Abstract
Wildlife plays an important and complex role in the emergence of new diseases and the maintenance of endemic infectious diseases. The majority of the recent emerging diseases were caused by zoonotic viruses of wildlife origin and had significant impacts on public health and economies. Wildlife can act as a reservoir or maintenance or spill-over or amplifier hosts or simply a liaison host of diseases transmissible to human beings and farmed livestock. Anthropogenic factors like agricultural expansion, habitat destruction, urbanisation, trade of exotic or domestic animals and global travel comprise major drivers of the emergence of zoonotic disease. The viral families Arenaviridae, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Filoviridae, Hepeviridae, Hantaviridae, Herpesviridae, Nairoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Peribunyaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Phenuiviridae, Poxviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Togaviridae enclose viruses which represent most of the viral zoonoses of wildlife origin. The basic factors influencing the disease emergence from wildlife species are also the major drivers of biodiversity loss. Therefore, emerging zoonotic viruses are not only potential threats to human beings but can also be harmful to wildlife species. Thus, there is a convincing and effective chance for mutual gains for the conservation of wildlife and public health by collective and collaborative attempts.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adouchief S, Smura T, Sane J, Vapalahti O, Kurkela S (2016) Sindbis virus as a human pathogen-epidemiology, clinical picture and pathogenesis. Rev Med Virol 26(4):221–241
Allocati N, Petrucci AG, Di Giovanni P, Masulli M, Di Ilio C, De Laurenzi V (2016) Bat–man disease transmission: zoonotic pathogens from wildlife reservoirs to human populations. Cell Death Discov 2:16048
Arai S, Nguyen ST, Boldgiv B, Fukui D, Araki K, Dang CN, Ohdachi SD, Nguyen NX, Pham TD, Boldbaatar B, Satoh H, Yoshikawa Y, Morikawa S, Tanaka-Taya K, Yanagihara R, Oishi K (2013) Novel bat-borne hantavirus, Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis 19:1159–1161
Arechiga Ceballos N, Aguilar Setien A (2015) Alphaviral equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern, Western and Venezuelan). Rev Sci Tech 34:491–501
Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG (2013) Eastern equine encephalitis virus – old enemy, new threat. N Engl J Med 368(18):1670–1673. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1213696
Artois M, Blancou J, Dupeyroux O, Gilot-Fromont E (2011) Sustainable control of zoonotic pathogens in wildlife: how to be fair to wild animals? Rev Sci Tech 30(3):733–743
Artois M, Bengis R, Delahay R, Duchêne M, Duff P, Ferroglio E et al (2009) Wildlife disease surveillance and monitoring. In: Delahay R, Smith G, Hutchings M (eds) Management of disease in wild mammals. Springer, New York. 284p
Attoui H, Jaafar FM (2015) Zoonotic and emerging orbivirus infections. Rev Sci Tech 34:353–361
Barr JA, Smith C, Marsh GA, Field H, Wang L-F (2012) Evidence of bat origin for Menangle virus, a zoonotic paramyxovirus first isolated from diseased pigs. J Gen Virol 93:2590–2594
Beltrán-Beck B, Ballesteros C, Vicente J, De La Fuente J, Gortázar C (2012) Progress in oral vaccination against tuberculosis in its main wild life reservoir in Iberia, the Eurasian wild boar. Vet Med Int 2012:978501
Bente DA, Forrester NL, Watts DM, McAuley AJ, Whitehouse CA (2013) Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever: history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity. Antivir Res 100:159–189
Bewick S et al (2016) Epidemiology of La Crosse virus emergence, Appalachia Region, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 22:1921–1929
Bird BH, Ksiazek TG, Nichol ST, MacLachlan NJ (2009) Rift Valley fever virus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:883–893
Birge J, Sonnesyn S (2012) Powassan virus encephalitis, Minnesota, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 18(10):1669–1671. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1810.120621
