Abstract
Like terrorism researchers, scholars of religion are inevitably confronted with a plethora of definitions and concepts claiming to describe the subject of research adequately. The complexity and diversity of how religious traditions and new religious movements manifest themselves individually and socially make defining religion a problematic endeavor. Principally, religious studies encompass four definitional approaches: experiential or affective (identification of religion by subjective experiences), substantive (identification of religion by genuine belief systems), polythetic (identification of features describing something as a religious phenomenon), and functional definitions (identification of religion by social functions, not beliefs) (Dawes and Maclaurin,.Dawes and Maclaurin (eds), A New Science of Religion, Routledge, New York and London, 2013, 14–16).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Abay Gaspar, Hande, Christopher Daase, Nicole Deitelhoff, Julian Junk, and Manjana Sold. 2018. Was ist Radikalisierung? Präzisierungen eines umstrittenen Begriffs. PRIF report 5/2018. Frankfurt am Main: Leibniz-Institut Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung (HSFK). https://www.hsfk.de/fileadmin/HSFK/hsfk_publikationen/prif0518.pdf.
Ahmad, Aisha. 2017. Jihad & Co. Black Markets and Islamist Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Aly, Anne, and Jason-Leigh Striegher. 2012. “Examining the Role of Religion in Radicalization to Violent Islamist Extremism.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 35 (12): 849–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2012.720243.
Araj, Bader. 2012. “The Motivations of Palestinian Suicide Bombers in the Second Intifada (2000 to 2005).” Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie 49 (3): 211–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618X.2012.01292.x.
Arrow, Kenneth. 1999. “Observations on Social Capital.” In Social Capital. A Multifaced Perspective, edited by Partha Dasgupta and Ismail Serageldin, 3–5. Washinton D.C.: The World Bank. https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/663341468174869302/pdf/multi-page.pdf.
Asal, Victor H., Na’ama Nagar, and R. Karl Rethemeyer. 2014. “Building Terrorism from Social Ties: The Dark Side of Social Capital.” Civil Wars 16 (4): 402–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2014.981942.
Asal, Victor, and R. Karl Rethemeyer. 2008. “The Nature of the Beast: Organizational Structures and the Lethality of Terrorist Attacks.” The Journal of Politics 70 (2): 437–49. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022381608080419.
Aslan, Ednan, Evrim Ersan Akkilic, and Maximilian Hämmerle. 2018. Islamistische Radikalisierung. Biografische Verläufe Im Kontext der religiösen Sozialisation und des radikalen Milieus. Wiener Beiträge zur Islamforschung. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
Atran, Scott. 2002. In Gods We Trust. The Evolutionary Landscape of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Atran, Scott. 2009. “Hebron Case.” In Theoretical Frames on Pathways to Violent Radicalization. Understanding the Evolution of Ideas and Behaviors, How They Interact and How They Describe Pathways to Violence in Marginalized Diaspora, 59–73. ARTIS Research & Risk Modeling.
Atran, Scott. 2010. Talking to the Enemy. Violent Extremism, Sacred Values and What It Means to Be Human. London: Penguin Books.
Atran, Scott, and Marc Sageman. 2009. “Madrid Case.” In Theoretical Frames on Pathways to Violent Radicalization. Understanding the Evolution of Ideas and Behaviors, How They Interact and How They Describe Pathways to Violence in Marginalized Diaspora, 30–58. ARTIS Research & Risk Modeling.
Balch, Robert B. 1980. “Looking Behind the Scenes in a Religious Cult: Implications for the Study of Conversion.” Sociological Analysis 41 (2): 137–43.
Bartlett, Jamie, and Carl Miller. 2012. “The Edge of Violence: Towards Telling the Difference Between Violent and Non-Violent Radicalization.” Terrorism and Political Violence 24 (1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2011.594923.
Becker, Penny Edgell, and Pawan H. Dhingra. 2001. “Religious Involvement and Volunteering: Implications for Civil Society.” Sociology of Religion 62 (3): 315–35.
Benmelech, Efraim, Claude Berrebi, and Esteban F. Klor. 2012. “Economic Conditions and the Quality of Suicide Terrorism.” The Journal of Politics 74 (1): 113–28. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022381611001101.
Berman, Eli. 1998. “Sect, Subsidy and Sacrifice. An Economist's View of Ultra-Orthodox Jews.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, no. 6715. https://www.nber.org/papers/w6715.
