Nanolattices: An Emerging Class of Mechanical Metamaterials
Corresponding Author
Jens Bauer
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697 USA
Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Germany
E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorLucas R. Meza
Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ UK
Search for more papers by this authorTobias A. Schaedler
HRL Laboratories Limited Liability Company, Malibu, CA, 90265 USA
Search for more papers by this authorRuth Schwaiger
Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Germany
Search for more papers by this authorXiaoyu Zheng
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24061 USA
Search for more papers by this authorLorenzo Valdevit
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697 USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jens Bauer
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697 USA
Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Germany
E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorLucas R. Meza
Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ UK
Search for more papers by this authorTobias A. Schaedler
HRL Laboratories Limited Liability Company, Malibu, CA, 90265 USA
Search for more papers by this authorRuth Schwaiger
Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Germany
Search for more papers by this authorXiaoyu Zheng
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24061 USA
Search for more papers by this authorLorenzo Valdevit
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697 USA
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
In 1903, Alexander Graham Bell developed a design principle to generate lightweight, mechanically robust lattice structures based on triangular cells; this has since found broad application in lightweight design. Over one hundred years later, the same principle is being used in the fabrication of nanolattice materials, namely lattice structures composed of nanoscale constituents. Taking advantage of the size-dependent properties typical of nanoparticles, nanowires, and thin films, nanolattices redefine the limits of the accessible material-property space throughout different disciplines. Herein, the exceptional mechanical performance of nanolattices, including their ultrahigh strength, damage tolerance, and stiffness, are reviewed, and their potential for multifunctional applications beyond mechanics is examined. The efficient integration of architecture and size-affected properties is key to further develop nanolattices. The introduction of a hierarchical architecture is an effective tool in enhancing mechanical properties, and the eventual goal of nanolattice design may be to replicate the intricate hierarchies and functionalities observed in biological materials. Additive manufacturing and self-assembly techniques enable lattice design at the nanoscale; the scaling-up of nanolattice fabrication is currently the major challenge to their widespread use in technological applications.
References
- 1J. Bauer, A. Schroer, R. Schwaiger, O. Kraft, Nat. Mater. 2016, 15, 438.
- 2J. J. do Rosário, E. T. Lilleodden, M. Waleczek, R. Kubrin, A. Y. Petrov, P. N. Dyachenko, J. E. C. Sabisch, K. Nielsch, N. Huber, M. Eich, G. A. Schneider, Adv. Eng. Mater. 2015, 17, 1420.
- 3J. J. do Rosário, J. B. Berger, E. T. Lilleodden, R. M. McMeeking, G. A. Schneider, Extreme Mech. Lett. 2016, 12, 86.
- 4A. J. Jacobsen, W. B. Carter, S. Nutt, Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 3892.
- 5X. Zheng, J. Deotte, M. P. Alonso, G. R. Farquar, T. H. Weisgraber, S. Gemberling, H. Lee, N. Fang, C. M. Spadaccini, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2012, 83, 125001.
- 6S. Maruo, O. Nakamura, S. Kawata, Opt. Lett. 1997, 22, 132.
- 7A. Selimis, V. Mironov, M. Farsari, Microelectron. Eng. 2014, 132, 83.
- 8X. Li, H. Gao, Nat. Mater. 2016, 15, 373.
- 9S. N. Khaderi, M. R. J. Scherer, C. E. Hall, U. Steiner, U. Ramamurty, N. A. Fleck, V. S. Deshpande, Extreme Mech. Lett. 2016, 10, 15.
- 10N. Kröger, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2007, 11, 662.
- 11J. Parkinson, R. Gordon, Trends Biotechnol. 1999, 17, 190.
- 12D. Losic, J. G. Mitchell, N. H. Voelcker, Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 2947.
- 13L. R. Meza, S. Das, J. R. Greer, Science 2014, 345, 1322.
- 14J. Bauer, S. Hengsbach, I. Tesari, R. Schwaiger, O. Kraft, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, 111, 2453.
- 15T. A. Schaedler, A. J. Jacobsen, A. Torrents, A. E. Sorensen, J. Lian, J. R. Greer, L. Valdevit, W. B. Carter, Science 2011, 334, 962.
