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Traversing the Vivid Pharmacological and Nanotechnological Facets of Genistein: Insights into the Past, Present and Future Trends

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Abstract

The environment has endowed us with herbal remedies, which have a huge potential for alleviating human illnesses with minimal adverse effects. Genistein is one of isoflavones that possess a broad array of therapeutic roles to treat several medical disorders like postmenopausal vasomotor symptoms, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, antidepression, antianxiety, anticancer, antioxidant, antiobesity, and anti-osteoporosis effects. Genistein has the ability to control the cancer growth by transforming cell cycle and cell death signaling pathways, nuclear factor-B kinase signal transduction, and androgen-mediated and protein tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling. Genistein has the capability to augment cell proliferation and survival through the cyclic adenosine monophosphate and protein kinase pathway to produce antidiabetic activity. Genistein acts as an antioxidant by upregulating glutathione and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate dehydrogenase. Its antihypertensive activity are produced by ERK1/2, phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt, and AMP/protein kinase-A signaling pathways which cause phosphorylation of nitric oxide synthases and enzyme activation. Genistein’s antidepressant effects are attributed to an increase in connexin-43 expression and a decrease in miR-221/222 expression. The physiochemical properties and pharmacokinetic profile of Genistein have been highlighted in the current review work. This article elucidates brief review of the pharmacological applications and molecular pathways of Genistein for the treatment of numerous clinical conditions, including postmenopausal vasomotor symptoms, antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, antiobesity, cardioprotective, antidepression, antianxiety and antiosteoporosis. The current review article’s objective is to provide readers with an updated understanding of previously investigated nanotechnology-based approaches like nanostructured lipid carriers, micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and liposomes to improve Genistein’s solubility and permeability.

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Abbreviations

GEN:

Genistein

5-HT:

5-Hydroxytryptamine

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

IL-1β:

Interleukin-1 beta

NF-kB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor beta

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

cAMP/PKA:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A

ERK:

Extracellular signal-related kinase

PPAR:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors

TRAMP:

Transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate

BCSCs:

Breast cancer stem-like cells

AMPK:

Activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase

PTEN:

Phosphatase and tensin homolog

WTLI:

Whole thorax lung irradiation

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

BCL2:

β-cell lymphoma 2

ERK:

Extracellular signal-related kinase

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

PKA:

Protein kinase A

PEPCK:

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

FAS:

Fatty acid synthase

CPT:

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

5-HT3:

5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor

NPs:

Nanoparticles

PNPs:

Polymeric nanoparticles

SLNs:

Solid lipid nanoparticles

NLCs:

Nanostructured lipid carriers

TPGS:

d-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate

Gen@AuNPs:

Genistein-gold nanoparticle conjugates

HLEC:

Human lens epithelial cell

Gen:

Genistein

β-CD:

Beta-cyclodextrin

BSAnp:

Bovine serum albumin nanoparticles

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

DMPC:

Dimyristoyl Phosphatidylcholine

DOPC:

Dioleylphosphocholine

DSPC:

Distearoylphosphocholine

Gen@AuNPs:

Genistein gold nanoparticles

HA:

Hyaluronic acid

MPEG:

Methyl ether poly (ethylene glycol)

NE-DSPC:

Distearoylphosphocholine based Nanoemulsion

NE-DOPC:

Dioleylphosphocholine based Nanoemulsion

PEG-PLA:

Polyethylene glycol and Polylactic acid

PLGA:

Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)

PI3K/AKT3:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors/Threonine Kinase 3

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TPGS:

d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India 133207 and the School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India for providing the facilities for the completion of this review.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India

    Neelam Sharma, Neha Tiwary & Sukhbir Singh

  2. School of Health Sciences & Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi-248007, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

    Tapan Behl

  3. Department of Pharmacology, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India

    Sumeet Gupta

  4. Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 16278, Saudi Arabia

    Md. Khalid Anwer

  5. Department of Pharmacology, Bromatology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, WWV8+G5Q, 15081, Lima, Peru

    Celia Vargas-De-La-Cruz

  6. E-Health Research Center, Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades, 15001, Lima, Peru

    Celia Vargas-De-La-Cruz

  7. School of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das University, 111, Faizabad Rd, Atif Vihar, Lucknow, Uattardhona, Uttar Pradesh, 226028, India

    Shivam Yadav

  8. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Strada Universității 1, 410087, Oradea, Romania

    Simona Gabriela Bungau

  9. Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, Strada Universității 1, 410087, Oradea, Romania

    Simona Gabriela Bungau

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  1. Neelam Sharma
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Contributions

SS, TB and NT: Conceived the study and wrote the manuscript; NS, TB, SS : Lietrature review and editing; SG and MKA: Figure Work; CVDLC and SY: Revision; TB , SGB and SS: Proof Read

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Correspondence to Tapan Behl or Sukhbir Singh.

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Sharma, N., Tiwary, N., Behl, T. et al. Traversing the Vivid Pharmacological and Nanotechnological Facets of Genistein: Insights into the Past, Present and Future Trends. BioNanoSci. 13, 1470–1500 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-023-01201-2

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