A Dose of Emptiness: An Annotated Translation of the sTong thun chen mo of mKhas grub dGe legs dpal bzang
This book is an annotated translation of one of the great Tibetan classics of Mahayana Buddhist thought, mKhas grub rje's sTong thun chen mo. The text is a detailed critical exposition of the theory and practice of emptiness as expounded in the three major schools of Mahayana Buddhist philosophy: the Yogacara, Svatantrika, and Prasangika. Used as a supplement to the scholastic debating manuals in some of the greatest monasteries of Tibet, the sTong thun chen mo is a veritable encyclopedia of Mahayana Buddhist philosophy, dealing with such topics as hermeneutics, the theory of non-duality, the linguistic interpretation of emptiness, the typology of ignorance, logic, the nature of time, and the perception of matter across world spheres. This book is an indispensable source for understanding the Tibetan dGe lugs pa school's synthesis of the Middle Way (Madhyamaka) and Epistemological (Pramanika) traditions of Indian Buddhism. In addition, it is an unprecedented source for the philosophical polemics of fifteenth century Tibet.
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Contents
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Introduction
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1 |
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A Short Biography of mKhas grub dGe Legs dpal bzang
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13 |
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THE GREAT DIGEST
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21 |
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PREAMBLE
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23 |
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The Buddhas Doctrine as the ULtimate Source of Salvation
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24 |
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Introduction
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27 |
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The Emptiness Taught in the Tantras
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28 |
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The Benefits of Trusting the Profound Doctrine of Emptiness
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30 |
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On Withstanding Logical Analysis
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178 |
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423135 An Explanation of the Implications of This
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183 |
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423135112 What FauIts the Glorious Candra Finds in These Views
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185 |
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423135113 How the Other Buddhist Schools Posit the Self That Is the Direct Object of the Two Views of the Self the Person and Phenomena and Ho...
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190 |
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The Hinayānas Views on Liberation and Buddhahood
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193 |
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423135114 How the Glorious Candras Critique Is to Be Expounded
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194 |
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A Brief Explanation of the Differences between the Selflessness of the Person and of Phenomena
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197 |
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Śrāvakas and Pratyekabuddhas Understand Reality
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199 |
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The Vessel That Is the Listener to Whom This Doctrine Should Be Explained
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30 |
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The Characteristics of the Proper Disciple
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31 |
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The Actual Doctrine to Be Explained
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33 |
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411 THE DOCTRINES OF THE YOGĀCĀRA SCHOOL
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35 |
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Yogācāra Metaphysics and Hermeneutics
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37 |
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The Reality of the Dependent and the Real and the Yogācāra Critique of the Madhyamaka
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41 |
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Arguments Against the Advocates of the Emptiness of What Is Other gzhan stong
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46 |
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The Distinctively Yogācāra Use of the Example of the Illusion and the Status of the Dependent
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47 |
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Tsong kha pas Unique Exposition of the Yogācāra Theory of Emptiness
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50 |
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On Latent Potentialities
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59 |
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The Proof of the Linguistic Interpretation of Emptiness
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61 |
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Nonduality as a Corollary of the Linguistic Interpretation of Emptiness
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64 |
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The Explanation of the Three Natures
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65 |
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Similarity in Terminology Between the Yogācāra and Prāsaṅgika Is Not a Reflection of an Underlying Similarity in Meaning
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67 |
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THE DOCTRINES OF THE MADHYAMAKA SCHOOL
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73 |
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The Sources of the Madhyamaka School
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75 |
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422 The Explanation of How the Individual Commentaries on the Purport of Nāgārjunas Treatises Arose
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79 |
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A General Introduction to the Madhyamaka
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87 |
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The Meaning of the Claim That Prāsaṅgikas Accord with the World
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88 |
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423 Setting Forth Emptiness by Following Those Madhyamaka Scriptures
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90 |
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4231212 Refuting Them
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94 |
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423121212 How They Have Refuted That Special Quality by Their System of Interpretation
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96 |
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42312122 Demonstrating Those Reasons to Be Faulty
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98 |
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The Law of Excluded Middle and the Question of Whether the Madhyamaka Has a Viewpoint
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100 |
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A Critique of Quietism
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110 |
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423121223 Demonstrating That Their Analysis of What It Means for Something to Be Established or Not Established by a Valid Cognition and Their...
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115 |
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423121224 Demonstrating That Their Examination of Whether Arising Can Be Determined to Exist in Any One of the Four Ways Such as Arising fr...
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118 |
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423121225 Demonstrating That It Is Incorrect to Urge on Us the Absurdity That What We Advocate Goes Against the Four Reliances
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120 |
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423122 How We Refute the One Who Does Not Go Far Enough khyab cung ba in the Identification of the Object of Refutation
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122 |
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42313 The Explanation of What Our Own System Considers to Be the Extent of What Is to Be Refuted
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125 |
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Innate and Philosophical Misconceptions
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126 |
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THE DOCTRINES OF THE SVĀTANTRIKA SCHOOL
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135 |
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The Logic of the Svātantrikas Object of REfutation
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137 |
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The Analysis of the Svātantrikas Object of Refutation Based on Scriptural Sources
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139 |
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The Correct Identification of the Svātantrikas Object of Refutation
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141 |
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The Reasoning of the One and the Many
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145 |
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How the Example of the Reflection in the Mirror Is Understood
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149 |
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The DiamondGranule Reasoning and the Question of the Qualification of the Object of Refutation
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151 |
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The Reasoning Refuting Arising via the Four Extremes
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154 |
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The Reasoning Refuting the Arising of the Existent and Nonexistent
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155 |
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THE DOCTRINES OF THE PRĀSAṄIKA SCHOOL
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157 |
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A General Exposition of Prāsaṅgika Tenets
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159 |
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Does Reality Truly Exist or Is It Too a Mere Label?
