Review
Enzyme-assistant extraction (EAE) of bioactive components: A useful approach for recovery of industrially important metabolites from seaweeds: A review
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Seaweeds are potentially excellent sources of highly bioactive secondary metabolites that could represent useful leads in the development of new functional ingredients [1]. They are a large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms. Macroalgae (seaweeds) can be classified into three broad groups as red algae, brown algae and green algae, based on their pigmentation [2]. These naturally growing seaweeds are an important source of food, especially in Asian countries such as China, Japan and Korea [3], [4]. In addition, many reports have been published regarding isolated compounds from seaweeds with various biological activities, demonstrating their ability to produce important metabolites unlike those found in terrestrial species [5].
Seaweeds have been recognized to provide chemically and functionally novel metabolites. Those secondary metabolites synthesized by seaweeds demonstrate a broad spectrum of bioactivity including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic and anti HIV activity [6]. Therefore, seaweeds can be considered as very interesting natural sources containing new compounds with numerous biological activities that could be used as functional ingredients in many industrial applications such as functional food, pharmaceutical and functional cosmetic industries [7]. Thus, the investigation of seaweed derived chemical compounds, a different source of natural products, has proven to be a promising area of functional ingredient study. An expanding market for natural products is a fact and is facing a new challenge of growing algae on a large-scale without harming any further the marine environment [5].
Various extractants were used to release soluble compounds from the algal matrix. The basic procedure for large-scale samples is to extract the algal powder with water or organic solvents. Under these conditions, the extraction yield varies from 8% to 30% of the algal dry yield [8]. The presence of various polysaccharides of large quantities in the cell wall strongly reduced the extraction efficiency during application of classical extraction methods. However, recently, new kinds of extraction techniques appeared, such as enzymolysis and microwave-assisted extraction. The former has impressive effects with characteristics of high catalytic efficiency, high specificity, mild reactive conditions and preserving the original efficacy of active compounds to the maximum [9]. The latter method also has many advantages, such as shorter time, less solvent, higher extraction rate and better products with lower cost [10], [11]. In addition to the studies of the soluble compounds, there are compounds attached to the cell wall (cell-wall-bound compounds) which cannot be easily extracted using typical extraction methods with aqueous solvents. Further, this might limit the study and potential industrial applications of seaweed derived active components. Interestingly, enzymatic digestion of algae gains high bioactive yield and shows enhanced biological activity in comparison with water and organic extract counterparts [12]. In this point this review is a discussion about the use of enzyme-assistant or the enzyme-enhanced extraction as an alternative method to improve the recovery of industrially useful compounds from seaweeds.
Section snippets
Enzymatic degradation of algal cell walls and extraction of bioactive components
The discovery of new chemical entities has become the modern focus of much natural product works [13]. Recent trends in active compound study from natural sources have shown that seaweeds are promising materials to discover novel biologically active compounds. In addition, the search for bioactive compounds from seaweeds has been a very attractive research area and a number of recent research communications dealt with bioactive compounds isolated from them [6]. Extraction is the most important
Importance of enzyme treatment prior to extraction of bioactive compounds
This promising biotechnological procedure has been widely used to improve the extraction efficiency of bioactive components from land plants. In contrast, the successful use of this technique to enhance the recovery of polyphenols from citrus peel [9], grape skin [18], apple skin [19], unripe apples [20], black currant [21] and Ginkgo biloba leaves [22] has been reported. In addition, the application of the enzyme-assistant extraction (EAE) method on seaweed materials was also reported (Table 1
Selection of appropriate enzymes and optimum extraction conditions
Enzymes play a critical role in many commercial applications. They are biological catalysts. Therefore, the enzymatic hydrolysis of substances depends on several physicochemical factors. Selection of appropriate hydrolytic enzyme or optimal mixture of enzymes is vital to obtain expected output. Addressing the potency issue first has to select the suitable enzyme to digest specific polymer bonds present in the intact seaweed materials. After selection of the suitable enzymes various process
Possible bioactive components from seaweeds
Seaweeds represent a valuable source of novel bioactive compounds. Over the years many active components have been isolated from seaweeds with diverse chemical nature.
Biological activities of enzyme-assistant extracts from seaweeds
Application of EAE for recovery of industrially important bioactive components from seaweeds is a promising technique. The potential antioxidant properties of enzymatic extracts from seven species of brown seaweeds were reported by Heo et al. [12]. Four different ROS scavenging assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant potentials. In this study they have employed commercially available five different carbohydrate degrading enzymes and five proteases. According to their results, the enzyme
Conclusion
Seaweeds represent a valuable source of new compounds. The biochemical diversity of seaweeds becomes a rich source of novel chemical entities for the discovery of more effective functional metabolites. Bioactive compounds discussed here are obtained from different seaweeds exhibiting different chemical structures and displaying a large variety of biological effects on specific targets. On the other hand, these components seem to be very useful and promising for biological research to clarify
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Enzyme-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from seaweeds and microalgae
2023, TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry