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First published December 1998

A Balance Theory of Wisdom

Robert J. Sternberg [email protected]View all authors and affiliations
Volume 2, Issue 4
https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.4.347

Abstract

The author presents a balance theory of wisdom. First, some alternative approaches to wisdom are reviewed, including philosophical, implicit theoretical, and explicit theoretical ones. Second, the concept of tacit knowledge and its role in wisdom are discussed. Third, a balance theory of wisdom is presented, according to which wisdom is defined as the application of tacit knowledge as mediated by values toward the achievement of a common good through a balance among multiple (a) intrapersonal, (b) interpersonal, and (c) extrapersonal interests in order to achieve a balance among (a) adaptation to existing environments, (b) shaping of existing environments, and (c) selection of new environments. This theory is compared to some other theories, and wisdom as a construct is compared to some other constructs. Measurement issues are also discussed. It is concluded that it might be worthwhile for American society to emphasize development of wisdom in schooling more than it has in the past.

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Volume 2, Issue 4
Pages: 347 - 365
Article first published: December 1998
Issue published: December 1998

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© 1998 American Psychological Association.
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Robert J. Sternberg
Yale University
[email protected]
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Notes

Preparation of this article was supported by a government grant under the Javits Act Program (Grant No. R206R50001) as administered by the Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U. S. Department of Education. Grantees undertaking such projects are encouraged to express freely their professional judgment. This article, therefore, does not necessarily represent the positions or the policies of the U.S. government, and no official endorsement should be inferred.
I thank Elena Grigorenko and Paul Baltes for comments on an earlier version of this article.
Department of Psychology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208205, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8205 [email protected]

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