- 16L. Valdevit, S. W. Godfrey, T. a. Schaedler, A. J. Jacobsen, W. B. Carter, J. Mater. Res. 2013, 28, 2461.
- 17A. Torrents, T. A. Schaedler, A. J. Jacobsen, W. B. Carter, L. Valdevit, Acta Mater. 2012, 60, 3511.
- 18K. J. Maloney, C. S. Roper, A. J. Jacobsen, W. B. Carter, L. Valdevit, T. A. Schaedler, APL Mater. 2013, 1, 022106.
- 19X. Zheng, H. Lee, T. H. Weisgraber, M. Shusteff, J. DeOtte, E. B. Duoss, J. D. Kuntz, M. M. Biener, Q. Ge, J. A. Jackson, S. O. Kucheyev, N. X. Fang, C. M. Spadaccini, Science 2014, 344, 1373.
- 20T. Bückmann, N. Stenger, M. Kadic, J. Kaschke, A. Frölich, T. Kennerknecht, C. Eberl, M. Thiel, M. Wegener, Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 2710.
- 21M. Kadic, T. Bückmann, N. Stenger, M. Thiel, M. Wegener, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012, 100, 191901; Erratum: M. Kadic, T. Bückmann, N. Stenger, M. Thiel, M. Wegener, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2012, 101, 049902.
- 22T. Ergin, N. Stenger, P. Brenner, J. B. Pendry, M. Wegener, Science 2010, 328, 337.
- 23J. Fischer, T. Ergin, M. Wegener, Opt. Lett. 2011, 36, 2059.
- 24J. K. Gansel, M. Thiel, M. S. Rill, M. Decker, K. Bade, V. Saile, G. Von Freymann, S. Linden, M. Wegener, Science 2009, 325, 1513.
- 25A. G. Bell, Natl. Geogr. Mag. 1903, 14, 219.
- 26J. Baldwin, BuckyWorks: Buckminster Fullers Ideas for Today, Wiley, New York, USA, 1996.
- 27E. Arzt, Acta Mater. 1998, 46, 5611.
- 28G. AA, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, A 1921, 221, 163.
10.1098/rsta.1921.0006 Google Scholar
- 29H. Gao, B. Ji, I. L. Jaeger, E. Arzt, P. Fratzl, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100, 5597.
- 30O. Kraft, P. A. Gruber, R. Mönig, D. Weygand, Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 2010, 40, 293.
- 31J. R. Greer, J. T. M. De Hosson, Prog. Mater. Sci. 2011, 56, 654.
- 32L. H. Liang, B. Li, Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2006, 73, 153303.
- 33A. a. Balandin, S. Ghosh, W. Bao, I. Calizo, D. Teweldebrhan, F. Miao, C. N. Lau, Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 902.
- 34D. Josell, S. H. Brongersma, Z. Tőkei, Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 2009, 39, 231.
- 35M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Chen, M. Y. Tang, R. Yang, H. Lee, D. Wang, Z. Ren, J. P. Fleurial, P. Gogna, Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 1043.
- 36N. Hansen, Scr. Mater. 2004, 51, 801.
- 37T. Zhu, J. Li, S. Ogata, S. Yip, MRS Bull. 2009, 34, 167.
- 38G. Stan, S. Krylyuk, A. V. Davydov, I. Levin, R. F. Cook, Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 2599.
- 39X. Han, K. Zheng, Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Z. L. Wang, Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 2112.
- 40D.-M. Tang, C.-L. Ren, M.-S. Wang, X. Wei, N. Kawamoto, C. Liu, Y. Bando, M. Mitome, N. Fukata, D. Golberg, Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 1898.
- 41D. Z. Chen, D. Jang, K. M. Guan, Q. An, W. A. Goddard, J. R. Greer, Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 4462.
- 42D. Jang, J. R. Greer, Nat. Mater. 2010, 9, 215.
- 43M. P. Manoharan, H. Lee, R. Rajagopalan, H. C. Foley, M. a. Haque, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2010, 5, 14.
- 44C. Lee, X. Wei, J. W. Kysar, J. Hone, Science 2008, 321, 385.
- 45B. I. Yakobson, P. Avouris, in Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Structure, Propderties, and Applications, (Eds.: M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, P. Avouris), Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2001.
