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First published November 1996

Conflict Resolution among Peaceful Societies: The Culture of Peacefulness

BRUCE D. BONTAView all authors and affiliations
Volume 33, Issue 4
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343396033004003

Abstract

The literature about 24 peaceful peoples was examined to determine if their ways of conflict resolution differ from the approaches to conflict found in other, more violent, societies. While the strategies for managing conflicts employed by these peoples are comparable to those used in many other small-scale societies, their worldviews of peacefulness and the structures they use to reinforce those world-views do distinguish them from other societies. Several common notions about conflict and conflict resolution that are asserted by Western scholars can be questioned in light of the success of these societies in peacefully resolving conflicts: namely, that violent conflict is inevitable in all societies; that punishment and armed force prevent internal and external violence; that political structures are necessary to prevent conflicts; and that conflict should be viewed as positive and necessary. The contrary evidence is that over half of the peaceful societies have no recorded violence; they rarely punish other adults (except for the threat of ostracism); they handle conflicts with outside societies in the same peaceful ways that they approach internal conflicts; they do not look to outside governments when they have internal disputes; and they have a highly negative view of conflict.

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1.
1. Variation of the standard text of Matthew 6.12, used in some Protestant churches such as the Episcopal, Methodist, Congregational, and others.
2.
2. I have served twice on criminal court juries, and I base this description of a Pennsylvania trial on those experiences.
3.
3. It would be ideal to include in the rest of this essay more descriptions of ethno-concepts such as the Semai becharaa'; the analysis to be presented would be considerably enriched by looking at peacefulness primarily through the languages of the peoples themselves. Unfortunately, that is not possible: there is not enough space to add the additional discussions, and many of the works about these societies are not enriched by that level of detail.
4.
4. This is not meant to demean the work of researchers within the Western tradition on war, conflict, and conflict resolution - much of it is immensely valuable. My point is to argue for a peaceful basis of understanding conflict.
5.
5. The definitions of `peacefulness' and `people' or `society' are taken from Bonta (1993) with some updating and modifications.
6.
6. The present tense is used throughout this article for peoples discussed in the anthropological literature, even though the information may or may not be current; the past tense is used for references that are from the historical literature.
7.
7. I would define `world-view' as a system of thoughts and emotions about individual, social, and spiritual life which includes the human actions guided by those thoughts and emotions, while `ideology' is a system of beliefs which may or may not influence individual acts.
8.
8. See Bonta (1993) for a listing of the literature.
9.
9. In some of these societies, on rare instances murderers or dangerously insane individuals have been killed by other members of their groups. The people evidently felt they had no other ways to handle these dangerous situations.

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Volume 33, Issue 4
Pages: 403 - 420
Article first published: November 1996
Issue published: November 1996

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BRUCE D. BONTA
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