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Causality and History: Modes of Causal Investigation in Historical Social Sciences
- Ivan Ermakoff1,2
- Vol. 45:581-606 (Volume publication date July 2019) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041140
- First published as a Review in Advance on May 15, 2019
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Copyright © 2019 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved
Abstract
Studies at the confluence of history and social science address issues of causation in three ways: morphological, variable-centered, and genetic. These approaches to causal investigation differ with regard to their modi operandi, the types of patterns they look for, their underlying assumptions and the challenges they face. Morphological inquiries elaborate causal arguments by uncovering patterns in the empirical layout of socio-historical phenomena. To this end, these inquiries draw on descriptive techniques of data formalization. Variable-centered studies engage causal issues by investigating patterns of association among empirical categories under the twofold assumption that these categories a priori have explanatory relevance and each category empirically has the same meaning across cases. Genetic analyses ground their causal claims by identifying patterned processes of emergence or production.
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