- 46K. Kawamura, G. Jenkins, J. Mater. Sci. 1970, 5, 262.
- 47A. Mathur, J. Erlebacher, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 2005.
- 48C. Ensslen, C. Brandl, G. Richter, R. Schwaiger, O. Kraft, Acta Mater. 2016, 108, 317.
- 49N. A. Fleck, V. S. Deshpande, M. F. Ashby, Proc. R. Soc. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 2010, 466, 2495.
- 50V. S. Deshpande, M. F. Ashby, N. A. Fleck, Acta Mater. 2001, 49, 1035.
- 51L. J. Gibson, M. F. Ashby, Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2001.
- 52V. S. Deshpande, N. A. Fleck, M. F. Ashby, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2001, 49, 1747.
- 53L. Dong, V. S. Deshpande, H. N. G. Wadley, Int. J. Solids Struct. 2015, 60, 107.
- 54T. George, V. S. Deshpande, H. N. G. Wadley, Composites, Part A 2013, 47, 31.
- 55L. Salari-Sharif, T. A. Schaedler, L. Valdevit, J. Mater. Res. 2014, 29, 1755.
- 56C. A. Steeves, S. L. dos Santos e Lucato, M. He, E. Antinucci, J. W. Hutchinson, A. G. Evans, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2007, 55, 1803.
- 57J. T. B. Overvelde, T. A. de Jong, Y. Shevchenko, S. A. Becerra, G. M. Whitesides, J. C. Weaver, C. Hoberman, K. Bertoldi, Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 10929.
- 58X. Hou, V. V. Silberschmidt, in Mechanics of Advanced Materials: Analysis of Properties and Performance, (Eds.: V. V. Silberschmidt, V. P. Matveenko), Springer, Cham, Switzerland 2015, p. 155.
- 59R. Schittny, T. Bückmann, M. Kadic, M. Wegener, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2013, 103, 231905.
- 60J. Christensen, M. Kadic, M. Wegener, O. Kraft, MRS Commun. 2015.
- 61A. A. Zadpoor, Mater. Horiz. 2016, 3, 371.
- 62M. Maldovan, E. L. Thomas, Periodic Materials and Interference Lithography: For Photonics, Phononics and Mechanics, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2009.
10.1002/9783527625390 Google Scholar
- 63C. M. Soukoulis, M. Wegener, Nat. Photonics 2011, 5, 523.
- 64G. von Freymann, A. Ledermann, M. Thiel, I. Staude, S. Essig, K. Busch, M. Wegener, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 1038.
- 65M. Maldovan, Nature 2013, 503, 209.
- 66M. I. Hussein, M. J. Leamy, M. Ruzzene, Appl. Mech. Rev. 2014, 66, 40802.
- 67T. Bückmann, R. Schittny, M. Thiel, M. Kadic, G. W. Milton, M. Wegener, New J. Phys. 2014, 16, 33032.
- 68P. Fratzl, R. Weinkamer, Prog. Mater. Sci. 2007, 52, 1263.
- 69M. A. Meyers, P. Chen, A. Y. Lin, Y. Seki, Prog. Mater. Sci. 2008, 53, 1.
- 70F. E. Round, R. M. Crawford, D. G. Mann, Diatoms: Biology and Morphology of the Genera, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1990.
- 71C. E. Hamm, R. Merkel, O. Springer, P. Jurkojc, C. Maier, K. Prechtel, V. Smetacek, Nature 2003, 421, 841.
- 72S. Weiner, H. D. Wagner, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 1998, 28, 271.
- 73J. Aizenberg, J. C. Weaver, M. S. Thanawala, V. C. Sundar, D. E. Morse, P. Fratzl, Science 2005, 309, 275.
- 74J. Wolff, The Law of Bone Remodeling, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1986.
10.1007/978-3-642-71031-5 Google Scholar
- 75J. Currey, Bones: Structure and Mechanics, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA, 2002.
10.1515/9781400849505 Google Scholar
- 76A. G. M. Michell, Philos. Mag. Ser. 6 1904, 8, 589.
10.1080/14786440409463229 Google Scholar
- 77C. Mattheck, Design in Nature: Learning from Trees, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1998.
