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Statins Have Biphasic Effects on Angiogenesis

Michael Weis

Michael Weis

From Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford, Calif.

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Christopher Heeschen

Christopher Heeschen

From Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford, Calif.

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Alec J. Glassford

Alec J. Glassford

From Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford, Calif.

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and

John P. Cooke

John P. Cooke

From Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford, Calif.

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Originally published12 Feb 2002https://doi.org/10.1161/hc0602.103393Circulation. 2002;105:739–745

Abstract

Background— Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase to reduce the synthesis of cholesterol and isoprenoids that modulate diverse cell functions. We investigated the effect of the statins cerivastatin and atorvastatin on angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo.

Methods and Results— Endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation were enhanced at low concentrations (0.005 to 0.01 μmol/L) but significantly inhibited at high statin concentrations (0.05 to 1 μmol/L). Antiangiogenic effects at high concentrations were associated with decreased endothelial release of vascular endothelial growth factor and increased endothelial apoptosis and were reversed by geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. In murine models, inflammation-induced angiogenesis was enhanced with low-dose statin therapy (0.5 mg · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹) but significantly inhibited with high concentrations of cerivastatin or atorvastatin (2.5 mg · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹). Despite the fact that high-dose statin treatment was effective at reducing lipid levels in hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E–deficient mice, it impaired rather than enhanced angiogenesis. Finally, high-dose cerivastatin decreased tumor growth and tumor vascularization in a murine Lewis lung cancer model.

Conclusions— HMG-CoA reductase inhibition has a biphasic dose-dependent effect on angiogenesis that is lipid independent and associated with alterations in endothelial apoptosis and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling. Statins have proangiogenic effects at low therapeutic concentrations but angiostatic effects at high concentrations that are reversed by geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. At clinically relevant doses, statins may modulate angiogenesis in humans via effects on geranylated proteins.

Angiogenesis, the sprouting of new capillaries from preexisting blood vessels, is a multistep process that involves proliferation, migration, and differentiation of endothelial cells (ECs), remodeling of the extracellular matrix, and functional maturation of the newly assembled vessels.^1,2

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, or statins, inhibit the biosynthesis of L-mevalonate.³L-Mevalonate is a precursor for cholesterol, as well as isoprenoid intermediates such as farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGP).⁴ The isoprenoids are important lipid moieties added during posttranslational modification of a variety of proteins, including G-proteins and G-protein subunits, Ras, and Ras-like proteins, such as Rho, Rab, Rae, Ral, or Ra.⁴ Statin therapy effectively reduces cardiovascular events in patients at risk.^3,5,6 The benefit appears to exceed the cholesterol-lowering effect of statins, possibly by protective effects on endothelial nitric oxide bioactivity and atherosclerotic plaque stabilization.^5–7 Furthermore, it is possible that statins may modulate angiogenesis in a therapeutic manner. We and others have demonstrated that endothelial function and angiogenesis are impaired by hypercholesterolemia.^8,9 By reducing cholesterol and enhancing endothelial functions, statins might improve angiogenesis. Accordingly, we hypothesized that HMG-CoA reductase inhibition would enhance endothelial processes involved in angiogenesis and might reverse impaired angiogenesis in hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, our studies were designed to determine the effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition on angiogenesis and its cellular determinants, as well as to determine the lipid dependency of these effects.

Methods

Reagents

Reagents were from Sigma unless otherwise specified. Cerivastatin (CEV) was supplied by Bayer AG, and atorvastatin (ATV) was a gift from U. Laufs (Homburg, Germany). Both drugs are potent inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase.^10,11

Cells

Primary human adult dermal microvascular ECs (HMVECs), obtained from BioWhittaker were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.1 mg/mL endothelial growth supplement (crude extract from bovine brain), 5 μg of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF), 0.5 mg of hydrocortisone, 50 U/mL penicillin, and 50 μg/mL streptomycin (Gibco BRL, Life Technologies). HMEC-1, an immortalized human dermal microvascular EC line, was provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga.¹² HMEC-1 cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 10 ng/mL hEGF, 50 U/mL penicillin, and 50 μg/mL streptomycin (Gibco). Cells were maintained at 37°C and 5% CO₂.

