SARS-CoV-2 requires acidic pH for fusion Kreutzberger. Alkalinization of the respiratory mucosa may reduce risk. Treatments investigated to date typically use sodium bicarbonate. Recent:
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Apr 25
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Alkalinization for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 14 studies | |
| Statistically significant lower risk is seen for mortality, progression, recovery, and viral clearance. 12 studies from 11 independent teams in 9 countries show statistically significant improvements. Meta analysis using the most serious .. | ||
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Apr 3
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et al., Dentistry Journal, doi:10.3390/dj12040093 | The Effect of Oral Care Foams and a Spray on Salivary pH Changes after Exposure to Acidic Beverages in Young Adults |
| Randomized study showing that rinsing with Coca-Cola significantly lowered salivary pH, with an average of 27 minutes to return to baseline, and rinsing with tested oral care products or water after exposure increased the minimum salivary.. | ||
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Feb 20
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et al., European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, doi:10.1007/s00405-024-08518-y | Seawater nasal wash to reduce symptom duration and viral load in COVID-19 and upper respiratory tract infections: a randomized controlled multicenter trial |
| 75% lower progression (p<0.0001), 24% faster recovery (p=0.02), and 37% improved viral clearance (p=0.54). RCT 355 adults with COVID-19 or other upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). For COVID-19 patients there was lower progression and faster symptom resolution with alkaline seawater nasal wash (pH ~8) 4 times daily for 21 days. There w.. | ||
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Jan 9
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et al., Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, doi:10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_38_23 | A Comparison of the Effects of Chlorhexidine and Sodium Bicarbonate Mouthwashes on COVID-19–Related Symptoms |
| 45% lower progression (p=0.14) and 39% fewer cases (p=0.16). RCT 116 healthcare workers comparing 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash (n=36), 7.5% sodium bicarbonate mouthwash (n=40), and placebo (n=40) twice daily for 2 weeks, with symptoms followed for 4 weeks. There were lower symtoms and cases in both.. | ||
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Jul 3
2023 |
et al., Journal of Personalized Medicine, doi:10.3390/jpm13071093 | A Hypertonic Seawater Nasal Irrigation Solution Containing Algal and Herbal Natural Ingredients Reduces Viral Load and SARS-CoV-2 Detection Time in the Nasal Cavity |
| 42% improved viral clearance (p=0.04). RCT 56 severe COVID-19 patients, showing significantly decreased viral load with Sinomarin Plus Algae nasal irrigation. Sinomarin Plus Algae is a hypertonic seawater solution with algal and herbal natural ingredients with a pH of 7.5-8.. | ||
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Mar 15
2023 |
et al., Frontiers in Public Health, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1145669 | Efficacy of nasal irrigation and oral rinse with sodium bicarbonate solution on virus clearance for COVID-19 patients |
| 39% shorter hospitalization (p=0.0009). RCT 55 mild/moderate patients in China, showing shorter hospitalization with sodium bicarbonate nasal irrigation and oral rinsing. Oral rinse with 5% sodium bicarbonate solution three times daily. Nasal irrigation two times with the solut.. | ||
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Dec 31
2022 |
et al., European Journal of Respiratory Medicine, doi:10.31488/EJRM.132 | Safety and Efficacy of Nebulised Anti-Inflammatory Solution of Alkaline Hypertonic Ibuprofen (AHI) for Treatment of SARS-Cov-2 Infection: A Compassionate Study with a Comparator Arms |
| 79% lower mortality (p=0.0009). Retrospective 99 COVID-19 patients in Argentina showing significantly lower mortality with inhaled alkaline hypertonic ibuprofen (AHI) treatment. The treatment has a pH of 8.5. 3 times daily for 7-10 days. | ||
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Nov 18
2022 |
et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2214180/v1 | A randomized controlled trial of adjuvant inhalable sodium bicarbonate role in treatment of COVID-19 |
| 23% lower mortality (p=0.26) and 28% faster recovery (p<0.0001). RCT 546 patients showing significantly faster recovery and lower mortality with sodium bicarbonate (inhaled and nasal drops). The reduction in mortality is only statistically significant when excluding baseline critical cases. Inhalation .. | ||
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Sep 30
2022 |
et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, doi:10.1073/pnas.2209514119 | SARS-CoV-2 requires acidic pH to infect cells |
| Real-time 3D single-virion tracking study showing that SARS-CoV-2 infection requires an acidic pH. Authors find the mean pH of the airway-facing surface of the nasal cavity to be 6.6, compatible with fusion. These results suggest a benefi.. | ||
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Aug 25
2022 |
et al., Ear, Nose & Throat Journal, doi:10.1177/01455613221123737 | Rapid initiation of nasal saline irrigation to reduce severity in high-risk COVID+ outpatients |
| Small RCT 79 PCR+ patients 55+ comparing pressure-based nasal irrigation with povidone-iodine and sodium bicarbonate, showing significantly lower hospitalization when compared with CDC data. | ||
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Jun 12
2022 |