10.1007/978-3-642-58747-4 Google Scholar
- 78E. D. Yilmaz, S. Bechtle, H. Özcoban, A. Schreyer, G. A. Schneider, Scr. Mater. 2013, 68, 404.
- 79M. A. Meyers, A. Y.-M. Lin, P.-Y. Chen, J. Muyco, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2008, 1, 76.
- 80A. Jantschke, C. Fischer, R. Hensel, H.-G. Braun, E. Brunner, Nanoscale 2014, 6, 11637.
- 81C. Mattheck, Die Körpersprache Der Bauteile: Enzyklopädie Der Formfindung Nach Der Natur, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany, 2017.
- 82L. R. Meza, A. J. Zelhofer, N. Clarke, A. J. Mateos, D. M. Kochmann, J. R. Greer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015, 112, 11502.
- 83X. Zheng, W. Smith, J. Jackson, B. Moran, H. Cui, D. Chen, J. Ye, N. Fang, N. Rodriguez, T. Weisgraber, C. M. Spadaccini, Nat. Mater. 2016, 15, 1100.
- 84Z. C. Eckel, C. Zhou, J. H. Martin, A. J. Jacobsen, W. B. Carter, T. A. Schaedler, Science 2016, 351, 58.
- 85A. J. Jacobsen, S. Mahoney, W. B. Carter, S. Nutt, Carbon NY 2011, 49, 1025.
- 86S. J. Shin, S. O. Kucheyev, M. a. Worsley, A. V. Hamza, Carbon NY 2012, 50, 5340.
- 87J. Bauer, A. Schroer, R. Schwaiger, O. Kraft, Adv. Eng. Mater. 2016, 18, 1537.
- 88M. Mieszala, M. Hasegawa, G. Guillonneau, J. Bauer, R. Raghavan, C. Frantz, O. Kraft, S. Mischler, J. Michler, L. Philippe, Small 2017, 13, 1602514.
- 89X. W. Gu, J. R. Greer, Extreme Mech. Lett. 2015, 2, 7.
- 90L. C. Montemayor, J. R. Greer, J. Appl. Mech. 2015, 82, 071012.
- 91I. C. Cheng, A. M. Hodge, Scr. Mater. 2013, 69, 295.
- 92J. R. Hayes, A. M. Hodge, J. Biener, A. V Hamza, K. Sieradzki, J. Mater. Res. 2006, 21, 2611.
- 93C. A. Volkert, E. T. Lilleodden, D. Kramer, J. Weissmüller, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 87.
- 94A. M. Hodge, J. Biener, J. R. Hayes, P. M. Bythrow, C. A. Volkert, A. V. Hamza, Acta Mater. 2007, 55, 1343.
- 95J. Biener, A. M. Hodge, A. V. Hamza, L. M. Hsiung, J. H. Satcher, J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 97, 024301.
- 96S. O. Kucheyev, M. Stadermann, S. J. Shin, J. H. Satcher, S. A. Gammon, S. A. Letts, T. Van Buuren, A. V. Hamza, Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 776.
- 97S. A. Steiner, T. F. Baumann, J. Kong, J. H. Satcher, M. S. Dresselhaus, Langmuir 2007, 23, 5161.
- 98E. Krämer, S. Förster, C. Göltner, M. Antonietti, Langmuir 1998, 14, 2027.
- 99F. C. Cowlard, J. C. Lewis, J. Mater. Sci. 1967, 2, 507.
- 100M. Berdova, T. Ylitalo, I. Kassamakov, J. Heino, P. T. Törmä, L. Kilpi, H. Ronkainen, J. Koskinen, E. Hæggström, S. Franssila, Acta Mater. 2014, 66, 370.
- 101J. Lian, D. Jang, L. Valdevit, T. A. Schaedler, A. J. Jacobsen, W. B. Carter, J. R. Greer, Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 4118.
- 102M. A. Meyers, K. K. Chawla, Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2009.
- 103A. Asadpoure, L. Valdevit, Int. J. Solids Struct. 2015, 60–61, 1.
- 104V. S. Deshpande, N. a. Fleck, Int. J. Solids Struct. 2001, 38, 6275.
- 105J. Zhang, M. F. Ashby, Int. J. Mech. Sci. 1992, 34, 475.