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161 |
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An Excursus on the Essence Body of the Buddha
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162 |
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The Argument Concerning Reality Continues
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163 |
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The Reasoning Used to Prove That One Phenomenon Is Empty Applies to All Phenomena Including Emptiness
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164 |
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As It Does Not Truly Exist Emptiness Is Only a Mental Label
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165 |
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The Meaning of According with the World in the Prāsaṅgika System
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166 |
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The Scriptural Basis for Nominalism
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167 |
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True Existence the Opposite of Nominal Existence
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170 |
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423134 Refuting Misconceptions in Regard to the Distinction between Svātantrikas and Prāsaṅgikas
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171 |
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42313522 The Refutation of the Misconception That Believes That Exposition to Be Incorrect
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205 |
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The Response to the Preceding Criticism
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206 |
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42313523 The Exposition of the Valid Scriptural Evidence Explaining That Śrāvaka and Pratyekabuddhas Have an Understanding of the Selflessnes...
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215 |
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423135232 The Explanations of This Point According to the Abhisamayalamkara the Uttaratantra and Their Commentaries
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219 |
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4231352322 The Explanation of the Meaning of the Uttaratantra and Its Commentary
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224 |
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Logical Reasoning Proving That It Is Correct to Claim That Śravakas and Pratyekabuddhas Have an Understanding of the Selflessness of Phenomena
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228 |
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423135242 Bringing Scriptural Exegesis to Bear on the Problem
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232 |
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On the Hinayāna and Mahāyāna Understanding of Nirvāna
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237 |
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42313523 The Exposition of the Two Kinds of Obscurations sgrib pa and the Paths on Which They Are Abandoned
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243 |
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How the Obscurations Are Eliminated on the Various Paths
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251 |
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The Status of Inference in the Madhyamaka
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255 |
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42322 Setting Forth Our Own Position
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270 |
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423222 The Explanation of the Reasons Why the Svatantra Is Not Accepted
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275 |
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423223 Bringing the Prasannapadā to Bear on This Question and Explaining Its Meaning
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277 |
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Madhyamaka Logical Strategies and Related Polemics
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285 |
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423312 The Explanation of the Refutation of the Self of Phenomena
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288 |
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4233121B The Refutation of Arising from Another
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300 |
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4233121C The Refutation of the Arising from Both Self and Other
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303 |
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Other Unique Tenets of the Prāsaṅgika School
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305 |
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423312212 The Explanation of the Proof of Why the Past and Future Are Entities
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309 |
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42331222 The Explanations of Two Other Factors Differentiating the Prāsaṅgikas from Other Schools Namely the Rejection of the Foundation Cons...
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312 |
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423312222 Refuting the Fact That the Ārya Nāgārjuna and so on Accept the Foundation Consciousness
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314 |
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4233122222 The Refutation of the Belief That the Prāsaṅgika Mādhyamikas Accept It
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316 |
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423312223 The Explanation of How External Objects Are Posited Nominally
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322 |
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The Prāsaṅgika Interpretation of the Cittamātra Sūtras
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325 |
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The Case of Water
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332 |
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42331223 The Explanation of Why We Do Not Accept Autocognition rang rig
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343 |
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4233122312 The Explanation of How to Refute It
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345 |
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42331223122 The Refutation of the Belief
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346 |
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423312232 The Explanation of How We Posit Our Own System Which Does Not Accept Autocognition
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347 |
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The Two Truths and Their Cognition
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355 |
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423322 The Meaning of the Words Ultimate and Conventional
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358 |
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423323 Considering Whether They Are the Same or Different
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361 |
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423324 The Nature of Each of the Two Truths Individually
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363 |
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42332422 The Divisions of the Conventional
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364 |
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The Prāsaṅgika Interpretation of the Three Nature Theory of the Yogācāras
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368 |
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42333 The Explanation of the Valid Cognition That Ascertains the Two Truths That Is All Phenomena
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369 |
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423332 The Divisions
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370 |
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CONCLUSION
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379 |
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Concluding Verses
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384 |
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Colophon
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386 |
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The Verses to Rong ston
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387 |
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The Eighteen Great Contradictions
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389 |
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Notes
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391 |
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Glossary
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521 |
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Abbreviations
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553 |
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Western Scholarly and Sanskrit Sources
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557 |
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Index of Names
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575 |
| 581 | |
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Common terms and phrases
absurdly accept afflictions aggregates analyzes appears apprehended arhants arising āryan Asanga autocognition Avatāra ba'i bden bhūmi bodhisattva bshad Buddha Buddhapalita Buddhist bzhin Candrakīrti characteristic chen chos Cittamātrins claim commentary conceptual thought contradiction conventional dang dBu ma tsa dGe lugs Dharmakirti dngos doctrine dzin emptiness entity essence essenceless exist by virtue explained eye consciousness folio follows foundation consciousness gnosis gzhi Hence inherent existence innate karma labeled latent potentialities logical reason ma yin Madhyamaka Mahāyāna meaning meditation mind mKhas grub rje mtha mtshan Nāgārjuna natureless negation nirvāṇa nominally nonexistent nyid Opponent pa'i passage path perceived philosophical position Prasangika pratyekabuddhas predicate reality refutation Reply repudiation rgyal rigs rje's rnam rtog Śākya samsāra Sautrāntikas says scriptures selflessness of phenomena sprout śrāvaka śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas stong Sūtra Svātantrika syllogism tantra Tathāgata tathāgatagarbha teach things Tibetan truly existent truth truthlessness tsam ultimate understanding valid cognition Yogācāra