Blackwood JC, Streicker DG, Altizer S, Rohani P (2013) Resolving the roles of immunity, pathogenesis, and immigration for rabies persistence in vampire bats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110(51):20837–20842
Bogovic P, Strle F (2015) Tick-borne encephalitis: a review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management. World J Clin Cases 3:430–441
Bowen MD, Peters CJ, Nichol ST (1997) Phylogenetic analysis of the Arenaviridae: patterns of virus evolution and evidence for cospeciation between arenaviruses and their rodent hosts. Mol Phylogenet Evol 8:301–316
Bres PL (1986) A century of progress in combating yellow fever. Bull World Health Organ 64(6):775–786
Briese T, Paweska JT, McMullan LK, Hutchison SK, Street C, Palacios G, Khristova ML, Weyer J, Swanepoel R, Egholm M, Nichol ST, Lipkin WI (2009) Genetic detection and characterization of Lujo virus, a new hemorrhagic fever-associated arenavirus from southern Africa. PLoS Pathog 5(5):e1000455
Brown C (2004) Emerging zoonoses and pathogens of public health significance – an overview. Rev Sci Tech 23:435–442
Burt FJ, Rolph MS, Rulli NE, Mahalingam S, Heise MT (2012) Chikungunya: a re-emerging virus. Lancet 379:662–671
Calisher CH, Childs JE, Field HE, Holmes KV, Schountz T (2006) Bats: important reservoir hosts of emerging viruses. Clin Microbiol Rev 19:531–545. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00017-06
Cardoso BF, Serra OP, Heinen LB, Zuchi N, de Souza VC, Naveca FG, dos Santos MAM, Slhessarenko RD (2015) Detection of Oropouche virus segment S in patients and in Culex quinquefasciatus in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 110:745–754
Chancey C, Grinev A, Volkova E, Rios M (2015) The global ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus. Biomed Res Int 2015:376230
Charrel RN, de Lamballerie X (2010) Zoonotic aspects of arenavirus infections. Vet Microbiol 140:213–220
Chen H, Deng G, Li Z, Tian G, Li Y, Jiao P, Zhang L, Liu Z, Webster RG, Yu K (2004) The evolution of H5N1 influenza viruses in ducks in southern China. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:10452–10457
Chomel BB, Belotto A, Meslin FX (2007) Wildlife, exotic pets, and emerging zoonoses. Emerg Infect Dis 13:6–11
Cohen JI, Davenport D, Stewart J, Deitchman S, Hilliard J, Chapman L et al (2002) Recommendations for prevention of and therapy for exposure to B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1). Clin Infect Dis 35:1191–1203. https://doi.org/10.1086/344754
Condori-Condori RE, Streicker DG, Cabezas-Sanchez C, Velasco-Villa A (2013) Enzootic and epizootic rabies associated with Vampire bats, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 19(9):1463–1469
Cross RW, Mire CE, Feldmann H et al (2018) Post-exposure treatments for Ebola and Marburg virus infections. Nat Rev Drug Discov 17(6):413–434
da Rosa JF, de Souza WM, de Paula Pinheiro F, Figueiredo ML, Cardoso JF, Acrani GO et al (2017) Oropouche virus: clinical, epidemiological, and molecular aspects of a neglected orthobunyavirus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 96:1019
Daszak P, Cunningham A, Hyatt A (2000) Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife-threats to biodiversity and human health. Science 287:443–448
Davis AD, Jarvis JA, Pouliott CE, Shannon MD, Rudd RJ (2013) Susceptibility and pathogenesis of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) to heterologous and homologous rabies viruses. J Virol 87(16):9008–9015
Delgado S, Erickson BR, Agudo R, Blair PJ, Vallejo E, Albariño CG, Vargas J, Comer JA, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Olson JG, Nichol ST (2008) Chapare virus, a newly discovered arenavirus isolated from a fatal hemorrhagic fever case in Bolivia. PLoS Pathog 4:e1000047
Delogu M, Cotti C, Vaccari G, Raffini E, Frasnelli M, Nicoloso S, Biacchessi V, Boni A, Foni E, Castrucci MR, De Marco MA (2019) Serologic and virologic evidence of influenza A viruses in wild boars (Sus scrofa) from two different locations in Italy. J Wildl Dis 55(1):158–163
de Wit E, van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster VJ (2016) SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 14:523–534
Dhar AD, Werchniak AE, Li Y et al (2004) Tanapox infection in a college student. N Engl J Med 350:361–366