Berman, Eli. 2009. Radical, Religious, and Violent. The New Economics of Terrorism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Berman, Eli, and Laurence R. Iannaccone. 2005. “Religious Extremism. The Good, the Bad, and the Deadly.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, no. 11663. https://www.nber.org/papers/W11663.
Berman, Eli, and David D Laitin. 2008. “Religion, Terrorism and Public Goods: Testing the Club Model.” Working Paper 13725. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w13725.
Bernhardt, Michel, and Julia Jaki. 2010. “Die ‘Protokolle der Weisen von Zion’. Die Genese der Idee einer jüdischen/zionistischen Weltverschwörung in Europa und der arabischen Welt.” In Komplotte, Ketzer Und Konspirationen. Zur Logik des Verschwörungsdenkens – Beispiele aus dem Nahen Osten, edited by Schirin Fathi, 179–228. Bielefeld: transcipt.
Bie, Jasper L. de. 2016. “Involvement Mechanisms of Jihadist Networks.” Perspectives on Terrorism 10 (5): 22–41.
Braun, Norman, and Roger Berger. 2007. “Sozialkapital und illegale Märkte.” In Sozialkapital. Grundlagen und Anwendungen, edited by Axel Franzen and Markus Freitag, 343–66. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
Brinitzer, Ron. 2003. Religion – Eine institutionenökonomische Analyse. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag.
Bunzel, Cole. 2019. “Ideological Infighting in the Islamic State.” Perspectives on Terrorism 13 (1): 13–22.
Burt, Ronald S. 2005. Brokerage & Closure. An Introduction to Social Capital. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Calhoun, Craig. 2010. “Rethinking Secularism.” The Hedgehog Review 12 (3): 35–48.
Cantoni, Davide. 2012. “Adopting A New Religion: The Case of Protestantism in 16th Century Germany.” The Economic Journal 122 (560): 502–31.
Chaves, Mark, and David E. Cann. 1992. “Regulation, Pluralism and Religious Market Structure. Explaining Religion's Vitality.” Rationality and Society 4 (3): 272–90.
Cnaan, Ram A., Stephanie C. Boddie, and Gaynor I. Yancey. 2003. “Bowling Alone But Serving Together. The Congregational Norm of Community Involvement.” In Religion as Social Capital, edited by Corwin Smidt, 19–32. Waco: Baylor University Press.
Coleman, James S. 1988. “Free Riders and Zealots: The Role of Social Networks.” Sociological Theory 6 (1): 52–57.
Coleman, James S. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Coleman, John A. 2003. “Religious Social Capital. Its Nature, Social Location, and Limits.” In Religion as Social Capital. Producing the Common Good, edited by Corwin Smidt, 33–48. Waco: Baylor University Press.
Collar, Anna. 2013. “Re-Thinking Jewish Ethnicity through Social Network Analysis.” In Network Analysis in Archaeology: New Approaches to Regional Interaction, edited by Carl Knappett. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cote, Rochelle R., Gabriele Plickert, and Barry Wellman. 2009. “Does The Golden Rule Rule?” In Contexts of Social Capital. Social Networks in Markets, Communities, and Families, edited by Ray-May Hsung, Nan Lin, and Ronald L. Breiger, 49–71. New York: Routledge.
Crossley, Nick, Elisa Bellotti, Gemma Edwards, Martin E. Everett, Johan Koskinen, and Mark Tranmer. 2015. Social Network Analysis for Ego-Nets. London: Sage Publications.
Dalgaard-Nielsen, Anja. 2010. “Violent Radicalization in Europe: What We Know and What We Do Not Know.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 33 (9): 797–814. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2010.501423.
Dantschke, Claudia. 2014. “‘Lasst Euch nicht radikalisieren!’ – Salafismus in Deutschland.” In Salafismus in Deutschland. Ursprünge und Gefahren einer islamisch-fundamentalistischen Bewegung, edited by Thorsten Gerald Schneiders, 171–86. Bielefeld: transcipt.
Dawes, Gregory, and James Maclaurin. 2013. “What Is Religion?” In A New Science of Religion, edited by Gregory Dawes and James Maclaurin, 11–25. New York and London: Routledge.
Dawson, Lorne. 2019. “Clarifying the Explanatory Context for Developing Theories of Radicalization: Five Basic Considerations.” Journal for Deradicalization, no. 18 (Spring): 146–84.