Assessment of Cell Number (XTT Assay)

HMVECs and HMEC-1 cells were seeded in 96-well plates (Falcon, 96 wells, flat bottom) at 80% confluence (1×10⁴ cells/well) and incubated in 2% FBS medium for 24 hours. CEV was added at concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.5 μmol/L. After 24 hours, XTT (Boehringer Mannheim; 125 mg/mL) was added to each well for 4 hours. During the incubation, orange formazan was formed (dependent on viability), which was measured at 490 nm with an ELISA plate reader.

Migration Assay (Scratch Wound Assay)

For detection of cell migration, cells were grown in pretraced 6-cm wells, and a portion of the cell monolayer was scraped away with a sterile disposable rubber policeman.¹³ The remaining cells were washed with medium and incubated with CEV or ATV (0.005 to 0.5 μmol/L) over 12, 36, and 60 hours. EC migration into the denuded area was quantified with a computer-assisted microscope (Olympus BX50F).

Apoptosis Assays (Annexin V and Sytox Staining)

HMVECs and HMEC-1 cells were grown in chamber slides (4% FBS) and exposed to hypoxia (2% O₂) for 24 hours with and without CEV. Nuclear fragmentation was quantified with Sytox (Molecular Probes) and a fluorescence microscope (Olympus BX50F) equipped with a 3-CCD color video camera (Sony DXC-970 MD) and the image software Optimas 6.1. Fluorescence-labeled annexin V (Molecular Probes) staining of HMEC-1 was used as a functional index of early apoptosis.¹⁴ Quantitative analysis of stained cells was performed in 5 random fields at 10-fold magnification (n=5).

Bax/Bcl-2 Protein Expression (Western Blot)

Cells were lysed by addition of 0.5 mL of Kephos buffer pH 7.0 including 1% NP-40, 1 μmol/L leupeptin, 5 μmol/L aprotinin, and 1 mmol/L 2-mercaptoethanol. Protein extracts (50 μg) were separated with 7.5% SDS-PAGE, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane by electrotransfer, and blocked with 5% nonfat milk for 1 hour at room temperature. Bax and Bcl-2 were detected with rabbit anti-human antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) diluted 1:1000 (2- or 4-hour incubation, respectively). The antigen-antibody complexes were visualized with anti-rabbit IgG horseradish peroxidase diluted 1:1000 and an enhanced chemiluminescence detection system (Amersham).

Endothelial Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Release (ELISA)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in conditioned medium were detected with a human VEGF ELISA kit (Quantikine, VEGF immunoassay, R&D Systems). The VEGF standards (1 to 1000 pg/mL) and samples were placed by pipette into wells coated with antibody specific for human VEGF. After a wash, an enzyme-linked polyclonal antibody specific for VEGF was added to the wells. After a second wash, a substrate solution was added. The absorbance of standards and samples was measured spectrophotometrically at 450 nm with a microplate reader. VEGF concentrations were calculated (in pg/mL) with the standard curve and adjusted for protein concentrations.

VEGF Receptor-2 Expression

Blots were incubated with a monoclonal biotin-conjugated mouse anti-human VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) antibody (Sigma) diluted 1:1000 in 1% milk and 0.05% Tris-buffered saline-Tween 20. The antigen-antibody complex was visualized with streptavidin/horseradish peroxidase (Dako) diluted 1:500 and enhanced chemiluminescence detection.

In Vitro Angiogenesis

The formation of vascular-like structures by HMEC-1 cells was assessed on growth factor–reduced Matrigel (Becton Dickinson). HMEC-1 cells cultured for 24 hours in DMEM with 2% FBS were then plated at 2×10⁴ cells/well in 4-well-chamber glass slides (Laboratory-Tek II; Nalge Nunc) precoated with 250 μL of Matrigel (10.7 mg/mL) in the absence or presence of CEV or ATV (0.005 and 0.5 μmol/L). After 48 hours of incubation in a 5% CO₂-humidified atmosphere at 37°C, tube formation was quantified by microscopy and a CCD camera. The length of completed tubelike structures in 5 random fields (10-fold magnification) was quantified in a blinded fashion.