- 106P. M. Suquet, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 1993, 41, 981.
- 107J. B. Berger, H. N. G. Wadley, R. M. McMeeking, Nature 2017, 543, 533.
- 108J. Bauer, A. Schroer, R. Schwaiger, I. Tesari, L. Valdevit, O. Kraft, Extreme Mech. Lett. 2015, 3, 105; Corrigendum: J. Bauer, A. Schroer, R. Schwaiger, I. Tesari, L. Valdevit, O. Kraft, Extreme Mech. Lett. 2015, 4, 199.
- 109S. C. Han, J. W. Lee, K. Kang, Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 5506.
- 110M. G. Lee, J. W. Lee, S. C. Han, K. Kang, Acta Mater. 2016, 103, 595.
- 111Hall, Proc. Phys. Soc. B 1951, 64, 747.
- 112N. J. Petch, J. Iron Steel Inst. 1953, 174, 25.
- 113X. W. Gu, Z. Wu, Y.-W. Zhang, D. J. Srolovitz, J. R. Greer, Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 5703.
- 114X. W. Gu, C. N. Loynachan, Z. Wu, Y. Zhang, D. J. Srolovitz, J. R. Greer, Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 6385.
- 115J. X. Zhao, R. C. Bradt, P. L. J. Walker, Carbon NY 1985, 23, 15.
- 116A. Liu, in ASM Handbook Vol. 19, Fatigue and Fracture, (Eds.: N. D. DiMatteo), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA, 1996.
- 117M. D. Groner, F. H. Fabreguette, J. W. Elam, S. M. George, Chem. Mater. 2004, 16, 639.
- 118D. W. Richerson, Modern Ceramic Engineering: Properties, Processing, and Use in Design, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, USA 2006.
- 119R. Dou, B. Derby, Scr. Mater. 2009, 61, 524.
- 120H. S. Ma, J. H. Prévost, R. Jullien, G. W. Scherer, J. Non. Cryst. Solids 2001, 285, 216.
- 121H. G. Allen, P. S. Bulson, Background To Buckling, McGraw-Hill Book Company, London, UK, 1980.
- 122A. J. Jacobsen, W. B. Carter, S. Nutt, Acta Mater. 2007, 55, 6724.
- 123R. M. Jones, Buckling of Bars, Plates, and Shells, Bull Ridge Corporation, Blacksburg, VA, USA, 2006.
- 124B. Haghpanah, L. Salari-Sharif, P. Pourrajab, J. Hopkins, L. Valdevit, Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 8065.
10.1002/adma.201670255 Google Scholar
- 125D. Restrepo, N. D. Mankame, P. D. Zavattieri, Extreme Mech. Lett. 2015, 4, 52.
- 126S. Shan, S. H. Kang, J. R. Raney, P. Wang, L. Fang, F. Candido, J. A. Lewis, K. Bertoldi, Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 4296.
- 127T. Frenzel, C. Findeisen, M. Kadic, P. Gumbsch, M. Wegener, Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 5865.
- 128M. F. Ashby, Materials Selection in Mechanical Design Third Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 2005.
- 129J. H. Lee, L. Wang, S. Kooi, M. C. Boyce, E. L. Thomas, Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 2592.
- 130J. H. Lee, L. F. Wang, M. C. Boyce, E. L. Thomas, Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 4392.
- 131J. H. Lee, J. P. Singer, E. L. Thomas, Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 4782.
- 132L. Wang, M. C. Boyce, C. Y. Wen, E. L. Thomas, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19, 1343.
- 133N. A. Fleck, X. Qiu, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2007, 55, 562.
- 134H. C. Tankasala, V. S. Deshpande, N. A. Fleck, J. Appl. Mech. 2015, 82, 91004.
- 135M. R. O'Masta, L. Dong, L. St-Pierre, H. N. G. Wadley, V. S. Deshpande, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2017, 98, 271.
- 136L. C. Montemayor, W. H. Wong, Y.-W. Zhang, J. R. Greer, Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 20570.
- 137D. Jang, R. Maaß, G. Wang, P. K. Liaw, J. R. Greer, Scr. Mater. 2013, 68, 773.
- 138G. N. Greaves, A. L. Greer, R. S. Lakes, T. Rouxel, Nat Mater 2011, 10, 823.
- 139K. K. Saxena, R. Das, E. P. Calius, Adv. Eng. Mater. 2016, 18, 1847.
- 140J. C. Álvarez Elipe, A. Díaz Lantada, Smart Mater. Struct. 2012, 21, 105004.
- 141S. Hengsbach, A. Díaz Lantada, Smart Mater. Struct. 2014, 23, 87001.
- 142G. W. Milton, A. V. Cherkaev, J. Eng. Mater. Technol. 1995, 117, 483.
- 143M. Kadic, T. Bückmann, R. Schittny, P. Gumbsch, M. Wegener, Phys. Rev. Appl. 2014, 2, 054007.
- 144M. Kadic, T. Bückmann, R. Schittny, M. Wegener, New J. Phys. 2013, 15, 023029.
- 145T. Bückmann, M. Thiel, M. Kadic, R. Schittny, M. Wegener, Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4130.
- 146D. Y. Kang, W. Lee, D. Kim, J. H. Moon, Langmuir 2016, 32, 8436.
- 147J. Kaschke, M. Wegener, Opt. Lett. 2015, 40, 3986.
- 148M. Elmeranta, G. Vicidomini, M. Duocastella, A. Diaspro, G. De Miguel, Opt. Mater. Express 2016, 3, 444.
- 149J. Fischer, M. Wegener, Opt. Mater. Express 2011, 1, 614.
- 150Z. Liu, X. Zhang, Y. Mao, Y. Y. Zhu, Z. Yang, C. T. Chan, P. Sheng, Science 2000, 289, 1734.
- 151S. Krödel, C. Daraio, Phys. Rev. Appl. 2016, 6, 64005.
- 152M. F. Ashby, A. Evans, N. a. Fleck, L. J. Gibson, J. W. Hutchinson, H. N. G. Wadley, Metal Foams: A Design Guide, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 2000.
- 153L. Valdevit, A. J. Jacobsen, J. R. Greer, W. B. Carter, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2011, 94, s15.
- 154C. A. Steeves, M. Y. He, S. D. Kasen, L. Valdevit, H. N. G. Wadley, A. G. Evans, J. Appl. Mech. 2009, 76, 31014.
- 155L. Valdevit, A. Pantano, H. A. Stone, A. G. Evans, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 2006, 49, 3819.
- 156N. G. Dou, A. J. Minnich, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2016, 108, 011902.
- 157R. Lakes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 221905.
- 158O. Sigmund, S. Torquato, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 1997, 45, 1037.
- 159J. B. Hopkins, K. J. Lange, C. M. Spadaccini, J. Mech. Des. 2013, 135, 61004.
- 160J. B. Hopkins, R. M. Panas, Y. Song, C. D. White, J. Microelectronical Syst. 2016, 26, 196.
- 161Q. Wang, J. A. Jackson, Q. Ge, J. B. Hopkins, C. M. Spadaccini, N. X. Fang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2016, 117, 175901.
- 162M. C. Orilall, U. Wiesner, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 40, 520.
- 163D. B. Burckel, C. M. Washburn, A. K. Raub, S. R. J. Brueck, D. R. Wheeler, S. M. Brozik, R. Polsky, Small 2009, 5, 2792.
- 164X. Xia, C. V. Di Leo, X. W. Gu, J. R. Greer, ACS Energy Lett. 2016, 1, 492.
- 165W. Wang, M. Ozkan, C. S. Ozkan, J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 3356.
- 166P. Danilevicius, J. Biomed. Opt. 2012, 17, 81405.
- 167F. Klein, B. Richter, T. Striebel, C. M. Franz, G. Von Freymann, M. Wegener, M. Bastmeyer, Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 1341.
- 168C. Peters, M. Hoop, S. Pané, B. J. Nelson, C. Hierold, Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 533.
- 169D. W. Yee, M. D. Schulz, R. H. Grubbs, J. R. Greer, Adv. Mater. 2017, 1605293.
- 170H. N. G. Wadley, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2005, 364, 31.
- 171I. Gibson, D. W. Rosen, B. Stucker, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, Springer US, New York, 2015.