Dawson, Lorne L. 2011. “Church-Sect-Cult: Constructing Typologies of Religious Groups.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Religion, edited by Peter B. Clarke, 525–44. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199588961.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199588961-e-030.
Dongen, Teun van. 2014. “The Lengths Terrorists Go to: Perpetrator Characteristics and the Complexity of Jihadist Terrorist Attacks in Europe, 2004–2011.” Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Violence 6 (1): 58–80.
Dziri, Bacem. 2014. “Der Salafismus in innerislamischer Selbst- und Fremdverortung.” In Salafismus in Deutschland. Entstehung, Radikalisierung und Prävention, edited by Rauf Ceylan and Benjamin Jokisch, 17:47–83. Reihe für Osnabrücker Islamstudien. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Verlag.
Ellison, Christopher G., David A. Gay, and Thomas A. Glass. 1989. “Does Religious Commitment Contribute to Individual Life Satisfaction?” Social Forces 68 (1): 100–123.
Ellison, Christopher G., and Darren E. Sherkat. 1995. “The ‘Semi-Involuntary Institution’ Revisited: Regional Variations in Church Participationamong Black Americans.” Social Forces 73 (4): 1415–37.
Ellison, Christopher R. 1991. “Religious Involvement and Subjective Well-Being.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 32 (March): 80–99.
Ellison, Christopher R. 1995. “Rational Choice Explanations of Individual Religious Behavior: Notes on the Problem of Social Embeddedness.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 34 (1): 89–97.
Erickson, Bonnie H. 2009. “The Context Challenge. Generalizing Social Capital Processes Across Two Different Settings.” In Contexts of Social Capital. Social Networks in Markets, Communities, and Families, edited by Ray-May Hsung, Nan Lin, and Ronald L. Breiger, 93–114. New York: Routledge.
Esser, Hartmut. 1999. Soziologie. Spezielle Grundlagen, Band 1: Situationslogik und Handeln. Frankfurt am Main: Campus.
Esser, Hartmut. 2000a. Soziologie. Spezielle Grundlagen, Band 3: Soziales Handeln. Frankfurt am Main: Campus.
Esser, Hartmut. 2000b. Soziologie. Spezielle Grundlagen, Band 4: Opportunitäten und Restriktionen. Frankfurt am Main: Campus.
Esser, Hartmut. 2008. “The Two Meanings of Social Capital.” In Handbook of Social Capital, edited by Dario Castiglione, Jan W. van Deth, and Guglielmo Wolleb, 22–49. New York: Routledge.
Everton, Sean F. 2016. “Social Networks and Religious Violence.” Review of Religious Research, October.
Everton, Sean F. 2018. Networks and Religion: Ties That Bind, Loose, Build-up, and Tear Down. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Finke, Roger, and Jaime D. Harris. 2009. “Wars and Rumors of Wars: Explaining Religiously Motivated Violence.” In . Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan.
Flanigan, Shawn Teresa. 2008. “Nonprofit Service Provision by Insurgent Organizations: The Cases of Hizballah and the Tamil Tigers.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 31 (6): 499–519.https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100802065103.
Franzen, Axel, and Sonja Pointer. 2007. “Sozialkapital: Konzeptualisierungen und Messungen.” In Sozialkapital. Grundlagen und Anwendungen, edited by Axel Franzen and Markus Freitag, 66–90. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
Frey, Bruno S. 2011. “Ökonomik als Denkweise: Aussermarktliche Ökonomik.” In Religion – Wirtschaft – Politik. Forschungszugänge zu einem aktuellen transdisziplinären Feld, edited by Antonius Liedhegener, Andreas Tunger-Zanetti, and Stephan Wirz, 351–68. Zurich: Theologischer Verlag.
Frindte, Wolfgang, Klaus Boehnke, Henry Kreikenbom, and Wolfgang Wagner. 2011. “Lebenswelten junger Muslime in Deutschland: Ein sozial- und medienwissenschaftliches System zur Analyse, Bewertung und Prävention islamistischer Radikalisierungsprozesse junger Menschen in Deutschland.” Berlin: Bundesministeriums des Innern.
Gambetta, Diego, and Steffen Hertog. 2016. Engineers of Jihad: The Curious Connection Between Violent Extremism and Education. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Genkin, Michael, and Alexander Gutfraind. 2011. “How Do Terrorist Cells Self-Assemble: Insights from an Agent-Based Model of Radicalization.” 2011. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1031521.
