherlands | National | 2017–2023 | Yes | Total waste supply in 2023 cannot exceed 65m t and in 2029 it must not exceed 70m t. Household waste production has to decrease from 500 kg in 2014 to a maximum of 400 kg per inhabitant per year in 2020 (Dutch Minister for Infrastructure and Water Management, 2017) |
Romania | National | 2018–2025 | Yes | Reduction by 10% of the amount of household waste produced in 2017 by 2025 (Government of Romania, 2018). |
Spain | National | 2014–2020 | No target on total waste only | The main objective of the programme is to reduce 10% of the amount of waste produced in 2010 by 2020 (in tonnes) (European Environment Agency, 2016g) |
Belgium
shall include the prevention measures completed during the previous year by the responsible company, those that are ongoing and those that are planned for the term of the prevention plan, in accordance with the regional waste plans. It shall describe (. . .) at least the measures planned and the targets relating to reducing the amount of packaging waste created (. . .) (art. 4., Belgian Interregional Packaging Commission, 2008).
Bulgaria
Italy
The Netherlands
Romania
the activities (. . .) will concentrate on the implementation of integrated projects for waste management at national and regional levels through a hierarchical allocation of investments in accordance with the established priorities: prevention, selective collection, recycling and re-use, treatment and elimination.
Spain
Market-based and economic instruments and waste prevention
EPR
Member State | WEEE | Packaging | Other |
---|---|---|---|
Belgium | 2001 | 1994 | Disposable plastic kitchenware (2009), photo chemicals (1993) |
Bulgaria | 2006 | 2004 | |
Italy | 2004 | 1997 | |
Netherlands | 2004 | 2013 | Window panels (2013) |
Romania | 2007 | 2004 | |
Spain | 2002 | 1996 |
PAYT
Member State | PAYT schemes in place | Estimated coveragea | Scheme implemented | Details and examples of best practices |
---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium | Yes | 50% (Wallonia) 100% (Flandres) |
Volume, sack, frequency and weight | Wallonia (for 60l bags): rubbish bag: €1.00; recycling bag: €0.13; biowaste: €0.25. Flandres: rubbish bag: €1.50; collection of mixed waste: €0.75–2 (60 L bags), €2.5–3.75 (120 L bins), €0.15–0.2 (kg), € 0.25–1 (collection). |
Bulgaria | No | |||
Italy | Yes | Estimated 2 million inhabitants | Volume, sack and frequency | Navigli Municipalities Consortium Variable part about 0.23 € kg−1, established yearly. The weight of the bag is calculated using the average specific weight of bags collected in a truck, and its volume. |
Netherlands | Yes | 20% In 2000, over 20% of 538 municipalities in the Netherlands applied a PAYT scheme, with these types: frequency (54 municipalities), volume (29), sack (20), weight (13), unspecified (10) |
Frequency, volume, sack and weight | Maastricht Municipality The municipality collects household waste door-to-door in the communal bin bags. These bags are red and white. There are bags of 25 and 50 L for sale. The bin bags are sold at various stores. A bag of 25 L can be up to 3.5 kg and a bag of 50 L of a maximum of 7.0 kg. Fees in 2017: €0.49 25-L bag; €0.83 50-L bag. |
Romania | No | |||
Spain | Yes | Very small portion. 15 more local authorities in Catalonia are studying the implementation of PAYT schemes | Sack | Esporles Municipality (Mallorca region): Fixed annual fee: €90 per household; variable fee: €1 per bag Miravet and Rasquera Municipalities (Catalonia region): Fixed annual fee: €40 per urban households, €30 per rural household; variable fee: €0.30 per packaging bag (35 L) and €0.70 per residual waste bag (17 L) Argentona Municipality (Catalonia region): Fixed annual fee: €95 per household; variable fee: residual waste 0.65 € bag−1 17 L, or 2.50 € bag−1 65 L (0.0382 € L−1). Light packaging: 0.35 € bag−1 35 L or 1.00 € bag−1 100 L (0.01 € L−1) Food waste: Variable between €43/25 L and €203/240 L. |
Applying more directly the “Polluter pays” principle in determining the waste fee by measuring the waste quantities is likely to contribute to reducing the amount of municipal waste and encourage the participation of the population and businesses in systems of separate collection of recyclable waste at the source, but changing the way of defining the municipal waste fee is a major challenge for municipalities and the population.