Diagne MM, Faye M, Faye O, Sow A, Balique F, Sembène M et al (2017) Emergence of Wesselsbron virus among black rat and humans in eastern Senegal in 2013. One Health 3:23–28
Diaz A, Coffey LL, Burkett-Cadena N, Day JF (2018) Reemergence of St. Louis encephalitis virus in the Americas. Emerging Infect Dis 24(12). https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2412.180372
Dobler G (2010) Zoonotic tick-borne flaviviruses. Vet Microbiol 140:221–228
Doceul V, Bagdassarian E, Demange A, Pavio N (2016) Zoonotic hepatitis E virus: classification, animal reservoirs and transmission routes. Viruses 8(10):E270
Donnelly C, Ghani A, Leung G, Hedley A, Fraser C, Riley S, AbuRaddad L, Ho L, Thach T, Chau P (2003) Epidemiological determinants of spread of causal agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. Lancet 361:1761–1766
Ellison JA, Johnson SR, Kuzmina N, Gilbert A, Carson WC, Vercauteren KC, Rupprecht CE (2013) Multidisciplinary approach to epizootiology and pathogenesis of bat rabies viruses in the United States. Zoonoses Public Health 60(1):46–57
Emonet S, Retornaz K, Gonzalez JP, de Lamballerie X, Charrel RN (2007) Mouse-to-human transmission of variant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Emerg Infect Dis 13:472–475
Engeman R, Betsil C, Ray T (2011) Making contact: rooting out the potential for exposure of commercial production swine facilities to feral swine in North Carolina. EcoHealth 8(1):76–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-011-0688-8
Erlanger TE, Weiss S, Keiser J, Utzinger I, Wiedenmeyer K (2009) Past, present, and future of Japanese encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 15:1–7
Escobar LE, Peterson AT, Favi M, Yung V, Pons DJ, Medina-Vogel G (2013) Ecology and geography of transmission of two bat-borne rabies lineages in Chile. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7(12):e2577
Essbauer S, Pfeffer M, Meyer H (2010) Zoonotic poxviruses. Vet Microbiol 140:229–236
Field H (2016) Hendra virus ecology and transmission. Curr OpinVirol 16:120–125
Floridis J, McGuinness SL, Kurucz N, Burrow JN, Baird R, Francis JR (2018) Murray valley encephalitis virus: an ongoing cause of encephalitis in Australia’s North. Trop Med Infect Dis 3:49
Fooks AR (2007) Rabies – the need for a ‘one medicine’ approach. Vet Rec 161:289–290
Francis JR, Nourse C, Vaska VL, Calvert S, Northill JA, McCall B, Mattke AC (2014) Australian bat lyssavirus in a child: the first reported case. Pediatrics 133(4):e1063–e1067
Gardner CL, Ryman KD (2010) Yellow fever: a reemerging threat. Clin Lab Med 30:237–260
Gilbert M, Mitchell A, Bourn D, Mawdsley J, Cliton-Hadley R, Wint W (2005) Cattle movements and bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain. Nature 435(7041):491–496. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03548
Gill JS, Webby R, Gilchrist MJ, Gray GC (2006) Avian influenza among waterfowl hunters and wildlife professionals. Emerg Infect Dis 12(8):1284–1286
Gortazar C, Ferroglio E, Hofle U, Frolich K, Vicente J (2007) Diseases shared between wildlife and livestock: a European perspective. Eur J Wildl Res 53:241–256
Gortázar C, Diez-Delgado I, Barasona JA, Vicente J, De La Fuente J, Boadella M (2015) The wild side of disease control at the wildlife-livestock-human interface: a review. Front Vet Sci 1:27. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2014.00027
Greger M (2007) The human/animal interface: emergence and resurgence of zoonotic infectious diseases. Crit Rev Microbiol 33:243–299
Guo XX, Li CX, Wang G, Zheng Z, Dong YD, Zhang YM, Xing D, Zhao TY (2014) Host feeding patterns of mosquitoes in a rural malaria-endemic region in Hainan Island, China. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 30:309–311
Han BA, Schmidt JP, Bowden SE, Drake JM (2015) Rodent reservoirs of future zoonotic diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112(22):7039–7044
Harding S, Greig J, Mascarenhas M, Young I, Waddell LA (2018) La Crosse virus: a scoping review of the global evidence. Epidemiol Infect 147:1–13
Harley D, Sleigh A, Ritchie S (2001) Ross River virus transmission, infection, and disease: a cross-disciplinary review. Clin Microbiol Rev 14:909–932
Horman WSJ, Nguyen THO, Kedzierska K, Bean AGD, Layton DS (2018) The drivers of pathology in zoonotic avian influenza: the interplay between host and pathogen. Front Immunol 9:1812
