The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025

An exclusive look at the 75 powerhouses of the coming urban revolution, brought to you by FP in partnership with the McKinsey Global Institute.

By , a former deputy managing editor at Foreign Policy.

#most_dynamic_cities{ cell-padding:0; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #000; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14px; } #most_dynamic_cities .rank{ background: #8b2c1e; color: #fff; border-left: none; } #most_dynamic_cities th{ background: #666; color: #fff; padding: 4px 8px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; } #most_dynamic_cities th.fp_red_bg { background: #8C1B2E; } #most_dynamic_cities td{ padding: 4px 8px; border-left: 2px solid #666; } #most_dymanic_cities td.rank{ border: none; } #most_dynamic_cities th{ border-left: 2px solid #000; } #most_dynamic_cities .number{ text-align: right; } #most_dynamic_cities tr{ border-top: 1px dashed #000; }
Population (millions) GDP (billions of U.S. dollars) Rank City Country 2010 2025 2010 2025 Total Growth % Growth 1 Shanghai China 22.3 30.9 $250.7 $1,112.2 $861.5 344% 2 Beijing China 18.8 29.6 206.2 1,027.9 821.7 398% 3 Tianjin China 11.1 15.2 128.8 624.4 495.7 385% 4 São Paulo Brazil 19.7 23.2 437.3 912.9 475.7 109% 5 Guangzhou China 11.1 14.9 146.1 573.0 426.9 292% 6 Shenzhen China 10.4 13.7 141.5 523.6 382.1 270% 7 New York United States 18.9 19.7 1,180.3 1,553.1 372.7 32% 8 Chongqing China 15.7 19.4 88.6 458.6 370.0 418% 9 Moscow Russia 11.6 12.7 325.8 688.5 362.7 111% 10 Tokyo Japan 36.4 36.7 1,874.7 2,218.6 343.9 18% 11 Wuhan China 9.8 13.1 82.2 414.4 332.2 404% 12 Los Angeles United States 12.9 15.0 731.8 1,051.5 319.7 44% 13 Foshan China 7.2 10.8 83.5 383.6 300.1 360% 14 Istanbul Turkey 11.0 14.9 188.2 479.7 291.5 155% 15 Nanjing China 7.2 9.9 68.5 343.9 275.4 402% 16 Chengdu China 7.7 11.2 57.8 309.6 251.7 435% 17 Hangzhou China 6.2 8.8 70.5 307.0 236.5 335% 18 Dongguan China 8.2 11.4 62.7 297.9 235.2 375% 19 Singapore Singapore 5.1 5.8 222.7 454.1 231.4 104% 20 Shenyang China 6.1 8.4 64.3 286.9 222.5 346% 21 London Britain 14.9 16.2 751.8 972.9 221.1 29% 22 Houston United States 6.0 7.7 341.1 559.9 218.8 64% 23 Dallas United States 6.4 8.6 324.9 541.2 216.3 67% 24 Xian China 6.5 9.1 40.6 253.3 212.6 523% 25 Washington United States 5.6 6.6 392.2 599.7 207.5 53% 26 Paris France 11.8 12.9 764.2 971.4 207.2 27% 27 Suzhou China 4.1 6.5 52.7 257.5 204.8 389% 28 Mexico City Mexico 