Gill, Paul. 2007. “A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Suicide Bombing.” International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV) 1 (2): 142–59. https://doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/ijcv.12.
Ginges, Jeremy. 2009. “Toward a Social-Cognitive Theory of Radicalization.” In Theoretical Frames on Pathways to Violent Radicalization. Understanding the Evolution of Ideas and Behaviors, How They Interact and How They Describe Pathways to Violence in Marginalized Diaspora, 74–81. ARTIS Research & Risk Modeling.
Gould, Roger V. 1993. “Collective Action and Network Structure.” American Sociological Review 58 (2): 182–96.
Gouldner, Alvin W. 1960. “The Norm of Reciprocity. A Preliminary Statement.” American Sociological Review 25 (2): 161–78.
Grande, Hanna, Kai Hirschmann, and Sina Schmitz. 2016. Dschihadismus: Prozesse der Radikalisierung in Deutschland. Berlin: Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag.
Granovetter, Mark. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78 (6): 1360–80.
Granovetter, Mark. 1983. “The Strength of Weak Ties: A Nework Theory Revisited.” Sociological Theory 1: 201–33.
Gunning, Jeroen. 2008. Hamas in Politics: Democracy, Religion, Violence. New York: Columbia University Press.
Haddad, Simon. 2004. “A Comparative Study of Lebanese and Palestinian Perceptions of Suicide Bombings: The Role of Militant Islam and Socio-Economic Status.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 45: 337–63.
Hafez, Mohammed. 2006. Manufacturing Human Bombs: The Making of Palestinian Suicide Bombers. Washington, D.C: United States Institute of Peace.
Harari, Yuval Noah. 2011. Sapeins. A Brief History of Humankind. London: Harvill Secker.
Harris-Hogan, Shandon. 2014. “The Importance of Family: The Key to Understanding the Evolution of Jihadism in Australia.” Security Challenges 10 (1): 31–49.
Hathaway, Jane. 2008. The Arab Lands Under Ottoman Rule, 1516-1800. Harlow: Pearson Longman.
Hoffman, Bruce. 2006. Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Hofmann, David C., and Lorne L. Dawson. 2014. “The Neglected Role of Charismatic Authority in the Study of Terrorist Groups and Radicalization.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 37 (4): 348–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2014.879436.
Hofmeister, Klaus. 2010. “Ich bin dann mal fromm. Spiritualität zwischen Weltflucht und Gotteserfahrung.” In Religion und Gesellschaft. Zur Aktualität einer unbequemen Beziehung, edited by Volker Bernius, Klaus Hofmeister, and Peter Kemper, 25–35. Berlin: Suhrkamp.
Hsung, Ray-May, and Ronald L. Breiger. 2009. “Position Generators, Affiliations and the Institutional Logic of Social Capital. A Study of Taiwan Firms and Individuals.” In Contexts of Social Capital. Social Networks in Markets, Communities, and Families, edited by Ray-May Hsung, Nan Lin, and Ronald L. Breiger, 3–27. New York: Routledge.
Hummel, Klaus. 2014a. “Das informelle islamische Milieu: Blackbox der Radikalisierungsforschung.” In Gefährliche Nähe. Salafismus und Dschihadismus in Deutschland, edited by Klaus Hummel and Michail Logvinov, 219–59. Stuttgart: ibidem-Verlag.
Hummel, Klaus. 2014b. “Salafismus in Deutschland – Eine Gefahrenperspektive.” In Gefährliche Nähe. Salafismus und Dschihadismus in Deutschland, edited by Klaus Hummel and Michail Logvinov, 61–89. Stuttgart: ibidem-Verlag.
Iannaccone, Laurence R. 1988. “A Formal Model of Church and Sect.” American Journal of Sociology 94: S241–68.
Iannaccone, Laurence R. 1991. “The Consequences of Religious Market Structure. Adam Smith and the Economics of Religion.” Rationality and Society 3 (2): 156–77.
Iannaccone, Laurence R. 1992. “Sacrifice and Stigma: Reducing Free-Riding in Cults, Communes, and Other Collectives.” Journal of Political Economy 100 (2): 271–91.
Iannaccone, Laurence R. 1994. “Why Strict Churches Are Strong.” American Journal of Sociology 99 (5): 1180–1211.