Animals

Female wild-type and apolipoprotein (apo) E–deficient hypercholesterolemic C57BL/6J mice (apoE^−/−, Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, Me) aged 24 weeks were used to examine the angiogenic effects of CEV in normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic states. Protocols were approved by the Administrative Panel on Laboratory Animal Care of Stanford University and were performed in accordance with their recommendations. Mice were treated with CEV (0.5 and 2.5 mg · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹) in drinking water or with daily subcutaneous injections of ATV (0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg). The dose range was based on biotransformation studies with CEV in mice^15,16 and on our studies of the lipid-lowering effects of statins in apoE^−/− mice (≈35% and 15% reduction in cholesterol levels after 7 days’ treatment with 2.5 or 0.5 mg · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹ CEV). Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were determined by the Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University.

In Vivo Angiogenic Assays

Tumor Angiogenesis (Lewis Lung Cancer Model)

Lewis lung cancer cells (LLC1; 5×10⁵; ATCC) were injected into both flanks of C57BL/6 mice. Mice were treated with CEV (0.5 or 2.5 mg · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹) in drinking water. Tumor growth was assessed by palpation 3 times per week. After 14 or 24 days, just before the animals were killed, 2 mL of fluorescent microspheres (0.2 μm; FluoSpheres carboxylate-modified microspheres, blue fluorescent; Molecular Probes) was injected into the left ventricle over 4 minutes.¹⁷ Tumor tissue was explanted, measured, weighed, and embedded in Tissue Tek (Sakura Finetek) at −80°C until sectioning. The long and short axes of each tumor were measured with calipers. The volume was calculated by the formula (0.52)×(ab²), with a as the larger diameter and b as the smaller diameter. Tumor vessels in frozen mid-tissue sections (6 sections per tumor) were studied under a fluorescence microscope. Tumor vascularization was quantified by analysis of the vessel density in 5 random fields from each tumor section in a blinded fashion with Scion Image software (beta 4.0.2).

Inflammation-Induced Angiogenesis (Disk Model)

We have previously described the disk angiogenesis system.⁹ Disks were implanted into the subcutaneous flank in mice after anesthesia with intraperitoneal injection of xylocaine/ketamine. Three weeks after disk implantation, and immediately after systemic infusion of fluorescent microspheres (0.2 μm), the disk was removed and exposed to fluorescent light under a microscope. Pictures were stored with a digital camera. Perfused (fluorescent-positive) vessel area was determined with Scion Image software (beta 4.0.2).

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis of the results was performed with the Student t test for unpaired or paired data, respectively, or, if necessary, with ANOVA followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc test (StatView 5.0). Data are presented as mean±SEM.

Results

EC Proliferation

EC proliferation (HMEC-1) was dose dependently affected by CEV (Figure 1). Low concentrations (0.01 to 0.005 μmol/L) increased cell proliferation by 10% to 20%, whereas high concentrations (≥0.05 μmol/L) decreased proliferation up to 38%. Mevalonate (100 μmol/L) and GGP (20 μmol/L) but not FPP (20 μmol/L) or squalene (100 μmol/L) reversed the inhibitory effects of CEV. Qualitatively identical results were obtained with primary HMVECs (data not shown).

EC Migration

Low statin concentrations (0.005 μmol/L) increased migration distance (ATV up to 54±7% and CEV up to 75±9%), whereas intermediate and high concentrations (0.05 and 0.5 μmol/L) inhibited cell migration by up to 66±5% (CEV) and 51±4% (ATV) compared with control (Figure 2). Cotreatment of ECs with mevalonate (100 μmol/L) or GGP but not FPP completely reversed the effect of high statin concentrations.

EC Apoptosis

As shown in Figure 3A, low-dose CEV (0.005 μmol/L) tended to protect microvascular ECs from hypoxia-induced apoptosis (25±13% decrease in annexin V–positive cells; P=0.058), whereas annexin V–positive cells were increased by 62±12% in cells treated with 0.5 μmol/L CEV. Accelerated apoptosis by high-dose CEV was completely blocked by mevalonate (100 μmol/L). Similarly, nuclear fragmentation (identified with Sytox) was increased in cells treated with 0.5 μmol/L CEV, whereas low-dose CEV decreased nuclear fragmentation (data not shown). Necrosis was not enhanced at the time that apoptosis was detected (data not shown).