Hubalek Z, Halouzka J (1996) Arthropod-borne viruses of vertebrates in Europe. Acta Sci Nat Acad Brno 30:1–95
Jacups SP, Whelan PI, Currie BJ (2008) Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus infections: a review of history, ecology, and predictive models, with implications for tropical northern. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 8:283
Jeffries CL, Walker T (2015) The potential use of Wolbachia-based mosquito biocontrol strategies for Japanese encephalitis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9:e0003576
Jiang H, Zheng X, Wang L, Du H, Wang P, Bai X (2017) Hantavirus infection: a global zoonotic challenge. Virol Sin 32:32–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-016-3899-x
Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman JL, Daszak P (2008) Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 451:990–993
Judge J, McDonald RA, Walker N, Delahay RJ (2011) Effectivenessofbiosecuritymeasuresinpreventingbadgervisitstofarmbuildings. PLoS One 6(12):e28941. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028941
Kilpatrick AK, Daszak P, Jones MJ, Marra PP, Kramer LD (2006) Host heterogeneity dominates West Nile virus transmission. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 273(1599):2327–2333
Krautkramer E, Zeier M, Plyusnin A (2013) Hantavirus infection: an emerging infectious disease causing acute renal failure. Kidney Int 83:23–27
Kuhl JT, Huerter CJ, Hashish H (2003) A case of human orf contracted from a deer. Cutis 71(4):288–290
Kulkarni DD, Tosh C, Venkatesh G, Senthil Kumar D (2013) Nipah virus infection: current scenario. Indian J Virol 24(3):398–408
Kuzmina NA, Kuzmin IV, Ellison JA, Taylor ST, Bergman DL, Dew B, Rupprecht CE (2013) A reassessment of the evolutionary timescale of bat rabies viruses based upon glycoprotein gene sequences. Virus Genes 47(2):305–310
Laine M, Luukkainen R, Toivanen A (2004) Sindbis viruses and other alphaviruses as cause of human arthritic disease. J Intern Med 256:457–471
Lee MH, Rostal MK, Hughes T, Sitam F, Lee CY et al (2015) Macacine herpesvirus 1 in long-tailed macaques, Malaysia, 2009–2011. Emerg Infect Dis 21:1107–1113
Leroy EM, Gonzalez JP, Baize S (2011) Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever viruses: major scientific advances, but a relatively minor public health threat for Africa. Clin Microbiol Infect 17:964–976
Linthicum KJ, Britch SC, Anyamba A (2016) Rift Valley fever: an emerging mosquito-borne disease. Annu Rev Entomol 61:395–415
Luis AD, Hayman DTS, O’Shea TJ, Cryan PM, Gilbert AT et al (2013) A comparison of bats and rodents as reservoirs of zoonotic viruses: are bats special? Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 280:20122753
MacNeil A, Rollin PE (2012) Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers: neglected tropical diseases? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(6):e1546
Maes P, Adkins S, Alkhovsky SV, Avšič-Županc T, Ballinger MJ, Bente DA et al (2019) Taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales: second update 2018. Arch Virol 164(3):927–941
Mansfield KL, Johnson N, Phipps LP, Stephenson JR, Fooks AR, Solomon T (2009) Tick-borne encephalitis virus-a review of an emerging zoonosis. J Gen Virol 90:1781–1794
Mansfield KL, Hernandez-Triana LM, Banyard AC, Fooks AR, Johnson N (2017) Japanese encephalitis virus infection, diagnosis and control in domestic animals. Vet Microbiol 201:85–92
Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Kijlstra A (2009) Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health. Crit Rev Microbiol 35:221–270
Mickleburgh S, Waylen K, Racey P (2009) Bats as bushmeat: a global review. Oryx 43:217–234. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605308000938
Miller RH, Masuoka P, Klein TA, Heung-Chul K, Todd S, John G (2012) Ecological niche modeling to estimate the distribution of Japanese encephalitis virus in Asia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6:e1678
Monath TP (2008) Treatment of yellow fever. Antivir Res 78(1):116–124
Mourao MP, Bastos MS, Figueiredo RM, Gimaque JB, Alves VC, Saraiva M, Figueiredo M, Ramasawmy R, Nogueira ML, Figueiredo LTM (2015) Arboviral diseases in the Western Brazilian Amazon: a perspective and analysis from a tertiary health & research center in Manaus, State of Amazonas. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 48:20–26