Iannaccone, Laurence R. 1997. “Toward an Economic Theory of ‘Fundamentalism.’” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 153 (1): 100–116.
Iannaccone, Laurence R. 2006. “The Market for Martyrs.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 2 (4). https://www.religjournal.com/articles/article_view.php?id=16.
Iannaccone, Laurence R., Daniel V. A. Olson, and Rodney Stark. 1995. “Religious Resources and Church Growth.” Social Forces 74 (2): 705–31. https://doi.org/10.2307/2580498.
Inaba, Keishin, and Kate Loewenthal. 2009. “Religion and Altruism.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Religion, edited by Peter B. Clarke, 876–89. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jokisch, Benjamin. 2014. “‘Salafistische’ Strömungen im vormodernen Islam.” In Salafismus in Deutschland. Entstehung, Radikalisierung und Prävention, edited by Rauf Ceylan and Benjamin Jokisch, 17:15–36. Reihe für Osnabrücker Islamstudien. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Verlag.
Kaasa, Anneli. 2013. “Religion and Social Capital: Evidence from European Countries.” International Review of Sociology 23 (3): 578–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2013.856162.
Käsehage, Nina. 2018. Die gegenwärtige salafistische Szene in Deutschland. Prediger und Anhänger. Munster: Lit Verlag.
Kim, Hyojoung, and Steven Pfaff. 2012. “Structure and Dynamics of Religious Insurgency: Students and the Spread of TheReformation.” American Sociological Review 77 (2): 188–215.
Kotler-Berkowitz, Laurence. 2005. “Friends and Politics. Linking Diverse Friendship Networks to Political Participation.” In The Social Logic of Politics, edited by Alan S. Zuckermann, 152–70. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Kozali, Abdurrahim. 2014. “Zur Bedeutung von Salaf und ‘Salafismus.’” In Salafismus in Deutschland. Entstehung, Radikalisierung und Prävention, edited by Rauf Ceylan and Benjamin Jokisch, 17:37–45. Reihe für Osnabrücker Islamstudien. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Verlag.
Kriesi, Hanspeter. 2007. “Sozialkapital. Eine Einführung.” In Sozialkapital. Grundlagen und Anwendungen, edited by Markus Freitag, 23–46. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
Krueger, Alan B. 2007. “The National Origin of Foreign Fighters in Iraq.” In . Chicago. https://www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_papers/2007/0105_1430_1601.pdf.
Krueger, Alan B., and Jitka Maleckova. 2003. “Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 17 (4): 119–44. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533003772034925.
Kruglanski, Arie W., Michele J. Gelfand, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Anna Sheveland, Malkanthi Hetiarachchi, and Rohan Gunaratna. 2014. “The Psychology of Radicalization and Deradicalization: How Significance Quest Impacts Violent Extremism.” Political Psychology 35 (S1): 69–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12163.
Kubon-Gilke, Gisela. 2007. “Religion prägt Wirtschaft, Wirtschaft prägt Religion – Zur Interdependenze von Ökonomie und Religion.” In Ökonomie und Religion, edited by Martin Held, Gisela Kubon-Gilke, and Richard Sturn, 13–36. Marburg: Metropolis.
Landau, David. 1993. Piety & Power. The World of Jewish Fundamentalism. New York: Hill and Wang.
Levin, Jeff. 2013. “Religion and Mental Health Among Israeli Jews: Findings from the SHARE-Israel Study.” Social Indicators Research 113 (3): 769–84.
Levin, Jeff. 2015. “Religious Differences in Self-Rated Health Among US Jews: Findings from Five Urban Population Surveys.” Journal of Religion and Health 54 (2): 765–82.
Levitt, Matthew. 2007. Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Lim, Chaeyoon, and Robert D. Putnam. 2010. “Religion, Social Networks and Life-Satisfaction.” American Sociological Review 75 (6): 914–33.
Lin, Nan. 2001. Social Capital. A Theory of Social Structure and Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lin, Nan. 2008. “A Network Theory of Social Capital.” In Handbook of Social Capital, edited by Dario Castiglione, Jan W. van Deth, and Guglielmo Wolleb, 50–69. New York: Routledge.
Lofland, John, and Rodney Stark. 1965. “Becoming a World-Saver: A Theory of Conversion to a Deviant Perspective.” American Sociological Review 30 (6): 862–75.