et al., Indian Journal of Respiratory Care, doi:10.4103/ijrc.ijrc_48_21 | Role of Sodium Bicarbonate as Adjuvant Treatment of Nonsevere Computed Tomography-identified COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Preliminary Report |
| 57% lower mortality (p=0.37), 39% lower progression (p=0.52), and 19% improved recovery (p=0.03). Prospective study of 182 COVID-19 pneumonia patients, 127 treated with sodium bicarbonate inhalation and nasal drops, showing significantly faster recovery and improved CT scores with treatment. Authors note that contacts of index cases a.. | ||
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May 31
2022 |
et al., National Bureau of Economic Research, doi:10.3386/w30084 | Causal Inference During a Pandemic: Evidence on the Effectiveness of Nebulized Ibuprofen as an Unproven Treatment for COVID-19 in Argentina |
| 49% lower mortality (p=0.01). Retrospective 5,146 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Argentina, showing lower mortality associated with nebulized ibuprofen (NaIHS) treatment. Doubly robust inverse probability weighting estimators were used to control for confounding. A.. | ||
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May 31
2022 |
et al., VIEW, doi:10.1002/VIW.20220004 | Nanoantidote for repression of acidosis pH promoting COVID‐19 infection |
| In Vitro study showing that acidosis-related low pH increases SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection in HEK293T-ACE2 and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Authors find that low pH of 6.8 (simulating acidosis in COVID-19 patients).. | ||
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May 28
2022 |
et al., Microorganisms, doi:10.3390/microorganisms10061118 | Effects of Different Inhalation Therapy on Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Ventilated COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial |
| 20% lower mortality (p=0.3). RCT mechanically ventilated patients in Croatia, 42 treated with sodium bicarbonate inhalation, and 52 control patients, showing no significant difference in mortality with treatment. Treated patients showed a lower incidence of gram-posi.. | ||
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Dec 29
2021 |
et al., Brazilian Journal of Development, doi:10.34117/bjdv7n12-039 | Preliminary observation of the use of sodium bicarbonate solution as an adjunct in the treatment of coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19): prognosis improvement in patients requiring intensive care |
| 76% lower mortality (p=0.0001). Analysis of 76 ICU patients in Brazil, 44 treated with bronchoalveolar lavage using 3% sodium bicarbonate, showing significantly lower mortality with treatment. Bronchoalveolar lavage with 10ml of sodium bicarbonate solution directly into.. | ||
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Nov 19
2021 |
et al., Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology, doi:10.1002/lio2.686 | Effects of hypertonic alkaline nasal irrigation on COVID‐19 |
| 86% lower hospitalization (p=0.24) and 62% improved viral clearance (p=0.87). RCT 60 outpatients with mild COVID-19 showing improved viral clearance with hypertonic alkaline (pH 9.3) nasal irrigation. All patients received HCQ. The nasal irrigation group had no hospitalizations, while 3 patients in the control grou.. | ||
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Aug 30
2021 |
et al., Infectious Diseases and Therapy, doi:10.1007/s40121-021-00527-2 | Reversal of SARS-CoV2-Induced Hypoxia by Nebulized Sodium Ibuprofenate in a Compassionate Use Program |
| 45% lower mortality (p=0.009) and 14% shorter hospitalization (p<0.0001). Retrospective 383 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Argentina showing signifcantly lower mortality and shorter hospital stay with nebulized sodium ibuprofenate compared to 195 contemporaneous controls. The treatment appears to be the same.. | ||
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Aug 20
2021 |
et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.637885 | Acid pH Increases SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Risk of Death by COVID-19 |
| In Vitro study showing lower pH increased ACE2 expression and viral load on SARS-CoV-2 infection, and retrospective study showing proton pump inhibitor use, which is correlated with low gastric pH-related diseases, was associated with hig.. | ||
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Jul 7
2021 |
, M., Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine, doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23901 | Gargling with 7.5% Sodium Bicarbonate Solution for SARS-CoV-2 Viremia Clearance: Our Institutional Clinical Experience |
| Report on 10 patients treated with sodium bicarbonate gargling, suggesting no significant improvements. There was no control group and gargling only, without inhalation or nasal spray/rinse. | ||
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Mar 19
2021 |
, K., Acta Scientific Orthopaedics, 4:4 | Effect of 8.4% Soda-Bicarbonate Steam Inhalation on the Course of Disease in Mild to Moderate Cases of Covid-19 |
| 64% greater improvement (p=0.0007). RCT 60 hospitalized patients in India, showing significantly greater clinical improvement with inhaled sodium bicarbonate. Nasal and oral inhalation of nebulized 50ml 8.4% sodium bicarbonate for 5 minutes twice daily for 5 days. | ||
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May 19
2020 |
et al., Journal of Clinical Intensive Care and Medicine, doi:10.29328/journal.jcicm.1001029 | Case reports of observed significant improvement in patients with ARDS due to COVID-19 and maximum ventilatory support after inhalation of sodium bicarbonate |
| Case series of four ventilated COVID-19 patients treated with sodium bicarbonate inhalation, all showing clinical and radiological improvement, with 2 patients extubated within 24-72 hours. | ||
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