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First published online February 1, 2012

Structure and Dynamics of Religious Insurgency: Students and the Spread of the Reformation

Abstract

The Protestant Reformation swept across Central Europe in the early-sixteenth century, leaving cities divided into Evangelical and Catholic camps as some instituted reforms and others remained loyal to the Roman Church. In offering a new explanation of the Reformation, we develop a theory that identifies ideologically mobilized students as bridge actors—that is, agents of religious contention who helped concatenate incidents of local insurgency into a loosely organized Evangelical movement by bridging structural holes. Building on existing literature, we offer a novel way to measure the influence of contending religious movements through university enrollments; we propose that the institution of reform can be partially explained by the varying degree of exposure that cities had to Evangelical activist and Catholic loyalist university students. Based on statistical analysis of a novel dataset comprising cities in the Holy Roman Empire with a population of 2,000 or more from 1523 to 1545, we find support for the role of university students as bridge actors linking critical communities at universities to arenas of urban contention. The greater a city’s exposure to heterodox ideology through city-to-university ties, the greater its odds of instituting the Reformation.

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Article first published online: February 1, 2012
Issue published: April 2012

Keywords

  1. bridge leaders
  2. diffusion
  3. Reformation
  4. university students

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Hyojoung Kim
California State University, Los Angeles
Steven Pfaff
University of Washington

Notes

Hyojoung Kim, Department of Sociology, California State University, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032 E-mail: [email protected]
Hyojoung Kim is Associate Professor of Sociology and Director of the Center for Korean American and Korean Studies at California State University, Los Angeles. His main research and teaching areas include political sociology, statistics, and race and ethnic studies with emphasis in Korean and Korean American studies. He has published his research in ASR, AJS, and European Sociological Review, and is the first place co-winner of the 2004 Best Article Competition Award of the Collective Behavior and Social Movements Section of ASA. He is currently conducting a national Korean American family survey of Korean language education.
Steven Pfaff is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Washington. His research interests include comparative and historical sociology, collective action and social movements, and the sociology of religion. He is the author of Exit-Voice Dynamics and the Collapse of East Germany: The Crisis of Leninism and the Revolution of 1989 (Duke University Press 2006), which was honored by the Social Science History Association and the European Academy of Sociology.

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