Lohlker, Rüdiger. 2014. “Salafismus als Teil der Globalgeschichte.” In Salafismus in Deutschland. Ursprünge und Gefahren Einer islamisch-fundamentalistischen Bewegung, edited by Thorsten Gerald Schneiders, 137–48. Bielefeld: transcipt.
Luckmann, Thomas. 1991. Die Unsichtbare Religion. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Lyotard, Jean-Francois. 1984. The Postmoderne Condition. A Report on Knowledge. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Magouirk, Justin, Scott Atran, and Marc Sageman. 2008. “Connecting Terrorist Networks.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 31 (1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100701759988.
Maher, Shiraz. 2016. Salafi-Jihadism. The History of An Idea. London: Penguin Books.
Malthaner, Stefan. 2014. “Contextualizing Radicalization: The Emergence of the ‘Sauerland-Group’ from Radical Networks and the Salafist Movement.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, no. 37: 638–53.
Malthaner, Stefan. 2018. “Spaces, Ties, and Agency: The Formation of Radical Networks.” Perspectives on Terrorism 12 (2): 32–43.
Marone, Francesco. 2017. “Ties That Bind: Dynamics of Group Radicalisation in Italy’s Jihadists Headed for Syria and Iraq.” The International Spectator, June. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03932729.2017.1322800?scroll=top&needAccess=true.
McAdam, Doug. 1986. “Recruitment to High-Risk Activism: The Case of Freedom Summer.” American Journal of Sociology 92 (1): 64–90.
McCauley, Clark, and Sophia Moskalenko. 2008. “Mechanisms of Political Radicalization: Pathways Toward Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence 20 (3): 415–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550802073367.
McCleary, Rachel, and Robert J. Barro. 2006. “Religion and Economy.” Journal of Ecomonic Perspectives 20 (2): 49–72.
Meijer, Roel. 2009. “Introduction.” In Global Salafism. Islam’s New Religious Movement, edited by Roel Meijer. London: Hurst & Company.
Moaddel, Mansoor, and Stuart A. Karabenick. 2013. Religious Fundamentalism in the Middle East. A Cross-National, Inter-Faith, and Inter-Ethnic Analysis. Chicago: Haymarket Books.
Moghadam, Assaf. 2017. Nexus of Global Jihad. Understanding Cooperation Amongst Terrorist Actors. New York: Columbia University Press.
Nemeth, Roger J., and Donald A. Luidens. 2003. “The Religious Basis of Charitable Giving in America. A Social Capital Perspective.” In Religion as Social Capital. Producing the Common Good, edited by Corwin Smidt. Waco: Baylor University Press.
Nepstad, Sharon Erickson. 2004. “Persistent Resistance: Commitment and Community in the Plowshares Movement.” Social Problems 51 (1): 43–60.
Nesser, Petter, and Anne Stenersen. 2014. “The Modus Operandi of Jihadi Terrorists in Europe.” Perspectives on Terrorism 8 (6): 2–24.
Nett, Jachen Curdin. 2006. Repression Und Verhaltensanpassung in Lokalen Heroin Und Kokainmärkten. Bern: Haupt Verlag.
Neumann, Peter R., and Brooke Rogers. 2007. “Recruitment and Mobilisation for the Islamist Militant Movement in Europe.” 2007. https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/doc_centre/terrorism/docs/ec_radicalisation_study_on_mobilisation_tactics_en.pdf.
Norris, Pippa, and Ronald Inglehart. 2004. Sacred and Secular. Religion and Politics Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oberschall, Anthony. 2004. “Explaining Terrorism: The Contribution of Collective Action Theory.” Sociological Theory 22 (1): 26–37.
Olson, Mancur. 1971. The Logic of Collective Action. Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pape, Robert. 2006. Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. Reprint. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks.
Pedahzur, Ami, and Arie Perliger. 2006. “The Changing Nature of Suicide Attacks: A Social Network Perspective.” Social Forces 84 (4): 1987–2008.
Perdue, William D. 1989. Terrorism and the State: A Critique of Domination Through Fear. New York: Praeger Publishers Inc.
Piazza, James A. 2009. “Is Islamist Terrorism More Dangerous?: An Empirical Study of Group Ideology, Organization, and Goal Structure.” Terrorism and Political Violence 21 (1): 62–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550802544698.
Pickel, Gert. 2011. Religionssoziologie: Eine Einführung in zentrale Themenbereiche. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783531154565.
