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Diagnostic Imaging in Space Medicine

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Principles of Clinical Medicine for Space Flight

Abstract

Each space mission is a defined part of an astronaut’s lifetime. The practice of space medicine, however, involves timeframes and matters much broader than the actual flights and deals with known deviations and risks, as well as with stochastic injury or illness. Practitioners of space medicine, like their colleagues in other medical disciplines, use imaging for purposes of primary and secondary prevention and diagnostic assessment and to guide and follow therapeutic interventions. Imaging also helps to visualize variable acute and chronic effects of exposure to weightlessness that meld into the continuity of lifetime health and physiological patterns of the individual and to control health and medical risks inherent in this occupational setting, including those related to the technical systems of the spacecraft.

All medical considerations related to a given astronaut are modulated by the profile of the mission (including duration), the perception of technical and environmental risks, and the flight program’s risk tolerance. These considerations include the choice of preventive measures and capabilities to monitor health, physical fitness, and environmental conditions and the boundaries of diagnostic and therapeutic measures available onboard.

The utility of imaging in space medicine extends beyond acute medical care. As flight duration and distance from Earth increase and spaceflight physiology is better understood, the occupational medicine dimension of medical monitoring moves to the forefront. Practitioners of space medicine follow the trends in structural and functional adaptations to assure detection of added risks or overt pathology. Another notable development of the recent decades is the gradual transition of crew medical selection and certification standards from a risk-averse and rigid binary system to one that practices assessment of individual risks and aggressive prevention and lifestyle modification measures to reduce them to acceptable levels. The legitimacy of this approach relies on scientifically sound risk quantification, which, in turn, depends on the quality and completeness of objective diagnostic data, including those from diagnostic visualization.

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  1. Space and Medical Operations, KBR, Houston, TX, USA

    Ashot E. Sargsyan

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  1. NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Michael R. Barratt

  2. Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Ellen S. Baker

  3. Deceased, Formerly Chief, Medical Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Sam L. Pool

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Sargsyan, A.E. (2019). Diagnostic Imaging in Space Medicine. In: Barratt, M., Baker, E., Pool, S. (eds) Principles of Clinical Medicine for Space Flight. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9889-0_9

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