Global mobility

El estudio de los flujos de salida de migrantes argentinos altamente calificados dentro del marco de las grandes empresas multinacionales, forma parte del estudio de las migraciones internacionales, invisible por su poca relevancia cuantitativa. Una primera aproximación se hace necesaria para saber quienes son estos migrantes y cuales son las características de estas migraciones corporativas, en un mundo donde estas élites carecen de fronteras.

International student mobility has mainly been theorised in terms of cultural capital accumulation and its prospective benefits on returning home following graduation. Yet, despite a growing body of work in this area, most research on post-study mobility fails to recognise that the social forces that generate international student mobility also contribute to lifetime mobility plans. Moreover, these forces produce at least four types of post-study destination, of which returning 'home' is only one option. Our findings challenge the idea that a circular trajectory is necessarily the 'desired' norm. In line with wider migration theory, we suggest that return may even be seen as failure. Instead we advance the idea that cultural and social capital acquired through international studies is cultivated for onward mobility and may be specifically channelled towards goals such as an international career. We contribute a geographically nuanced conceptual frame for understanding the relation between international student mobility and lifetime mobility aspirations. By building on studies that highlight the role of family and social networks in international student mobility, we illustrate how influential familial and social institutions – both in the place of origin and newly encountered abroad – underpin and complicate students' motivations, mobility aspirations and life planning pre-and post-study. We argue for a fluidity of life plans and conclude by discussing how geographies of origin matter within students' lifetime mobility plans.

In the Routledge Companion to Media & Class, edited by Erika Polson, Lynn Schofield Clark & Radhika Gajjala:

This chapter looks critically at the growing phenomenon of “digital nomads,” a new generation of workers who combine online labor and personal motility to maintain a lifestyle of permanent travel, working remotely in cultural and nature hotspots around the world. Although there have always been segments of the labor market whose work requires travel, seasonal migration, or expatriation, digital nomadism represents a novel mode of lifestyle-centric labor migration enabled by developments in technology, infrastructure, and employment models, but also, importantly, represents a new stage in the elevation of global mobility as a status asset. Through an examination of mediated discourses around the growing digital nomad movement, I show how the nomad identity is constructed and sold as an advanced mode of living through liberation from societal constraints. Although they make up a just a fraction of the millennial generation, the rarely-questioned status attached to their lifestyles in mainstream and social media indicates that a recognizable “mobile dream” is emerging based on travel and continuous movement, lack of place-based commitments, convergence of labor and leisure, and eschewing homeownership in favor of drop-in housing. In conclusion, I consider the notion of “location independence” that underlies the digital nomad movement, noting that this concept means taking for granted the privilege to imagine stepping into and experiencing other worlds—worlds that others have labored to produce and maintain.

Lucretius was the first philosopher of immanence. It is he and not Democritus or Epicurus who holds this title. If we want to understand the historical emergence of the concept of immanence, we should start by distinguishing its precursors in Greek atomism from its first complete incarnation in Lucretius. This way, we can see exactly what first defined and distinguished immanence from its past. Therefore in what follows I would like to make three, perhaps controversial, claims about the emergence of philosophical immanence. 1) Lucretius was not an atomist, 2) Greek atomism reintroduced transcendence, and 3) It is the primacy of motion in Lucretius that defines his philosophical immanence. Lucretius was not an atomist This thesis is as counterintuitive as it is straightforward. The first major difference between Lucretius and the earlier Greek atomists is precisely that—the atom. For Leucippus, Democritus, and Epicurus atoms are always in motion, but the atom itself remained fundamentally unchanged, indivisible, and thus internally static—even as it moved. Thus instead of positing discrete atoms as ontologically primary as both ancient Greek and later modern theories do, one of Lucretius's greatest novelties was to posit the movement or flow of matter as primary. Lucretius did not simply " translate Epicurus, " as the Greco-centric story goes; rather, he introduced the first immanent kinetic materialism in the West. For example, although the Latin word atomus (smallest particle) was available to Lucretius to use in his poem, he intentionally did not use it, nor did he use the Latin word particula or particle to describe matter. The English translations of " atom, " " particle, " and others have all been added to the text in translation based on a certain historical interpretation of it. The idea that Lucretius subscribed to a world of discrete particles called atoms is therefore both a projection of Epicureanism, who used the Greek word atomos, and a retroaction of modern scientific mechanism of the fifteenth century onto De Rerum Natura. Lucretius rejected entirely the notion that things emerged from discrete particles. To believe otherwise is to distort the original meanings of the Latin text as well as the absolutely enormous poetic apparatus he summoned to describe the flowing, swirling, folding, and weaving of the flux of matter. Although Lucretius rejected the term atomus, he remained absolutely true to one aspect of the original Greek meaning of the word, τομος (átomos, " indivisible "), from-(a-, " not ") + τέμνω (témnō, " I cut "). Being is not cut up into discrete particles, but is composed of continuous flows, folds, and weaves. Discrete " things " (rerum) are composed of corporeal flows (corpora) that move together (conflux) and fold over themselves (nexus) in a woven knot work (contextum). For Lucretius, things only emerge and have their being within and immanent to the flow and flux of matter in motion. Discreteness is an apparent product of continuous folded matter, uncut, undivided, and in motion and not the other way around.

Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate foreign executives appointed into cultural contexts distant from their country of origin and headquarters of organisations to which host-country nationals (HCNs) they supervise and HCN superiors they report to attribute a “local” national identity.
Significant differences of these foreign executives in local organisations (FELOs) from other forms of expatriation, including assigned and self-initiated expatriates, are identified and discussed.
Design/methodology/approach – The research utilises a qualitative exploratory approach based on triangulated multiple data sources. Data are sourced from in-depth semi-structured interviews with foreign executives (n¼46) from 13 countries and their host-country peers (n¼25) in organisations founded and headquartered in Malaysia. Dyadic data from the two sample groups are used to triangulate findings, while non-dyadic and socio-biographical data add further insight.
Findings – The data analysis identifies issues surrounding allegiance, trust, and control, assumptions about income levels, and exposure to heightened local scrutiny as components of the distinct nature of the FELO experience.
Research limitations/implications – Implications for future research on new types of international cross-cultural workplaces are discussed. While construct definitions for self-initiated expatriation (SIE) in the wider mobility and migration literature are still in flux, international management research may be at
risk of neglecting local workplaces and perspectives.
Practical implications – The FELO phenomenon differs significantly from expatriate assignments between headquarters and foreign subsidiaries of multinational corporations, and can be viewed as a rare and specific form of SIE. Its occurrence indicates an increasingly global market for individuals with career capital and global mobility.
Originality/value – The findings elucidate the situation of FELOs and provide comparisons to other types of expatriates. The research contributes to extant literature on global mobility as it explores a specific cross-cultural phenomenon that has not been systematically investigated in the academic literature, but is described in the media and executive search firm publications as “fairly new, highly visible, and sometimes controversial” with demand for FELOs “likely to continue”.
Keywords Cultural distance, Expatriates, Global mobility, Career capital, Differences, Foreign executives, Local organizations, Self-initiated expatriation
Paper type Research paper