20.1 21.6 255.1 459.5 204.4 80% 29 Riyadh Saudi Arabia 5.2 8.1 122.7 325.6 202.9 165% 30 Hong Kong China 7.1 8.2 224.5 423.6 199.1 89% 31 Bangkok Thailand 6.9 9.4 105.0 299.6 194.6 185% 32 Buenos Aires Argentina 13.1 15.2 191.7 384.3 192.6 100% 33 Doha Qatar 1.3 1.6 98.8 275.1 176.3 179% 34 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 11.8 13.6 180.9 356.1 175.2 97% 35 Dalian China 3.9 5.7 53.8 225.7 171.9 319% 36 Wuxi China 3.5 5.4 47.0 217.2 170.2 362% 37 Seoul South Korea 9.8 9.5 233.3 400.3 167.0 72% 38 Chicago United States 9.5 10.2 496.4 661.4 165.0 33% 39 Delhi India 16.3 21.4 47.6 211.4 163.9 344% 40 Ningbo China 3.5 5.1 45.0 205.7 160.8 358% 41 Jinan China 4.3 5.7 43.2 193.4 150.2 348% 42 Xiamen China 3.5 5.3 30.4 179.8 149.3 491% 43 Jakarta Indonesia 9.6 12.8 70.7 218.4 147.7 209% 44 Miami United States 5.6 7.2 235.9 380.2 144.34 61% 45 Kuwait City Kuwait 2.3 3.2 117.5 261.8 144.33 123% 46 Qingdao China 3.7 5.1 48.1 190.1 142.0 295% 47 Sydney Australia 4.6 5.8 268.9 410.6 141.8 53% 48 Atlanta United States 5.3 6.8 249.7 391.4 141.7 57% 49 Brasilia Brazil 3.7 5.0 101.6 242.6 141.03 139% 50 Taipei Taiwan 6.8 6.9 160.3 301.3 141.00 88% 51 Rhine-Ruhr Germany 11.3 11.1 484.6 625.0 140.4 29% 52 Toronto Canada 5.7 7.0 270.0 409.9 139.9 52% 53 Mumbai India 18.2 22.5 55.9 192.7 136.8 245% 54 Phoenix United States 4.2 5.9 181.6 317.5 135.9 75% 55 Harbin China 5.9 7.6 38.8 172.9 134.0 345% 56 Changzhou China 3.3 4.8 34.3 166.2 131.9 385% 57 San Francisco United States 4.3 5.0 283.3 410.7 127.3 45% 58 Hefei China 3.4 4.8 31.2 154.8 123.6 396% 59 Jeddah Saudi Arabia 3.5 5.2 75.9 196.9 121.0 159% 60 Melbourne Australia 4.1 5.2 221.4 341.7 120.3 54% 61 Luanda Angola 4.8 8.9 38.6 155.6 117.0 303% 62 Xuzhou China 3.1 4.5 22.4 134.1 111.7 499% 63 Tel Aviv-Jaffa Israel 3.3 4.3 114.8 225.9 111.0 97% 64 Changsha China 3.1 4.3 40.3 150.1 109.8 272% 65 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates 0.8 1.6 67.1 175.9 108.8 162% 66 Lima Peru 9.2 11.8 77.3 184.7 107.3 139% 67 Belo Horizonte Brazil 5.4 6.6 78.5 185.3 106.9 136% 68 Fuzhou China 2.9 4.2 23.4 130.0 106.6 456% 69 Ankara Turkey 4.1 5.7 64.9 170.3 105.4 162% 70 San Diego United States 3.1 3.9 172.9 277.5 104.6 61% 71 Philadelphia United States 6.0 6.3 314.5 418.6 104.1 33% 72 Tangshan China 3.0 3.7 33.6 137.6 104.0 309% 73 Santiago Chile 6.1 7.3 93.0 196.8 103.8 112% 74 Seattle United States 3.4 4.1 211.0 314.3 103.3 49% 75 Bangalore India 8.2 11.3 28.6 128.8 100.2 350%

