念

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See also: 唸
念 U+5FF5, 念
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5FF5
← 忴
[U+5FF4]		 CJK Unified Ideographs 忶 →
[U+5FF6]
念 U+F9A3, 念
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9A3
← 廉
[U+F9A2]		 CJK Compatibility Ideographs 捻 →
[U+F9A4]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character[edit]

念 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 人戈弓心 (OINP), four-corner 80332, composition ⿱今心)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 378, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10390
  • Dae Jaweon: page 706, character 21
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2274, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5FF5

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 念
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (今) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
貪 *kʰl'uːm
嗿 *l̥ʰuːmʔ
僋 *l̥ʰuːms, *luːms
酓 *qʰɯːm, *qlamʔ, *qlɯːms
馠 *qʰɯːm
谽 *qʰɯːm
唅 *qʰɯːm, *ɡɯːms
含 *ɡɯːm
肣 *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ
頷 *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ
筨 *ɡɯːm
梒 *ɡɯːm
鋡 *ɡɯːm
莟 *ɡɯːmʔ, *ɡɯːms
琀 *ɡɯːms
浛 *ɡɯːms
盦 *qɯːm, *qaːb
韽 *qɯːm, *qrɯːms
玪 *krɯːm
妗 *qʰrɯːm, *kʰjam, *qʰlɯːm, *ɡrɯms
欦 *qʰrɯːmʔ, *qʰram, *kʰlam, *kʰlamʔ, *qʰlɯːm
黔 *ɡram, *ɡrɯm
鈐 *ɡram
鳹 *ɡram
雂 *ɡram, *ɡrɯm
念 *nɯːms
梣 *sɡɯm, *sɡrɯm
枔 *sɢrɯm
岑 *sɡrɯm
笒 *sɡrɯm, *ɡrɯms
涔 *sɡrɯm
侺 *ɡjɯms
今 *krɯm
黅 *krɯm
衿 *krɯm
衾 *kʰrɯm
坅 *kʰrɯmʔ
搇 *kʰrɯms
琴 *ɡrɯm
禽 *ɡrɯm
芩 *ɡrɯm
庈 *ɡrɯm
耹 *ɡrɯm
靲 *ɡrɯm
擒 *ɡrɯm
檎 *ɡrɯm
紟 *ɡrɯms
吟 *ŋɡrɯm, *ŋɡrɯms
訡 *ŋɡrɯm
廞 *qʰrɯm, *qʰrɯmʔ
陰 *qrɯm
霠
飲 *qrɯmʔ, *qrɯms
蔭 *qrɯms
廕 *qrɯms
矜 *ɡrɯn, *ɡɯn, *kɯŋ

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *nɯːms) : phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

Alternatively: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 今 + 心 (see: 張富海：《利用諧聲構擬上古音應該註意的幾個問題》，《出土文獻》，2021年第1期，頁134。)

Etymology[edit]

trad. 念
simp. # 念
alternative forms 𫝹

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njam. Cognate with Tibetan ཉམ (nyam), ཉམས (nyams, “soul, mind, heart”), སྙམ (snyam, “to think, to feel”) (Quan, 1996). Related to 恁 (OC *njɯm, *njɯmʔ, “to think, to miss”).

Schuessler (2007) notes it may be an area word; compare Khmer ចំណាំ (cɑmnam, “memory; recollection”), Proto-Austronesian *nemnem (“to think”).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • niam6 - Shantou, Chaoyang, Jieyang, Raoping;
  • liam6 - Chaozhou;
  • niang6 - Chenghai.
Rime
Character 念
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 泥 (8)
Final (韻) 添 (157)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 奴店切
Baxter nemH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /nemH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /nemH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /nɛmH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /nɛmH/
Li
Rong		 /nemH/
Wang
Li		 /niemH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /niemH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 niàn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 nim6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 念
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 niàn
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ nemH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*nˁim-s/
English think of

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 念
Reading # 1/1
No. 6588
Phonetic
component		 今
Rime
group		 侵
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 念
Old
Chinese		 /*nɯːms/
Notes 或以心含會意

Definitions[edit]

念

  1. to miss; to long for; to think of; to recall
  2. to consider; to contemplate
  3. Alternative form of 廿 (niàn, “twenty”)
  4. to worry; to be anxious about
  5. to feel compassion for; to pity
  6. to show tender affection for
  7. to commemorate; to memorialise; to pay tribute to
  8. idea; thought
  9. to nag
  10. (Buddhism) memory
  11. a surname
Synonyms[edit]
  • (to miss):
  • (to consider):
  • (idea):

Pronunciation 2[edit]

trad. 念/唸
simp. 念

Note:
  • niam7 - Shantou, Chaoyang, Jieyang, Raoping;
  • liam7 - Chaozhou;
  • niang7 - Chenghai.

Definitions[edit]

念

  1. to read aloud; to chant; to recite
    • 2022 October 16, “69歲習近平20大政治報告 未讀全文省略1小時”, in Central News Agency‎[1], archived from the original on 16 October 2022‎[2]:
      除了報告內容外，今年外界關注，已69歲的習近平是否會比照5年前的19大朗讀報告全文。19大的政治報告總共3萬2000多字，當時習近平以近3個小時唸完全文。
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  2. to study (at a school); to learn
  3. (Taiwan) to nag

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

念

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Noun[edit]

念(ねん) • (nen) 

  1. sense
  2. feeling

Compounds[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

念 (eumhun 생각 념 (saenggak nyeom), South Korea 생각 염 (saenggak yeom))

  1. Hanja form? of 념/염 (“thought”).

Compounds[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

念: Hán Nôm readings: niệm, niềm, núm

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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