It is increasingly acknowledged that multilingualism in society and plurilingualism by individuals are not exceptional phenomena but common ones (Canagarajah, 2009 ; Piccardo, 2018), perhaps even the norm. Along with this awareness come questions about the reality and permeability of boundaries between languages and populations and the relation to social and physical mobility of individuals and populations. Under conditions of globalization with increased movement of people and peoples, there are issues about language spread, language attrition, and even language death, but also issues concerning the 'mixing' of language varieties. Such linguistic hybridity seems an increasingly common-or perhaps increasingly noticed phenomenon, which is the object of growing academic attention, and even concern. Change in languages, language varieties and practices are often attributed to mobility of populations, i.e. of speakers of languages, and the resulting increase in social and linguistic contact. The interrelation between movement of people and linguistic mixing involves interconnected change in geographic, social, and linguistic space. This chapter explores such interrelations and their implications for plurilingual education in multilingual societies. The chapter begins with a provisional definition of linguistic hybridity, mobility, and global mobility; then it proceeds to a historical overview of how these phenomena have been dealt with in linguistics, sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, geolinguistics, and educational linguistics. The overview discusses several schools or approaches that rarely or never use the terms 'linguistic hybridity' and '(global) mobility', but for whom linguistic change across time, space, and population is of great importance. The overview then proceeds to examine the little-noted significance of linguistic hybridity and mobility in the critical understanding of language, power, and status of prominent theorists, namely Gramsci, Bourdieu and Bakhtin. Based on this overview of the literature, a synthesizing descriptive framework is provided for the classification and analysis of hybridity of language across time, social and geographic space. This framework encompasses these phenomena in an attempt to resolve terminological and conceptual ambiguities and is then applied to current implicit and explicit contributions to the phenomena of linguistic hybridity and global mobility. The chapter then concludes with an examination of the implications of linguistic hybridity and global mobility for plurilingual education.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine and reflect on the mobility of ideas between multinational corporation (MNC) headquarters and subsidiaries. Does it always represent (positively perceived) knowledge transfer or can it sometimes constitute (negatively perceived) intra-corporate plagiarism? What are antecedents and consequences of negatively perceived mobility of ideas?

Design/methodology/approach - The authors conceptualise inter-unit knowledge transfer in MNCs without recognition of originators as an act of intra-corporate plagiarism. The conceptualisation is informed by theoretical perspectives in the literature and indicative data emerging unexpectedly from a study designed to examine knowledge transfer in MNCs. These illustrate the concept, point to factors affecting the propensity to plagiarise, and provide preliminary insight on both negative and positive consequences. Aiming to build theory, the authors offer propositions for further research.

Findings - The conceptualisation suggests that adopting units lose access to the original sources of ideas as plagiarism victims may establish defensive strategies. Originators of ideas may experience loss of trust, be unsupportive of implementation and erect barriers to future mobility. There is risk of reputation loss and rejection of ideas and practices from other units. However, the conceptualisation also suggests that, ironically and counterintuitively, plagiarism may increase the mobility of ideas within MNCs.

Research limitations/implications - The authors do not test hypotheses and make no claims from the data about statistical validity or prevalence of the phenomenon. As the emergent data are not longitudinal, and specific to human resource management practices, the authors cannot empirically establish all antecedents and consequences of intra-corporate plagiarism. Hence, the theorisations primarily rely on perspectives in the literature. The study merely offers the theoretical conceptualisation of the phenomenon and propositions for future research.

Practical implications - Drawing on theoretical perspectives in the literature at the country level (ethnocentrism, dominance effects, legitimacy, capability) and organisation level (not-invented-here syndrome, micro-politics), the study indicates consequences that MNCs may wish to consider in their knowledge management.

Originality/value - The first contribution is the conceptualisation of inter-unit knowledge transfer in MNCs without recognition of originators as an act of intra-corporate plagiarism. Second, the authors point out that knowledge transfer directionality reported in other research may be based on intentional or unintentional misrepresentation. Third, the authors theorise intra-corporate plagiarism as potentially useful in mitigating ethnocentrism, country-of-origin dominance effects and perceptions about legitimacy and capability.

This thesis explores how the European Schengen visa system comes to be constituted through everyday encounters between visa authorities and subjects. With a focus on Jordan it examines imageries of the Schengen visa system among Jordanian visa applicants and the thesis thus interrogates this visa system as it is experienced, understood, and interpreted by applicants holding a Jordanian passport. As part of the conceptual framework for this investigation, the thesis argues that the Schengen visa system is best understood as a form of state and that Jordanian visa applicants in relation to the process of applying for a visa are best understood as subjects relating to this state. The thesis argues that “the Schengen state” is constituted as opaque, devious and corrupt in the perspectives of Jordanian visa applicants and that they as subjects of this state find themselves reduced to securitized and dangerous agents just as their interactions with this state threatens to corrupt them and their moral standards.