Population (millions) GDP (billions of U.S. dollars)
Rank City Country 2010 2025 2010 2025 Total Growth % Growth
1 Shanghai China 22.3 30.9 $250.7 $1,112.2 $861.5 344%
2 Beijing China 18.8 29.6 206.2 1,027.9 821.7 398%
3 Tianjin China 11.1 15.2 128.8 624.4 495.7 385%
4 São Paulo Brazil 19.7 23.2 437.3 912.9 475.7 109%
5 Guangzhou China 11.1 14.9 146.1 573.0 426.9 292%
6 Shenzhen China 10.4 13.7 141.5 523.6 382.1 270%
7 New York United States 18.9 19.7 1,180.3 1,553.1 372.7 32%
8 Chongqing China 15.7 19.4 88.6 458.6 370.0 418%
9 Moscow Russia 11.6 12.7 325.8 688.5 362.7 111%
10 Tokyo Japan 36.4 36.7 1,874.7 2,218.6 343.9 18%
11 Wuhan China 9.8 13.1 82.2 414.4 332.2 404%
12 Los Angeles United States 12.9 15.0 731.8 1,051.5 319.7 44%
13 Foshan China 7.2 10.8 83.5 383.6 300.1 360%
14 Istanbul Turkey 11.0 14.9 188.2 479.7 291.5 155%
15 Nanjing China 7.2 9.9 68.5 343.9 275.4 402%
16 Chengdu China 7.7 11.2 57.8 309.6 251.7 435%
17 Hangzhou China 6.2 8.8 70.5 307.0 236.5 335%
18 Dongguan China 8.2 11.4 62.7 297.9 235.2 375%
19 Singapore Singapore 5.1 5.8 222.7 454.1 231.4 104%
20 Shenyang China 6.1 8.4 64.3 286.9 222.5 346%
21 London Britain 14.9 16.2 751.8 972.9 221.1 29%
22 Houston United States 6.0 7.7 341.1 559.9 218.8 64%
23 Dallas United States 6.4 8.6 324.9 541.2 216.3 67%
24 Xian China 6.5 9.1 40.6 253.3 212.6 523%
25 Washington United States 5.6 6.6 392.2 599.7 207.5 53%
26 Paris France 11.8 12.9 764.2 971.4 207.2 27%
27 Suzhou China 4.1 6.5 52.7 257.5 204.8 389%
28 Mexico City Mexico 20.1 21.6 255.1 459.5 204.4 80%
29 Riyadh Saudi Arabia 5.2 8.1 122.7 325.6 202.9 165%
30 Hong Kong China 7.1 8.2 224.5 423.6 199.1 89%
31 Bangkok Thailand 6.9 9.4 105.0 299.6 194.6 185%
32 Buenos Aires Argentina 13.1 15.2 191.7 384.3 192.6 100%
33 Doha Qatar 1.3 1.6 98.8 275.1 176.3 179%
34 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 11.8 13.6 180.9 356.1 175.2 97%
35 Dalian China 3.9 5.7 53.8 225.7 171.9 319%
36 Wuxi China 3.5 5.4 47.0 217.2 170.2 362%
37 Seoul South Korea 9.8 9.5 233.3 400.3 167.0 72%
38 Chicago United States 9.5 10.2 496.4 661.4 165.0 33%
39 Delhi India 16.3 21.4 47.6 211.4 163.9 344%
40 Ningbo China 3.5 5.1 45.0 205.7 160.8 358%
41 Jinan China 4.3 5.7 43.2 193.4 150.2 348%
42 Xiamen China 3.5 5.3 30.4 179.8 149.3 491%
43 Jakarta Indonesia 9.6 12.8 70.7 218.4 147.7 209%
44 Miami United States 5.6 7.2 235.9 380.2 144.34 61%
45 Kuwait City Kuwait 2.3 3.2 117.5 261.8 144.33 123%
46 Qingdao China 3.7 5.1 48.1 190.1 142.0 295%
47 Sydney Australia 4.6 5.8 268.9 410.6 141.8 53%
48 Atlanta United States 5.3 6.8 249.7 391.4 141.7 57%
49 Brasilia Brazil 3.7 5.0 101.6 242.6 141.03 139%
50 Taipei Taiwan 6.8 6.9 160.3 301.3 141.00 88%
51 Rhine-Ruhr Germany 11.3 11.1 484.6 625.0 140.4 29%
52 Toronto Canada 5.7 7.0 270.0 409.9 139.9 52%
53 Mumbai India 18.2 22.5 55.9 192.7 136.8 245%
54 Phoenix United States 4.2 5.9 181.6 317.5 135.9 75%
55 Harbin China 5.9 7.6 38.8 172.9 134.0 345%
56 Changzhou China 3.3 4.8 34.3 166.2 131.9 385%
57 San Francisco United States 4.3 5.0 283.3 410.7 127.3 45%
58 Hefei China 3.4 4.8 31.2 154.8 123.6 396%
59 Jeddah Saudi Arabia 3.5 5.2 75.9 196.9 121.0 159%
60 Melbourne Australia 4.1 5.2 221.4 341.7 120.3 54%
61 Luanda Angola 4.8 8.9 38.6 155.6 117.0 303%
62 Xuzhou China 3.1 4.5 22.4 134.1 111.7 499%
63 Tel Aviv-Jaffa Israel 3.3 4.3 114.8 225.9 111.0 97%
64 Changsha China 3.1 4.3 40.3 150.1 109.8 272%
65 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates 0.8 1.6 67.1 175.9 108.8 162%
66 Lima Peru 9.2 11.8 77.3 184.7 107.3 139%
67 Belo Horizonte Brazil 5.4 6.6 78.5 185.3 106.9 136%
68 Fuzhou China 2.9 4.2 23.4 130.0 106.6 456%
69 Ankara Turkey 4.1 5.7 64.9 170.3 105.4 162%
70 San Diego United States 3.1 3.9 172.9 277.5 104.6 61%
71 Philadelphia United States 6.0 6.3 314.5 418.6 104.1 33%
72 Tangshan China 3.0 3.7 33.6 137.6 104.0 309%
73 Santiago Chile 6.1 7.3 93.0 196.8 103.8 112%
74 Seattle United States 3.4 4.1 211.0 314.3 103.3 49%
75 Bangalore India 8.2 11.3 28.6 128.8 100.2 350%

