<iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5TSRKG" height="0" width="0" style="display: none; visibility: hidden">
Research Article
No access
Published Online: 28 September 2021

The Health Care of Adults with Differences in Sex Development or Intersex Traits Is Changing: Time to Prepare Clinicians and Health Systems

Publication: LGBT Health
Volume 8, Issue Number 7

Abstract

Historically, the majority of differences in sex development or intersex trait (dsd/I)-specific medical care has been provided by pediatric clinicians, leading to a dearth of adult clinicians qualified to care for this vulnerable population, and pediatricians reticent to transition patients to adult care. Recent changes in routine care of children and infants with dsd/I, including reconsidering the role of early genital surgeries, highlight the critical need to address the gaps in adult dsd/I health care. In this perspective, we describe three key educational and research approaches that can be implemented to build competency to care for adults with dsd/I and improve care across the lifespan.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

References

1. Fausto-Sterling A: Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality. New York: Basic Books, 2000.
2. Blackless M, Charuvastra A, Derryck A, et al.: How sexually dimorphic are we? Review and synthesis. Am J Hum Biol 2000;12:151–166.
3. Thyen U, Lanz K, Holterhus PM, Hiort O: Epidemiology and initial management of ambiguous genitalia at birth in Germany. Horm Res 2006;66:195–203.
4. Lee PA, Houk CP, Ahmed SF, et al.: Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders. International Consensus Conference on Intersex. Pediatrics 2006;118:e488–e500.
5. Krege S, Eckoldt F, Richter-Unruh A, et al.: Variations of sex development: The first German interdisciplinary consensus paper. J Pediatr Urol 2019;15:114–123.
6. Creighton S, Chernausek SD, Romao R, et al.: Timing and nature of reconstructive surgery for disorders of sex development—introduction. J Pediatr Urol 2012;8:602–610.
7. Diamond M: Clinical implications of the organizational and activational effects of hormones. Horm Behav 2009;55:621–632.
8. Cools M, Nordenström A, Robeva R, et al.: Caring for individuals with a difference of sex development (DSD): A consensus statement. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018;14:415–429.
9. Zeeman L, Aranda K: A systematic review of the health and healthcare inequalities for people with intersex variance. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17:6533.
10. Meoded-Danon L, Yanay N: Intersexuality: On secret bodies and secrecy. Stud Gend Sex 2016;17:57–72.
11. Davis G: Contesting Intersex: The Dubious Diagnosis. New York: NYU Press, 2015.
12. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: Born Free and Equal: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics in International Human Rights Law, 2nd ed. New York and Geneva, United Nations: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2019.
13. Massachusetts Medical Society: Massachusetts Medical Society Announces Policies on Opioid Use Disorder, Intersex Children and E-cigarettes. Waltham, MA: Massachusetts Medical Society, 2019.
14. Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago: Intersex Care at Lurie Children's and Our Sex Development Clinic. 2020. Available at https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/blog/intersex-care-at-lurie-childrens-and-our-sex-development-clinic Accessed August 27, 2020.
15. The 19th. Boston Children's Hospital will no longer perform two types of intersex surgery on children. Austin, Texas: The 19th, 2020. Available at https://19thnews.org/2020/10/boston-childrens-hospital-will-no-longer-perform-two-types-of-intersex-surgery-on-children Accessed October 21, 2020.
16. Schober J, Nordenström A, Hoebeke P, et al.: Disorders of sex development: Summaries of long-term outcome studies. J Pediatr Urol 2012;8:616–623.
17. Hewitt J, Zacharin M: Hormone replacement in disorders of sex development: Current thinking. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;29:437–447.
18. Dietrich JE, Millar DM, Quint EH: Non-obstructive müllerian anomalies. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2014;27:386–395.
19. Mazen I, Mekkawy M, Kamel A, et al.: Advances in genomic diagnosis of a large cohort of Egyptian patients with disorders of sex development. Am J Med Genet A 2021;185:1666–1677.
20. Bertelloni S, Dati E, Baroncelli GI, Hiort O: Hormonal management of complete androgen insensitivity syndrome from adolescence onward. Horm Res Paediatr 2011;76:428–433.
21. Byne W, Karasic DH, Coleman E, et al.: Assessment and treatment of gender dysphoria and gender variant patients: A primer for psychiatrists. Am J Psychiatry 2018;175:1046.
22. Lee PA, Nordenström A, Houk CP, et al.: Global disorders of sex development update since 2006: Perceptions, approach and care. Horm Res Paediatr 2016;85:158–180.
23. Rosenwohl-Mack A, Tamar-Mattis S, Baratz AB, et al.: A national study on the physical and mental health of intersex adults in the U.S. PLoS One 2020;15:e0240088.
24. Hollenbach AD, Eckstrand KL, Dreger A, eds.: Implementing Curricular and Institutional Climate Changes to Improve Health Care for Individuals Who Are LGBT, Gender Nonconforming, or Born with DSD: A Resource for Medical Educators. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges, 2014. Available at https://members.aamc.org/eweb/upload/Executive%20LGBT%20FINAL.pdf Accessed October 10, 2020.
25. Creighton S, Alderson J, Brown S, Minto CL: Medical photography: Ethics, consent and the intersex patient. BJU Int 2002;89:67–72.
26. Porter JS, Wesley KM, Zhao MS, et al.: Pediatric to adult care transition: Perspectives of young adults with sickle cell disease. J Pediatr Psychol 2017;142:1016–1027.
27. Singh J, Towns S, Jayasuriya G, et al.: Transition to adult care in cystic fibrosis: The challenges and the structure. Paediatr Respir Rev 2020;S1526-0542:30114–30117.
28. Cahill S, Makadon H: Sexual orientation and gender identity data collection in clinical settings and in electronic health records: A key to ending LGBT health disparities. LGBT Health 2014;1:34–41.
29. Morgan RE, Dragon C, Daus G, et al.: Updates on Terminology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Survey Measures. FCSM 20-03. Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology, 2020.
30. Burgess C, Kauth MR, Klemt C, et al.: Evolving sex and gender in electronic health records. Fed Pract 2019;36:271–277.
31. Lau F, Antonio M, Davison K, et al.: A rapid review of gender, sex, and sexual orientation documentation in electronic health records. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2020;27:1774–1783.
32. Baker KE, Streed CG Jr, Durso LE: Ensuring that LGBTQI+ people count—collecting data on sexual orientation, gender identity, and intersex status. New Engl J Med 2021;384:1184–1186.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