The present article suggests that a desirable model of creative writing in the era of digital communications and new media, growing transnational flows, neonomadic life patterns (both online and offline), and global mobility is transcultural auto/biography. By this term I identify a form of creative nonfiction particularly suited to recording and exploring the renegotiation of individual cultural identities and the reshaping of ever more complex subjectivities and collective imaginaries in their efforts to adjust to a new age of digital communication flows, transnational processes, and cross-cultural encounters. " Every contemporary life is a neonomadic journey which can be narrated through a creative nonfiction. " (A. Dagnino) We may conceive of transcultural auto/biographies as innovative forms of life writing, self-reflection, critical practice, construction and reconstruction of the self through a semi-fictional lens. 1 It is in their intrinsic practice not only to mix genres (from memoir to travel reportage, from literary biography to immigrant writing and literary criticism), but also to blend facts and fiction, truth and art, novelistic storytelling and autobiographical account. This form of " minor literature " 2 offers an enlarged sense of possibility, especially at this moment in time, amidst resurgent or, in some cases, crumbling grand narratives of nationalism, ethnic pride, and cultural allegiance. 3 By " fusing " self-inscription and self-representation with collective inspiration and engagement, and by blurring the contours between real facts and imagined reality, between the affective domain and rational analysis, transcultural auto/biographies are also instrumental in defining and exemplifying a new cultural paradigm and period. 4 The role of " creative transpatriation " in the life of transcultural writers In the present article I refer more specifically to Brian Castro's collection of essays (mostly referencing the personal), Looking for Estrellita, and to the transnational

One of the possible solutions to partially address the negative aspects of economic globalisation and the disruptive effects of mass-migrations (including ghettoisation, diminished home affordability, urban anomie) on both diasporic communities and receiving societies is to envisage new housing complexes meant as poly- functional hubs of mutual hospitality. This article puts forward the suggestion to rediscover — in its rather idealised form — the socio-cultural concept, symbolic role, and translational practices of the caravanserai, the place which, in late antiquity, lodged nomads and allowed people on the move to meet and interact with members of sedentary communities. Contemporary architects and designers have already started re-envisioning the role of the caravanserai as a transcultural ‘third space’ that courageously cuts across ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and religious borders. The 21st century development of the urban caravanserai may also be understood as a model for highly inclusive low-rise, high density urban housing complexes. This model — the transcultural Commons — contemplates a mix of residential units, commercial, and trades activities, craftsman workshops, arts studios, educational enterprises, and public spaces for active fruition. By blurring the boundaries between residential, commercial, social, and creative spaces, it reinstates the productive use of property and the residents’ engagement with the Commons.1

Desde finales del siglo XX hasta la llegada de la crisis económica del 2008, España llegó a ser el país de la Unión Europea que mayor cantidad de migrantes recibía. Pero con el deterioro cada vez más progresivo de la economía, producto de la recesión, se habrían acelerado los procesos de retorno de muchos latinoamericanos, entre ellos los argentinos. Con el propósito de contribuir a la discusión acerca de experiencias empíricas concretas sobre la noción de regímenes de movilidad global, se analizan los modos en que se estructuran las trayectorias de movilidad de los migrantes que retornaron de España después de la crisis del 2008. El primer corte de resultados de una muestra cualitativa de 33 retornados y retornadas distingue dos perfiles en términos de trayectorias: uno que presenta un patrón circular entre España y Argentina, gracias principalmente al hecho de contar con la nacionalidad europea (ius sanguinis) y un segundo perfil que describe trayectorias más “sedentarias” o de tipo unidireccional a la hora de emigrar y a la hora de regresar. Las conclusiones indican la influencia del tipo de pasaporte, sea este argentino o europeo, sobre la estructuración de las trayectorias. De esta forma, el perfil circular al contar con pasaporte europeo tiende hacia trayectorias más móviles, mientras que el perfil unidireccional tiende a una marcada disposición a la inmovilidad en el transcurso de la inmigración, debido principalmente a que los migrantes tardaron en conseguir una “estabilidad legal” (residencias permanentes, residencias comunitarias y nacionalidad española).

Palabras claves: migración de retorno, migración circular, regímenes de movilidad, España, Argentina.