Ranked by projected absolute GDP growth 2012-2025 at predicted real exchange rates.
Source: McKinsey Global Institute Cityscope database 2.0. 

About the index: Developed using McKinsey Global Institute’s Cityscope database of 2,600 cities, the index represents one possible scenario of the urban world’s evolution. Cities refer to integrated metropolitan areas, aggregating neighboring cities into a single urban center where appropriate. Estimates are based on underlying demographic and GDP per capita growth projections, and subject to significant uncertainty in evolution of everything from population and migration patterns to per capita GDP growth and exchange rate outlook. For more on data sources and methodologies, please see the appendix of "Urban World: Cities and the Rise of the Consuming Class" at www.mckinsey.com/mgi.

Cara Parks is a former deputy managing editor at Foreign Policy. Twitter: @caraparks

More from Foreign Policy

US President Joe Biden and Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman arrive for the family photo during the Jeddah Security and Development Summit (GCC+3) at a hotel in Saudi Arabia's Red Sea coastal city of Jeddah on July 16, 2022.
US President Joe Biden and Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman arrive for the family photo during the Jeddah Security and Development Summit (GCC+3) at a hotel in Saudi Arabia's Red Sea coastal city of Jeddah on July 16, 2022.

Saudi Arabia Is on the Way to Becoming the Next Egypt

Washington is brokering a diplomatic deal that could deeply distort its relationship with Riyadh.

Police try to block students and faculty members from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Roosevelt University, and Columbia College Chicago amid a pro-Palestinian demonstration in Chicago, on April 26.
Police try to block students and faculty members from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Roosevelt University, and Columbia College Chicago amid a pro-Palestinian demonstration in Chicago, on April 26.

What America’s Palestine Protesters Should and Shouldn’t Do

A how-to guide for university students from a sympathetic observer.

U.S. President Joe Biden and China's President Xi Jinping, both wearing dark suits, are seen from behind as they walk through a large wooden doorway. Biden reaches out to pat a hand on Xi's back. Small trees flank the entrance.
U.S. President Joe Biden and China's President Xi Jinping, both wearing dark suits, are seen from behind as they walk through a large wooden doorway. Biden reaches out to pat a hand on Xi's back. Small trees flank the entrance.

No, This Is Not a Cold War—Yet

Why are China hawks exaggerating the threat from Beijing?

U.S. President Joe Biden speaks about the situation in Kabul, Afghanistan from the East Room of the White House on August 26, 2021 in Washington.
U.S. President Joe Biden speaks about the situation in Kabul, Afghanistan from the East Room of the White House on August 26, 2021 in Washington.

The Original Sin of Biden’s Foreign Policy

All of the administration’s diplomatic weaknesses were already visible in the withdrawal from Afghanistan.