Bax expression was increased by hypoxia and by high-dose statin. The antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein was downregulated by high-dose statin. Therefore, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio significantly increased in ECs exposed to high-dose CEV, in normoxic and hypoxic conditions.

VEGF Release and VEGFR-2 Expression

Low concentrations of CEV increased endothelial VEGF release during normoxic and hypoxic conditions by 13±6% (P<0.05) and 30±6% (P<0.01), respectively. In contrast, VEGF release from hypoxic ECs exposed to high-dose CEV (0.5 μmol/L) was significantly decreased compared with control (−23±9%; P<0.01). Mevalonate and GGP but not FPP reversed the inhibitory effects of high-dose CEV on VEGF release.

The effect of VEGF is mediated in part through endothelial VEGFR-2.² Because Rho proteins may modulate endothelial VEGFR-2 expression,¹⁸ and Rho activity is modulated by products from the mevalonate pathway, we studied VEGFR-2 expression after CEV treatment. VEGFR-2 expression in hypoxic cells was significantly upregulated compared with normoxic cells. High-dose CEV (0.5 μmol/L) reduced VEGFR-2 protein expression under hypoxic conditions by 68±6% (P<0.001).

In Vitro Angiogenesis (Matrigel Assay)

The formation of vascular-like structures by HMEC-1 was strongly enhanced by low-dose (0.005 μmol/L) CEV (+360%) and ATV (+270%) but was impaired by high-dose (0.5 μmol/L) statin treatment (−61% and −52% in response to CEV and ATV, respectively; Figure 4). Mevalonate and GGP restored tube formation.

**Figure 4.** Effect of statins on EC differentiation. Low concentrations of statins (0.005 μmol/L CEV [C] or ATV [A]) enhanced tube formation. High-dose statin treatment (0.5 μmol/L) inhibited tube formation, an effect reversed by mevalonate (Mev) and GGP but not by FPP. Representative formation of capillary-like structures on growth factor–reduced Matrigel after 24-hour treatment with ATV is depicted in upper right panels.

Tumor Angiogenesis

Tumor growth was comparable in the CEV and control groups 14 days after tumor cell injection (Figure 5A). After 24 days, tumor volume and weight were significantly reduced in C57BL/6 mice treated with high-dose CEV (2.5 mg · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹; tumor volume −36%, tumor wet weight −59% versus control; P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively). The effect of high-dose CEV on tumor growth was associated with a 51±17% reduction in tumor vascularization (Figure 5B). Proliferation of LLC1 in vitro was not affected by high-dose CEV (data not shown).

Inflammation-Induced Angiogenesis

Disk vascular ingrowth after 21 days was enhanced in C57BL/6 mice treated with low-dose CEV and ATV (24% and 30% increase in vessel area versus control; P<0.05), whereas high-dose statins inhibited disk vascularization by 57% (CEV) and 70% (ATV), respectively (P<0.001). Disk vascularization was reduced in hypercholesterolemic (apoE^−/−) mice (26% vessel area versus 43%; P<0.01), an effect that was partially reversed by low-dose statin treatment. Despite the fact that high-dose CEV was more effective than low-dose CEV at reducing lipid levels in hyperlipidemic apoE knockout mice (51% versus 31% reduction in cholesterol concentration; 33% versus 23% reduction in triglycerides; both P<0.05), it impaired rather than enhanced angiogenesis. Representative pictures of the disk vascular ingrowth in apoE^−/− mice are shown in Figure 6.

Discussion

This is the first study to investigate the effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition on angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo over a broad (therapeutically relevant) concentration range. We were able to demonstrate biphasic dose-dependent, lipid-independent effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition on angiogenesis. Moreover, we present new data that high-dose statin monotherapy reduces tumor growth, an effect associated with decreased tumor vascularization. Finally, this is the first study to demonstrate that HMG-CoA reductase inhibition dose dependently affects apoptotic activity and VEGF signaling in human ECs. The angiostatic effects of statins at high therapeutic concentrations are lipid independent and are reversible by supplementation with mevalonate and GGP. This observation indicates that angiogenesis may be impaired by inhibition of isoprenylation (geranylated proteins).