10.1007/978-1-4939-2113-3 Google Scholar
- 172S. Yin, A. J. Jacobsen, L. Wu, S. R. Nutt, J. Mater. Sci. 2013, 48, 6558.
- 173A. J. Jacobsen, J. A. Kolodziejska, K. D. Fink, C. Zhou, C. S. Roper, W. B. Carter, in Twenty First Annu. Int. Solid Freeform Fabrication Symp. - An Additive Manufacturing Conf., University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA, 2010.
- 174Nanoscribe GmbH, Photonic Professional (GT) User Manual, Nanoscribe, GmbH, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, 2017.
- 175E. J. W. Crossland, M. Kamperman, M. Nedelcu, C. Ducati, U. Wiesner, D.-M. Smilgies, G. E. S. Toombes, M. A. Hillmyer, S. Ludwigs, U. Steiner, H. J. Snaith, Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 2807.
- 176G. S. Xu, G. Yang, J. Gong, Adv. Mater. Res. 2012, 424–425, 52.
- 177B. Golaz, V. Michaud, Y. Leterrier, J. A. E. Mnson, Polymer 2012, 53, 2038.
- 178C. E. Corcione, A. Greco, A. Maffezzoli, Polymer 2005, 46, 8018.
- 179R. Bail, J. Y. Hong, B. D. Chin, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2016, 38, 141.
- 180J. Choi, R. B. Wicker, S. Cho, C. Ha, S. Lee, Rapid Prototyp. J. 2009, 15, 59.
- 181R. Bail, A. Patel, H. Yang, C. M. Rogers, F. R. A. J. Rose, J. I. Segal, S. M. Ratchev, Procedia CIRP 2013, 5, 222.
- 182Y. De Hazan, J. Heinecke, A. Weber, T. Graule, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2009, 337, 66.
- 183J. W. Lee, I. H. Lee, D.-W. Cho, Microelectron. Eng. 2006, 83, 1253.
- 184A. Badev, Y. Abouliatim, T. Chartier, L. Lecamp, P. Lebaudy, C. Chaput, C. Delage, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 2011, 222, 117.
- 185S. Kirihara, in Engineered Ceramics: Current Status and Future Prospects, (Ed.: T. Ohji, M. Singh), Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2015, p. 330.
10.1002/9781119100430.ch17 Google Scholar
- 186S. Kirihara, Weld. World 2016, 60, 697.
- 187C. Kermer, M. Rasse, G. Lagogiannis, G. Undt, A. Wagner, W. Millesi, J. Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surg. 1998, 26, 360.
- 188B. Farkas, I. Romano, L. Ceseracciu, A. Diaspro, F. Brandi, S. Beke, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2015, 55, 14.
- 189A. Alibeigloo, Composites, Part B 2016, 98, 225.
- 190P. Mueller, M. Thiel, M. Wegener, Opt. Lett. 2014, 39, 6847.
- 191J. S. Oakdale, J. Ye, W. L. Smith, J. Biener, Opt. Express 2016, 24, 186.
- 192L. J. Jiang, Y. S. Zhou, W. Xiong, Y. Gao, X. Huang, L. Jiang, T. Baldacchini, J.-F. Silvain, Y. F. Lu, Opt. Lett. 2014, 39, 3034.
- 193L. Valdevit, J. Bauer, in Three-Dimensional Microfabrication Using Two-Photon Polymerization, (Ed.: T. Baldacchini), Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2015, p. 345.
- 194H. Namatsu, K. Yamazaki, K. Kurihara, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B: Microelectron. Nanom. Struct. 2000, 18, 780.
- 195G. M. Whitesides, B. Grzybowski, Science 2002, 295, 2418.
- 196W. Bai, C. A. Ross, MRS Bull. 2016, 41, 100.
- 197P. F. W. Simon, R. Ulrich, H. W. Spiess, U. Wiesner, Chem. Mater. 2001, 13, 3464.
- 198C. A. Ross, K. K. Berggren, J. Y. Cheng, Y. S. Jung, J. B. Chang, Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 4386.
- 199M. R. J. Scherer, L. Li, P. M. S. Cunha, O. A. Scherman, U. Steiner, Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 1217.
- 200V. Z. H. Chan, J. Hoffman, V. Y. Lee, H. Iatrou, A. Avgeropoulos, N. Hadjichristidis, R. D. Miller, E. L. Thomas, Science 1999, 286, 1716.