DRS
Environmental taxes
Environmental taxes on products or on resources
the adoption of measures ensuring that the annual consumption level does not exceed 90 lightweight plastic carrier bags per person by December 31st, 2019 and 40 lightweight plastic carrier bags per person by December 31st, 2025, or equivalent targets set in weight,
the adoption of instruments ensuring that, by December 31st, 2018, lightweight plastic carrier bags are not provided free of charge at the point of sale of goods or products, unless equally effective instruments are implemented. Very lightweight plastic carrier bags may be excluded from those measures (article 4).
Belgium | Bulgaria | Italy | Netherlands | Romania | Spain | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Packaging | ||||||
Plastic bags |
Conclusions
Declaration of conflicting interests
Funding
ORCID iD
Appendix 1
MSW production trend of all EU28 countries (kg inh−1)
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 | 2001 | 2000 | 1999 | 1998 | 1997 | 1996 | 1995 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EU28 | 486 | 486 | 480 | 478 | 479 | 486 | 497 | 504 | 511 | 520 | 523 | 521 | 515 | 512 | 513 | 525 | 519 | 521 | 508 | 494 | 496 | 482 | 470 |
AT | 570 | 564 | 560 | 565 | 578 | 579 | 573 | 562 | 590 | 600 | 597 | 597 | 575 | 574 | 607 | 608 | 576 | 580 | 563 | 532 | 532 | 516 | 437 |
BE | 410 | 419 | 412 | 425 | 436 | 445 | 453 | 455 | 465 | 478 | 493 | 485 | 482 | 485 | 465 | 482 | 467 | 471 | 460 | 451 | 457 | 450 | 455 |
BG | 435 | 404 | 419 | 442 | 432 | 460 | 508 | 554 | 598 | 599 | 553 | 577 | 588 | 599 | 603 | 602 | 596 | 612 | 598 | 591 | 579 | 618 | 694 |
CY | 637 | 640 | 638 | 614 | 618 | 657 | 672 | 689 | 729 | 728 | 704 | 694 | 688 | 684 | 670 | 655 | 650 | 628 | 620 | 616 | 612 | 605 | 595 |
CZ | 344 | 339 | 316 | 310 | 307 | 308 | 320 | 318 | 317 | 306 | 294 | 297 | 289 | 279 | 280 | 279 | 274 | 335 | 327 | 293 | 318 | 310 | 302 |
DE | 633 | 633 | 632 | 631 | 615 | 619 | 626 | 602 | 592 | 589 | 582 | 564 | 565 | 587 | 601 | 640 | 632 | 642 | 638 | 647 | 658 | 641 | 623 |
DK | 781 | 783 | 789 | 789 | 790 | 791 | 781 | N/A | 762 | 830 | 790 | 740 | 736 | 695 | 671 | 664 | 657 | 664 | 626 | 592 | 587 | 618 | 521 |
EE | 390 | 376 | 359 | 357 | 293 | 280 | 301 | 305 | 339 | 392 | 449 | 398 | 433 | 445 | 414 | 401 | 366 | 453 | 409 | 402 | 424 | 399 | 371 |
ES | 462 | 463 | 456 | 448 | 454 | 468 | 485 | 510 | 542 | 551 | 578 | 590 | 588 | 600 | 646 | 637 | 652 | 653 | 606 | 557 | 554 | 530 | 505 |
FI | 510 | 504 | 500 | 482 | 493 | 506 | 505 | 470 | 480 | 521 | 506 | 494 | 478 | 469 | 466 | 458 | 465 | 502 | 484 | 466 | 447 | 410 | 413 |
