Plastic ingestion as an evolutionary trap: Toward a holistic understanding
Abstract
Human activities are changing our environment. Along with climate change and a widespread loss of biodiversity, plastic pollution now plays a predominant role in altering ecosystems globally. Here, we review the occurrence of plastic ingestion by wildlife through evolutionary and ecological lenses and address the fundamental question of why living organisms ingest plastic. We unify evolutionary, ecological, and cognitive approaches under the evolutionary trap theory and identify three main factors that may drive plastic ingestion: (i) the availability of plastics in the environment, (ii) an individual’s acceptance threshold, and (iii) the overlap of cues given by natural foods and plastics.
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Volume 373 | Issue 6550
2 July 2021
2 July 2021
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Acknowledgments
We thank the reviewers, who provided thoughtful and constructive comments. We are grateful for insightful comments from L. M. A. Sousa, R. J. Ladle, and M. E. Hauber, and we thank F. J. Santos for assistance with artwork. Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. Author contributions: R.G.S., R.A., and G.E.M.-C. designed the project. R.G.S. wrote the manuscript. G.E.M.-C. and R.A. contributed to the writing and editing of the manuscript. R.G.S. and R.A. designed the figures. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data are available in the manuscript and the supplementary materials.
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