Serum levels of statins in humans range between 0.002 and 0.05 μmol/L for CEV (0.2 to 0.8 mg/d)^10,19 and between 0.002 and 0.2 μmol/L for ATV (10 to 80 mg/d).²⁰ In our in vitro studies, proangiogenic effects were observed at statin concentrations between 0.005 and <0.05 μmol/L (low- to mid-range concentrations in humans), whereas angiostatic effects were observed at ≥0.05 μmol/L CEV or ATV (high-dose concentrations in humans). Similarly, we chose to investigate the effect of a clinically relevant range of low- and high-dose statins in our murine models. The dosing was based on biotransformation studies in mice (which indicate accelerated disposition of statins) and the effect on lipid levels in the apoE-deficient mice. The in vitro and in vivo studies are concordant in demonstrating a biphasic effect of statins on angiogenesis that is dose dependent.

The existing literature regarding the effect of statins on angiogenesis has been puzzling. There are reports that statins can reduce EC proliferation and migration^21–23 and enhance the antitumor effect of tumor necrosis factor-α.²⁴ In contrast, Kureishi et al²⁵ reported that simvastatin promotes angiogenesis in normocholesterolemic animals, probably via activation of endothelial protein kinase Akt/PKB. The discrepant data may result from the different EC types used or may be attributed to the different statin concentrations and incubation times.

Low-dose statin may enhance angiogenesis via activation of endothelial NO synthase.²⁵ NO promotes angiogenesis by enhancing EC proliferation, migration, and podokinesis.²⁶ By contrast, high-dose statins decreased angiogenesis. Our data indicate that at high doses, a statin-induced reduction in GGP inhibits angiogenesis. GGP is required for the membrane localization of small GTP-binding proteins such as Rho family members.⁴ Other antiangiogenic effects of statins may include inhibition of the expression or activity of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,²⁷ metalloproteinase and angiotensin-2,^28,29 preproendothelin gene,³⁰ and actin filament and focal adhesion formation.³¹

EC survival factors are involved in angiogenesis.³² Dysfunction of Rho and Ras induces apoptosis.³³ Our data indicate that high-dose statins increase EC apoptosis under hypoxic conditions. We speculate that high-dose statins induce EC apoptosis in part by reducing geranylgeranylation of Rho proteins known to modulate the activity of VEGFR-2.¹⁸ Similarly, Knapp et al³⁴ reported that simvastatin (2 μmol/L) increased cytokine-induced EC apoptosis. By contrast, Kureishi et al²⁵ demonstrated that simvastatin (1 μmol/L) decreased endothelial apoptosis under normoxic conditions. The differences between the studies may be explained by different EC types and different apoptotic stimuli used.

We have previously shown that hypercholesterolemia impairs angiogenesis, an effect that is mediated at least in part by an accumulation of asymmetric dimethylarginine, the endogenous inhibitor of NO synthesis.⁹ To define the contribution of reduced cholesterol synthesis to the angiogenic effects of statins, we investigated the effect of low- and high-dose statin treatment on angiogenesis in normal and genetically hypercholesterolemic mice. In the hypercholesterolemic group, angiogenesis was inhibited. Low-dose statin therapy enhanced angiogenesis in both groups. By contrast, high-dose cerivastatin inhibited angiogenesis in both groups, even though it was much more effective at reducing lipid levels in the apoE-deficient mice. Thus, the observed effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition on angiogenesis are primarily dependent on the absence of mevalonate but may not be entirely related to cholesterol reduction.

The aggressive growth of tumors is dependent on angiogenesis.³⁵ We found that high-dose CEV decreased tumor vascularization and tumor growth. Blais et al³⁶ recently explored the association between statins and cancer incidence in humans. Patients treated with statins were found to be 28% less likely than users of bile acid–binding resins to be diagnosed as having any cancer (risk ratio 0.72; 95% CI 0.57 to 0.92). In the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study trial, fewer cancer-related deaths were observed in patients receiving long-term simvastatin therapy.³⁷

Plaque growth is also dependent on angiogenesis.³⁸ Proangiogenic agents such as VEGF and nicotine increase plaque neovascularization and progression.^39,40 Accordingly, it is possible that the known benefit of statins on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis is due in part to inhibition of plaque neovascularization.