Mourya DT, Yadav PD (2016) Recent scenario of emergence of Kyasanur Forest disease in India and public health importance. Curr Trop Med Rep 3:7–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-016-0067-1
de Oliveira Mota MT, Ribeiro MR, Vedovello D, Nogueira ML (2015) Mayaro virus: a neglected arbovirus of the Americas. Fut Virol 10(9):1109–1122
Munshi-South J, Wilkinson GS (2010) Bats and birds: exceptional longevity despite high metabolic rates. Ageing Res Rev 9:12–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2009.07.006
Munster VJ, Adney DR, van Doremalen N, Brown VR, Miazgowicz KL, Milne-Price S et al (2016) Replication and shedding of MERS-CoV in Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis). Sci Rep 6:21878
Murray KA, Allen T, Loh E, Machalaba C, Daszak P (2016) Emerging viral zoonoses from wildlife associated with animal-based food systems: risks and opportunities. In: Jay-Russell M, Doyle PM (eds) Food safety risks from wildlife: challenges in agriculture, conservation, and public health. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 31–57
Ng LC, Hapuarachchi HC (2010) Tracing the path of Chikungunya virus-evolution and adaptation. Infect Genet Evol 10:876–885
Ortiz-Martínez Y, Vega-Useche L, Villamil-Gómez WE, Rodriguez-Morales AJ (2017 Mar 01) Saint Louis Encephalitis Virus, another re-emerging arbovirus: a literature review of worldwide research. Infez Med 25(1):77–79
Parashar UD, Sunn LM, Ong F, Mounts AW, Arif MT, Ksiazek TG, Kamaluddin MA, Mustafa AN, Kaur H, Ding LM, Othman G, Radzi HM, Kitsutani PT, Stockton PC, Arokiasamy J, Gary HE Jr, Anderson LJ (2000) Case–control study of risk factors for human infection with a new zoonotic paramyxovirus. J Infect Dis 181:1755–1759
Peterson E, Kantele A, Koopmans M, Asogun D, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Ihekweazu C, Zumla A (2019) Human Monkeypox epidemiologic and clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and prevention. Infect Dis Clin N Am 33:1027
Reed KD, Meece JK, Henkel JS, Shukla SK (2003) Birds, migration and emerging zoonoses: West Nile virus, Lyme disease, influenza A and enteropathogens. Clin Med Res 1(1):5–12
Romero JR, Simonsen KA (2008) Powassan encephalitis and Colorado tick fever. Infect Dis Clin N Am 22(3):545
Sakkas H, Bozidis P, Franks A, Papadopoulou C (2018) Oropouche fever: a review. Viruses 10:E175. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10040175
Salvato MS, Clegg JCS, Buchmeier MJ, Charrel RN, Gonzalez JP, Lukashevich IS, Peters CJ, Rico-Hesse R, Romanowski V (2005) Family Arenaviridae. In: Van Regenmortel MHV, Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA (eds) Virus taxonomy, eighth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego
Schmaljohn C, Hjelle B (1997) Hantaviruses: a global disease problem. Emerg Infect Dis 3:95–104
Schrenzel MD, Tucker TA, Stalis IH, Kagan RA, Burns RP, Denison AM, Drew CP, Paddock CD, Rideout BA (2011) Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus in 3 wildlife species, San Diego, California, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 17:747–749
Sewell DL (1995) Laboratory-associated infections and biosafety. Clin Microbiol Rev 8:389–405
Singh BB, Gajadhar AA (2014) Role of India’s wildlife in the emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic pathogens, risk factors and public health implications. Acta Trop 138:67–77
Singh R, Singh KP, Cherian S, Saminathan M, Kapoor S, Reddy GBM et al (2017) Rabies—epidemiology, pathogenesis, public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review. Vet Q 37(1):212–251
Smith KM, Anthony SJ, Switzer WM, Epstein JH, Seimon T, Jia H, Sanchez MD (2012) Zoonotic viruses associated with illegally imported wildlife products. PLoS One 7:e29505. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029505
Souza MJ (2011) One health: zoonoses in the exotic animal practice. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 14:421–426
Spengler JR, Haddock E, Gardner D, Hjelle B, Feldmann H, Prescott J (2013) PLoS One 8:e55310
