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Role of Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Autoimmune Retinopathy (AIR)

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Role of Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Autoimmune Diseases

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Abstract

Autoimmune retinopathies (AIRs) are a group of autoantibody-mediated retinal degenerations characterized by progressive visual deterioration, visual field loss, abnormal electroretinography (ERG) with a normal looking retina or a minimally apparent structural changes in the retina. It is characterized by the presence of antiretinal antibodies (ARAs) causing photoreceptor dysfunction. AIR is an immunologic disorder whereby retinal antigens are recognized aberrantly as autoantigens, leading to retinal degeneration as evidenced by basic immunological studies. However, exact underlying pathomechanism remains elusive. Most of the evidences are from experimental animal models. The incidence as well as the severity of the disease decreases under a germ-free environment which further strengthens the hypothesis of microbiota being a trigger for the autoimmune diseases. Four mechanisms triggering the gut-eye axis for causing intraocular inflammation have been hypothesized including antigenic (molecular) mimicry, destruction of intestinal barrier, increased intestinal permeability, microbial metabolites, dysbiosis. No standardized protocol has yet been established for patients with AIR. Considering a pivotal role of gut microbiota in autoimmune uveitis, four main therapeutic approaches are developed. This includes antibiotics, probiotics, dietary modifications, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) inhibitors like lodamine have shown to have significantly reduced the inflammatory cell infiltration and granuloma formation. The intestinal microbiome thus represents a salient potential target for therapeutic modulation to treat these potentially blinding conditions. Prospective studies are required to analyze the proposed experimental therapeutic approaches for a clinical implication.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Uvea and Medical Retina, Sankara Nethralaya, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Gazal Patnaik

  2. Department of Uvea and Ocular Pathology, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    Jyotirmay Biswas

Authors
  1. Gazal Patnaik
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  2. Jyotirmay Biswas
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. C.G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat, Gujarat, India

    Mitesh Kumar Dwivedi

  2. Department of Life Sciences, Sri Sathya Sai University for Human Excellence, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India

    A. Sankaranarayanan

  3. Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

    E. Helen Kemp

  4. Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmunity, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel

    Yehuda Shoenfeld

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Patnaik, G., Biswas, J. (2022). Role of Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Autoimmune Retinopathy (AIR). In: Dwivedi, M.K., Sankaranarayanan, A., Kemp, E.H., Shoenfeld, Y. (eds) Role of Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Autoimmune Diseases. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4800-8_21

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