cover image LGBT Health
LGBT Health
Volume 8Issue Number 7October 2021
Pages: 439 - 443
PubMed: 34191611

History

Published in print: October 2021
Published online: 28 September 2021
Published ahead of print: 30 June 2021

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Topics

    Authors

    Affiliations

    Division of Gynecology, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
    Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
    Jessica Kremen, MD
    Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
    Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
    Carl G. Streed Jr, MD, MPH https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3075-253X
    Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
    Center for Transgender Medicine and Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
    Katharine B. Dalke, MD, MBE
    Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
    Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA.

    Notes

    Address correspondence to: Frances Grimstad, MD, MS, Division of Gynecology, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 333 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115-5724, USA. [email protected]

    Authors' Contributions

    F.G. led the literature review, led the original draft writing, and participated in the draft review and editing. K.B.D. participated in the original draft writing and literature review, and contributed to the draft review and editing. J.K. and C.G.S. Jr. contributed to the draft review and editing. All coauthors reviewed and approved the article before submission.

    Author Disclosure Statement

    No competing financial interests exist.

    Funding Information

    No funding was received for this article.

    Metrics & Citations

    Metrics

    Citations

    Export citation

    Select the format you want to export the citations of this publication.

    View Options

    Get Access

    Access content

    To read the fulltext, please use one of the options below to sign in or purchase access.

    Society Access

    If you are a member of a society that has access to this content please log in via your society website and then return to this publication.

    Restore your content access

    Enter your email address to restore your content access:

    Note: This functionality works only for purchases done as a guest. If you already have an account, log in to access the content to which you are entitled.

    View options

    PDF/EPUB

    View PDF/ePub

    Full Text

    View Full Text

    Media

    Figures

    Other

    Tables

    Share

    Share

    Copy the content Link

    Share on social media

    Back to Top