- 201J. H. Pikul, S. Ozerinc, R. Zhang, P. V. Braun, W. P. King, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Micro Electro Mechanical Systerms, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA 2016, 451.
- 202J. H. Pikul, Z. Dai, X. Yu, H. Zhang, T. Kim, P. V. Braun, W. P. King, J. Micromech. Microeng. 2014, 24, 105006.
- 203X. Chen, L. Wang, Y. Wen, Y. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Song, L. Jiang, D. Zhu, J. Mater. Chem. 2008, 18, 2262.
- 204A. H. Lu, F. Schüth, Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 1793.
- 205M. H. Kim, S. H. Im, O. O. Park, Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 2501.
- 206K. P. Velikov, C. G. Christova, R. P. A. Dullens, A. van Blaaderen, Science 2002, 296, 106.
- 207R. P. Wesolowski, A. P. Terzyk, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2016, 18, 17018.
- 208V. V. Mitrofanov, M. M. Slepchenkov, G. Zhang, O. E. Glukhova, Carbon NY 2017, 115, 803.
- 209Z. Qin, G. S. Jung, M. J. Kang, M. J. Buehler, Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, e1601536.
- 210V. Varshney, S. S. Patnaik, A. K. Roy, G. Froudakis, B. L. Farmer, ACS Nano 2010, 4, 1153.
- 211R. K. Paul, M. Ghazinejad, M. Penchev, J. Lin, M. Ozkan, C. S. Ozkan, Small 2010, 6, 2309.
- 212S. M. George, Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 111.
- 213A. M. Schwartzberg, D. Olynick, Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 5778.
- 214G. O. Mallory, J. B. Hajdu, Electroless Plating: Fundamentals and Applications, William Andrew Publishing, New York, USA, 1990.
- 215L. P. Bicelli, B. Bozzini, C. Mele, L. D'Urzo, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2008, 3, 356.
- 216O. Schueller, S. Brittain, Chem. Mater. 1997, 4756, 1399.
- 217Y. Lim, J. Heo, M. Madou, H. Shin, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2013, 8, 492.
- 218A. Mcaleavey, G. Coles, R. L. Edwards, W. N. Sharpe, MRS Proc. 1998, 546, 213.
- 219P. J. F. Harris, Philos. Mag. 2004, 84, 3159.
- 220B. Y. Ahn, S. B. Walker, S. C. Slimmer, A. Russo, A. Gupta, S. Kranz, E. B. Duoss, T. F. Malkowski, J. A. Lewis, J. Vis. Exp. 2011, 58, e3189.
- 221B. G. Compton, J. A. Lewis, Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 5930.
- 222J. T. Muth, P. G. Dixon, L. Woish, L. J. Gibson, J. A. Lewis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2017, 114, 1832.
- 223B. Senyuk, N. Behabtu, A. Martinez, T. Lee, D. E. Tsentalovich, G. Ceriotti, J. M. Tour, M. Pasquali, I. I. Smalyukh, Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7157.
- 224F. Kotz, K. Arnold, W. Bauer, D. Schild, N. Keller, K. Sachsenheimer, T. M. Nargang, C. Richter, D. Helmer, B. E. Rapp, Nature 2017, 544, 337.
- 225M. Sundaram, G. Ananthasuresh, Resonance 2009, 14, 849.
10.1007/s12045-009-0081-x Google Scholar
- 226A. Ajdari, B. Haghpanah Jahromi, J. Papadopoulos, H. Nayeb-Hashemi, A. Vaziri, Int. J. Solids Struct. 2012, 49, 1413.
- 227B. Haghpanah, R. Oftadeh, J. Papadopoulos, A. Vaziri, Proc. R. Soc. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 2013, 469, 20130022.
- 228R. Lakes, Nature 1993, 361, 511.
- 229G. W. Kooistra, V. S. Deshpande, H. N. G. Wadley, J. Appl. Mech. 2007, 74, 259.
- 230D. Rayneau-Kirkhope, Y. Mao, R. Farr, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012, 204301.
- 231R. Oftadeh, B. Haghpanah, D. Vella, A. Boudaoud, A. Vaziri, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2014, 104301.