Pickel, Gert, and Anja Gladkirch. 2012. “Religious Social Capital in Europe Connections between Religiosity and Civil Society.” In Transformations of Religiosity, edited by Gert Pickel and Kornelia Sammet, 69–94. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-93326-9_5.
Porta, Donatella della. 2013. Clandestine Political Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Putnam, Robert D. 1993. Making Democracy Work. Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone. The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Reinares, Fernando, Carola Garcia-Calvo, and Alvaro Vicente. 2017. “Differential Association Explaining Jihadi Radicalization in Spain: A Quantitative Study.” CTC Sentinel 10 (6): 29–34.
Reynolds, Sean C., and Mohammed M. Hafez. 2017. “Social Network Analysis of German Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq.” Terrorism and Political Violence, February.
Richardson, James T. 2011. “Minority Religions and the Context of Violence: A Conflict/Interactionist Perspective.” In Violence and New Religious Movements, edited by James R. Lewis, 31–62. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rossteutscher, Sigrid. 2009. Religion, Zivilgesellschaft, Demokratie. Eine international vergleichende Studie zur Natur religiöser Märkte und der demokratischen Rolle religiöser Zivilgesellschaften. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
Roy, Olivier. 2010. Heilige Einfalt. Über die politischen Gefahren entwurzelter Religionen. Munich: Beck.
Ruah-Midbar, Marianna, and Adam Klin Oron. 2009. “Jew Age: Jewish Praxis in Israeli New Age Discourse.” Journal of Alternative Spiritualities and New Age Studies 5.
Saal, Johannes. 2014. “Religious and Secular Causes of Palestinian Suicide Bombings. Examining the Explanatory Potential of Social Capital Theory for Terrorism Research.” Master thesis. Universität Luzern.
Sageman, Marc. 2004. Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Sageman, Marc. 2008. Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Sapolsky, Robert M. 2017. Behave. The Biology of Humas at Our Best and Worst. New York: Penguin Press.
Schlicht, Ekkehart. 2007. “Konsum im Jenseits?” In Ökonomie und Religion, edited by Martin Held, Gisela Kubon-Gilke, and Richard Sturn, 275–92. Marburg: Metropolis.
Schmid, Alex P. 2011. “The Definition of Terrorism.” In The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research, edited by Alex P. Schmid, 39–157. London and New York: Routledge.
Schmidtchen, Dieter. 2007. “Ökonomik der Religion – Wettbewerb auf Märkten für religiöse Dienstleistungen.” In Ökonomie und Religion, edited by Martin Held, Gisela Kubon-Gilke, and Richard Sturn, 251–74. Marburg: Metropolis.
Schuurman, Bart, Lasse Lindekilde, Stefan Malthaner, Francis O’Connor, Paul Gill, and Noémie Bouhana. 2019. “End of the Lone Wolf: The Typology That Should Not Have Been.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 42 (8): 771–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2017.1419554.
Sedgwick, Mark. 2010. “The Concept of Radicalization as a Source of Confusion.” Terrorism and Political Violence 22 (4): 479–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2010.491009.
Seele, Peter. 2011. “Vom methodologischen Individualismus zur normbildenden Institution. Programmatische Perspektiven einer kommensurablen Religionsökonomie.” In Religion – Wirtschaft – Politik. Forschungszugänge zu einem aktuellen transdisziplinären Feld, edited by Antonius Liedhegener, Andreas Tunger-Zanetti, and Stephan Wirz. Zürich: Theologischer Verlag.
Shapiro, Jacob N. 2013. The Terrorist Dilemma. Managing Violent Organizations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Shepard, Benjamin. 2015. Rebel Friendships. “Outsider” Networks and Social Movements. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sherkat, Darren E., and John Wilson. 1995. “Preferences, Constaints, and Choices in Religious Markets: An Examination of Religious Switching and Apostasy.” Social Forces 73 (3): 993–1026.
Smidt, Corwin. 2003. “Religion, Social Capital, and Democratic Life: Concluding Thoughts.” In Religion as Social Capital, edited by Corwin Smidt, 211–22. Waco: Baylor University Press.
Snow, David A., Louis A. Zurcher, and Sheldon Ekland-Olsen. 1980. “Social Networks and Social Movements: A Microstructural Approach to Differential Recruitment.” American Sociological Review 45 (5): 787–801.
