Invited Review
Of Microbes and Meals
The Health Consequences of Dietary Endotoxemia
Caleb J. Kelly MS, RD,
Sean P. Colgan PhD,
Daniel N. Frank PhD,
Caleb J. Kelly MS, RD
Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine
Search for more papers by this authorSean P. Colgan PhD
Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Daniel N. Frank PhD
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
Microbiome Research Consortium, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
Daniel N. Frank, PhD, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Microbiome Research Consortium, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave, MS B168, Bldg P15, Rm 11007, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; e-mail: [email protected].Search for more papers by this author
Caleb J. Kelly MS, RD,
Sean P. Colgan PhD,
Daniel N. Frank PhD,
Caleb J. Kelly MS, RD
Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine
Search for more papers by this authorSean P. Colgan PhD
Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Daniel N. Frank PhD
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
Microbiome Research Consortium, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
Daniel N. Frank, PhD, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Microbiome Research Consortium, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave, MS B168, Bldg P15, Rm 11007, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; e-mail: [email protected].Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The human intestinal tract comprises a rich and complex microbial ecosystem. This intestinal microbota provides a large reservoir of potentially toxic molecules, including bacterial endotoxin (ie, lipopolysaccharide [LPS]). This potent inflammatory molecule is detectable in the circulation of healthy individuals, and levels transiently increase following ingestion of energy-rich meals. Chronic exposure to circulating endotoxin has been associated with obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Western-style meals augment LPS translocation and by this mechanism may contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases. By contrast, the gut and other organs have evolved mechanisms to detoxify endotoxin and neutralize the potentially inflammatory qualities of circulating endotoxin. Of specific interest to clinicians is evidence that acute postprandial elevation of circulating endotoxin is dependent on meal composition. In this review, the authors present an overview of the biochemical and cellular mechanisms that lead to endotoxemia, with emphasis on the interplay between microbial and nutrition determinants of this condition. The link between endotoxemia, diet, and changes in the intestinal microbiota raise the possibility that dietary interventions can, at least in part, ameliorate the detrimental outcomes of endotoxemia.
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