FR | 514 | 515 | 515 | 516 | 520 | 527 | 534 | 534 | 534 | 538 | 542 | 535 | 529 | 519 | 506 | 530 | 526 | 514 | 507 | 507 | 496 | 486 | 475 |
GR | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
HR | 416 | 403 | 393 | 387 | 404 | 391 | 384 | 379 | 405 | 415 | 399 | 384 | 336 | 304 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 262 | N/A | N/A | 224 | N/A | N/A |
HU | 385 | 379 | 377 | 385 | 378 | 402 | 382 | 403 | 430 | 454 | 457 | 468 | 461 | 454 | 464 | 457 | 452 | 446 | 483 | 485 | 487 | 469 | 460 |
IE | N/A | 581 | N/A | 562 | N/A | 585 | 616 | 624 | 651 | 718 | 772 | 792 | 731 | 737 | 730 | 692 | 699 | 599 | 577 | 554 | 544 | 522 | 512 |
IT | 489 | 497 | 486 | 488 | 491 | 504 | 529 | 547 | 543 | 552 | 557 | 559 | 546 | 540 | 524 | 523 | 516 | 509 | 498 | 472 | 468 | 457 | 454 |
LT | 455 | 444 | 448 | 433 | 433 | 445 | 442 | 404 | 381 | 428 | 419 | 405 | 387 | 373 | 389 | 405 | 378 | 365 | 351 | 445 | 422 | 401 | 426 |
LU | 607 | 609 | 607 | 626 | 616 | 652 | 666 | 679 | 679 | 697 | 695 | 683 | 672 | 679 | 678 | 653 | 646 | 654 | 646 | 625 | 604 | 585 | 587 |
LV | 438 | 410 | 404 | 364 | 350 | 323 | 350 | 324 | 352 | 345 | 391 | 343 | 320 | 318 | 304 | 343 | 305 | 271 | 256 | 248 | 255 | 265 | 264 |
MT | 604 | 593 | 606 | 591 | 579 | 590 | 589 | 601 | 649 | 674 | 654 | 624 | 623 | 623 | 580 | 541 | 540 | 533 | 466 | 459 | 436 | 412 | 387 |
NL | 513 | 520 | 523 | 527 | 526 | 549 | 568 | 571 | 589 | 600 | 606 | 597 | 599 | 599 | 586 | 600 | 595 | 598 | 582 | 577 | 576 | 551 | 539 |
PL | 315 | 307 | 286 | 272 | 297 | 317 | 319 | 316 | 316 | 320 | 322 | 321 | 319 | 256 | 260 | 275 | 290 | 320 | 319 | 306 | 315 | 301 | 285 |
PT | 487 | 474 | 460 | 453 | 440 | 453 | 490 | 516 | 520 | 518 | 471 | 465 | 452 | 445 | 449 | 441 | 454 | 457 | 433 | 413 | 397 | 372 | 352 |
RO | 272 | 261 | 247 | 249 | 254 | 251 | 259 | 313 | 381 | 411 | 391 | 396 | 383 | 349 | 353 | 385 | 341 | 355 | 314 | 278 | 326 | 326 | 342 |
SE | 452 | 443 | 447 | 438 | 451 | 450 | 449 | 439 | 470 | 483 | 486 | 490 | 477 | 460 | 464 | 465 | 439 | 428 | 428 | 437 | 416 | 391 | 386 |
SI | 471 | 457 | 449 | 432 | 414 | 362 | 415 | 490 | 524 | 542 | 525 | 516 | 494 | 485 | 418 | 407 | 478 | 513 | 550 | 585 | 589 | 591 | 596 |
SK | 378 | 348 | 329 | 320 | 304 | 306 | 311 | 319 | 307 | 313 | 294 | 284 | 273 | 261 | 281 | 270 | 239 | 254 | 261 | 259 | 274 | 275 | 295 |
UK | 468 | 483 | 483 | 482 | 482 | 477 | 491 | 509 | 522 | 541 | 567 | 583 | 581 | 602 | 591 | 598 | 591 | 577 | 569 | 542 | 532 | 511 | 498 |
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This article was published in Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy.
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