Hyperactivation of 4E-binding protein 1 as a mediator of biguanide-induced cytotoxicity during glucose deprivation

Biguanides, including metformin, buformin, and phenformin, are potential antitumorigenic agents and induce cell death during glucose deprivation, a cell condition that occurs in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we show that this selective killing of glucose-deprived cells is coupled with hyperactivation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), a negative regulator of translation initiation. We found, in fact, that the 4E-BP1 hyperactivation led to failure of the unfolded protein response (UPR), an endoplasmic reticulum-originated stress signaling pathway for cell survival. We also found that the 4E-BP1-mediated UPR inhibition occurred through a strong inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway, a proven antitumor target. Importantly, the 4E-BP1 hyperactivation can be also seen in xenografted cancer cells through an in vivo biguanide treatment. Our findings indicate that antitumor action of biguanides can be mediated by 4E-BP1 hyperactivation, which results in UPR inhibition and selective cell killing when glucose is withdrawn.