Srowig, Fabian, Viktoria Roth, Daniela Pisoiu, Katharina Seewald, and Andreas Zick. 2018. Radikalisierung von Individuen: ein Überblick über mögliche Erklärungsansätze. PRIF report 6/2018. Frankfurt am Main: Leibniz-Institut Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung (HSFK). https://www.hsfk.de/fileadmin/HSFK/hsfk_publikationen/prif0618.pdf.
Stadler, Nurit. 2009. Yeshiva Fundamentalism. Piety, Gender, and Resistance in the Ultra-Orthodox World. New York: New York University Press.
Stark, Rodney, and Willliam Sims Bainbridge. 1980. “Networks of Faith: Interpersonal Bonds and Recruitment to Cults and Sects.” American Journal of Sociology 85 (6): 1376–95.
Stark, Rodney, and Willliam Sims Bainbridge. 1996a. A Theory of Religion. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Stark, Rodney, and Willliam Sims Bainbridge. 1996b. Religion, Deviance & Social Control. New York and London: Routledge.
Stark, Rodney, and Roger Finke. 2000. Acts of Faith. Explaining the Human Side of Religion. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Sukhni, Elhakam. 2014. “Das gezielte Töten von Zivilisten und Nichtkombattanten im salafistisch-dschihadistischen Diskurs.” In Salafismus in Deutschland. Entstehung, Radikalisierung und Prävention, edited by Rauf Ceylan and Benjamin Jokisch, 17:129–51. Reihe für Osnabrücker Islamstudien. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Verlag.
Sunstein, Cass R. 2002. “The Law of Group Polarization.” The Journal of Political Philosophy 10 (2): 175–95.
Tafner, Georg. 2009. Geld und Glauben: Was sie teilen – was sie trennt. Über Grenzen und Grenznutzen der Religionsökonomie. Marburg: Tectum Wissenschaftsverlag.
Tilly, Charles. 2003. The Politics of Collective Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Topel, Marta F. 2012. Jewish Orthodoxy and Its Discontents. Religious Dissidence in Contemporary Israel. Lanham: University Press of America.
Traunmüller, Richard. 2012. Religion und Sozialkapital: Ein doppelter Kulturvergleich. Springer VS. https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783531194073.
Uslaner, Eric M. 2008. “Trust as a Moral Value.” In Handbook of Social Capital, edited by Dario Castiglione, Jan W. van Deth, and Guglielmo Wolleb, 70–100. New York: Routledge.
Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Nancy Burns. 2005. “Family Ties: Understanding the Intergenerational Transmission of Political Participation.” In The Social Logic of Politics, edited by Alan S. Zuckermann, 94–114. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Vergani, Matteo, Muhammad Iqbal, Ekin Ilbahar, and Greg Barton. 2018. “The Three Ps of Radicalization: Push, Pull and Personal. A Systematic Scoping Review of the Scientific Evidence about Radicalization Into Violent Extremism.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, September, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1505686.
Wagemakers, Joas. 2016. “Revisiting Wiktorowicz: Categorising and Defining the Branches of Salafism.” In Salafism After the Arab Awakening, 7–24. London: Hurst & Company.
Warren, Mark E. 2008. “The Nature and Logic of Bad Social Capital. Meanings of Social Capital.” In Handbook of Social Capital, edited by Dario Castiglione, Jan W. van Deth, and Guglielmo Wolleb, 122–49. New York: Routledge.
Wellman, James K., and Kyoko Tokuno. 2004. “Is Religious Violence Inevitable?” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 43 (3): 291–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2004.00234.x.
Wiedl, Nina. 2017. Zeitgenössische Rufe zum Islam: Salafistische Da’wa in Deutschland 2002–2011. ISPK-Studien zur Terrorismusforschung 1. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
Wiktorowicz, Quintan. 2006. “Anatomy of the Salafi Movement.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 29 (3): 207–39.
Wuthnow, Robert. 2002. “Religious Involvement and Status-Bridging Social Capital.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 41 (4): 669–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5906.00153.
Zmerli, Sonja. 2008. Inklusives und exklusives Sozialkapital in Deutschland. Grundlagen, Erscheinungsformen und Erklärungspotential eines alternativen theoretischen Konzepts. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Saal, J. (2021). Theory: The Dark Social Capital of Religious Radicals. In: The Dark Social Capital of Religious Radicals. Politik und Religion. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-32842-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-32842-9_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer VS, Wiesbaden
Print ISBN: 978-3-658-32841-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-658-32842-9
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)