Transnational social workers' (TSWs) mobility is evident across the globe; however, social work training, qualifications and activities vary widely even within areas of free labour mobility such as the European Economic Area (EEA). The UK continues relying on internationally qualified social workers to fill in shortages. A number of structural challenges exist in relation to the ability of social workers to cross borders; these are presented at different levels of hierarchies, including political, practice, regulatory structures and individual levels. This article seeks to conceptualise different elements of such hierarchies, drawing on two empirical research projects. The first relates to a pan-European data-gathering exercise in relation to regulation and qualification structure of social work in twenty-seven EEA countries and the second reflects the experience and perceptions of sixty-six non-UK-qualified social workers practising in the UK. The analysis suggests that a set of factors operating on the macro, meso and micro levels of hierarchies affects EEA and non-EEA TSWs differently. TSWs' experience is further influenced by the ability to transfer training and skills into the UK cultural context, which in turn is affected by individuals' abilities and structural workplace support.

PurposeThis micro-level study unpacks the recruitment and retention of international professionals to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The study highlights the influence of the founders' international experience when applying organisational-level (meso) policies and practices. With their insider experience as skilled migrants, we share how the founders in each of the SMEs mobilised career capital into human resource management (HRM) strategies.Design/methodology/approachCombining literature on SMEs and skilled migrants' careers, we draw upon intelligent career theory to illuminate the recruitment and retention of self-initiated expatriates and skilled migrants in SMEs. With three SME case studies as samples–one micro, one small and one medium-sized organisation in Ireland–we consider the influence of the founders' international experience in the design and application of formal and informal HRM strategies (at the organisational level) that are operationalised t...

Transport is the lifeline of any economy. A developed transport system enables optimizing cost of transportation in a multimodal network utilizing strengths of all modes in an efficient way. The share of road transport in Gross Value Added was 3.06% out of the total transport sector contribution of 4.77% during the period 2017-18. The corresponding shares of Railways was 0.75%, Air transport was 0.15% and waterborne transport was 0.06%. The indicators of road transport infrastructure includes the network of total road length, surfaced roads, road density and road availability. As a result of the achievements gained over the years, India managed to maintained a number of efficiency parameters set up for the Global Sustainable Mobility. The country level rating further point towards the need for more activities towards mobility system efficiency.

PurposeThe purpose of this qualitative study is to explore the role of spirituality, understood as a personal relationship with God, in missionary intercultural experience.Design/methodology/approachWe conducted narrative interviews with eight Polish consecrated missionaries in Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru and Paraguay. We used thematic analysis to establish spirituality in missionary experience and narrative analysis to examine sensemaking processes.FindingsMissionary spirituality was defined by a personal relationship with God as a source of consolation, psychological comfort, strength to cope with distressing experiences, and Grace promoting self-improvement. It compensated for the lack of family and psychological support and enhanced psychological adjustment to the environment perceived as dangerous. Spirituality helped missionaries deal with cultural challenges, traumatic and life-threatening events. Traumatic experiences furthered their understanding of the mission and tr...

PurposeThe purpose of this qualitative study is to explore the role of spirituality, understood as a personal relationship with God, in missionary intercultural experience.Design/methodology/approachWe conducted narrative interviews with eight Polish consecrated missionaries in Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru and Paraguay. We used thematic analysis to establish spirituality in missionary experience and narrative analysis to examine sensemaking processes.FindingsMissionary spirituality was defined by a personal relationship with God as a source of consolation, psychological comfort, strength to cope with distressing experiences, and Grace promoting self-improvement. It compensated for the lack of family and psychological support and enhanced psychological adjustment to the environment perceived as dangerous. Spirituality helped missionaries deal with cultural challenges, traumatic and life-threatening events. Traumatic experiences furthered their understanding of the mission and tr...

Despite increasing international mobility of technology and capital, regional industrial clusters remain economically important. This phenomenon is difficult to explain by the macro economic factors which are so central in the discourse among Swedish economists  In this paper we argue, informed by American and Italian examples that spatial agglomerations which combine competition and collaboration have a particulalarly capability for sustainable development.