Spengler JR, Bergeron É, Spiropoulou CF (2019) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and expansion from endemic regions. Curr OpinVirol 34:70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.002
Streicker DG, Franka R, Jackson FR, Rupprecht CE (2013) Anthropogenic roost switching and rabies virus dynamics in house-roosting big brown bats. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 13(7):498–504
Suhrbier A, Jaffar-Bandjee MC, Gasque P (2012) Arthritogenic alphaviruses-an overview. Nat Rev Rheumatol 8:420–429
Sutherland IW (2008) Vector and virus interactions: La Crosse encephalitis virus and the mosquito vector aedes (stegomyia) albopictus. Colorado State University, Colorado
Taniguchi S, Watanabe S, Masangkay JS, Omatsu T, Ikegami T et al (2011) Reston Ebola virus antibodies in bats, the Philippines. Emerg Infect Dis 17:1559–1560
Taylor LH, Latham SM, Woolhouse ME (2001) Risk factors for human disease emergence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 356:983–989
Tei S, Kitajima N, Takahashi K, Mishiro S (2003) Zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E virus from deer to human beings. Lancet 362:371–373
Thompson RCA, Kutz SJ, Smith A (2009) Parasite zoonoses and wildlife: emerging issues. Int J Environ Res Public Health 6:678–693
Travis DA, Watson RP, Tauer A (2011) The spread of pathogens through trade in wildlife. Rev Sci Tech 30:219–239
Vaheri A, Strandin T, Hepojoki J, Sironen T, Henttonen H, Makela S, Mustonen J (2013) Uncovering the mysteries of hantavirus infections. Nat Rev Microbiol 11:539–550
Van der Meulen KM, Pensaert MB, Nauwynck HJ (2005) West Nile virus in the vertebrate world. Arch Virol 150(4):637–657
van den Hurk AF, Nisbet DJ, Hall RA, Kay BH, Mackenzie JS, Ritchie SA (2003) Vector competence of Australian mosquitoes (Diptera: culicidae) for Japanese encephalitis virus. J Med Entomol 40:82–90
Vicente J, Carrasco R, Acevedo P, Montoro V, Gortázar C (2011) Big game waste production: sanitary and ecological implications. In: Kumar S (ed) Integrated waste management II. InTech, Rijeka, pp 97–128
Wang LF, Crameri G (2014) Emerging zoonotic viral diseases. Rev Sci Tech 33:569
Weaver SC, Ferro C, Barrera R, Boshell J, Navarro JC (2004) Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Annu Rev Entomol 49:141–174. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123422
Williams ES, Yuill T, Artois M, Fischer J, Haigh SA (2002) Emerging infectious diseases in wildlife. Rev Sci Tech 21(1):139–157
Wilson DE, Reeder DM (2005) Mammal species of the world, 2nd edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
Wolfs TF, Wagenaar JA, Niesters HG, Osterhaus AD (2002) Rat-to-human transmission of cowpox infection. Emerg Infect Dis 8:1495–1496
World Health Organisation, Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, and World Organization for Animal Health (WHO/FAO/OIE) (2004) Report of the WHO/FAO/OIE joint consultation of emerging zoonotic diseases. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/68899/WHO_CDS_CPE_ZFK_2004.9.pdf
Yu XJ, Tesh RB (2014) The role of mites in the transmission and maintenance of Hantaan virus (Hantavirus: Bunyaviridae). J Infect Dis 210:1693–1699
Zhang S, Wang S, Yin W, Liang M, Li J, Zhang Q, Feng Z, Li D (2014) Epidemic characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China, 2006–2012. BMC Infect Dis 14:384
Zuo SQ, Fang LQ, Zhan L, Zhang PH, Jiang JF, Wang LP, Ma JQ, Wang BC, Wang RM, Wu XM, Yang H, Cao ZW, Cao WC (2011) Geo-spatial hotspots of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and genetic characterization of Seoul variants in Beijing, China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5:e945
Acknowledgements
All the authors of the manuscript thank and acknowledge their respective institutes.
Conflict of Interest
There is no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Milton, A.A.P., Priya, G.B., Ghatak, S., Das, S. (2020). Viral Zoonoses: Wildlife Perspectives. In: Malik, Y.S., Singh, R.K., Dhama, K. (eds) Animal-Origin Viral Zoonoses. Livestock Diseases and Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2651-0_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2651-0_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-2650-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-2651-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)