In summary, HMG-CoA reductase inhibition has a biphasic and dose-dependent effect on angiogenesis that is mainly independent of its effects on blood cholesterol and that is related to geranylated proteins. Our observation that angiogenesis is modulated by the HMG-CoA reductase pathway may establish a mechanistic basis for some of the lipid-independent effects of statins on cancer mortality and cardiovascular events.

This study was supported in part by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL-58638). Dr Weis was supported by the German Society of Cardiology, Germany. Dr Cooke is an Established Investigator of the American Heart Association. We are grateful to Drs James J. Jang and Phil S. Tsao for advice and assistance.

Footnotes

Correspondence to John P. Cooke, Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305. E-mail [email protected]

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Chen C, Zhang H, Lan Y, Yan W, Liu S, Chen Y, Xie T, Ning J, Yan X, Shang L and Han J (2024) Statins as a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy: a Mendelian randomization and cross-sectional observational study, Journal of Translational Medicine, 10.1186/s12967-024-05097-8, 22:1

Linfeng L, Xiaowei Z, Xueqin C and Xianfeng Z Simvastatin-loaded 3D aerogel scaffolds promote bone regeneration, Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering, 10.3233/BME-230068, 35:2, (153-163)

Berry C, Le T, An N, Griffin M, Januszyk M, Kendig C, Fazilat A, Churukian A, Pan P and Wan D (2024) Pharmacological and cell-based treatments to increase local skin flap viability in animal models, Journal of Translational Medicine, 10.1186/s12967-024-04882-9, 22:1

Chang Y, Wu C, Cheng C, Chen J and Chang L (2023) Redrawing Urokinase Receptor (uPAR) Signaling with Cancer Driver Genes for Exploring Possible Anti-Cancer Targets and Drugs, Pharmaceuticals, 10.3390/ph16101435, 16:10, (1435)

Woodbury S, Swanson W, Douglas L, Niemann D and Mishina Y (2023) Temperature-responsive PCL-PLLA nanofibrous tissue engineering scaffolds with memorized porous microstructure recovery, Frontiers in Dental Medicine, 10.3389/fdmed.2023.1240397, 4

Schelz Z, Muddather H and Zupkó I (2023) Repositioning of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors as Adjuvants in the Modulation of Efflux Pump-Mediated Bacterial and Tumor Resistance, Antibiotics, 10.3390/antibiotics12091468, 12:9, (1468)

Sharma S, Kirwale S, Katakia Y, Majumder S and Roy A (2023) Development and evaluation of a simvastatin-loaded biopolymeric scaffold for improved angiogenesis and healing of diabetic wounds, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104832, 87, (104832), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2023.

De Spiegeleer A, Kahya H, Crombez L, Descamps A, Rössler R, Kressig R, Lapauw B, Wynendaele E, Elewaut D, De Spiegeleer B and Van Den Noortgate N (2023) Potential role of statins in treatment of acute sarcopenia, Medical Hypotheses, 10.1016/j.mehy.2023.111111, 177, (111111), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2023.

Malektaj H, Nour S, Imani R and Siadati M (2023) Angiogenesis induction as a key step in cardiac tissue Regeneration: From angiogenic agents to biomaterials, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123233, 643, (123233), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2023.

Cash T, Jonus H, Tsvetkova M, Beumer J, Sadanand A, Lee J, Henry C, Aguilera D, Harvey R and Goldsmith K (2023) A phase 1 study of simvastatin in combination with topotecan and cyclophosphamide in pediatric patients with relapsed and/or refractory solid and CNS tumors, Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 10.1002/pbc.30405, 70:8, Online publication date: 1-Aug-2023.

Liu C, Chen H, Hu B, Shi J, Chen Y and Huang K (2023) New insights into the therapeutic potentials of statins in cancer, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10.3389/fphar.2023.1188926, 14

Sánchez-López E, Gómara M and Haro I (2023) Atorvastatin-loaded peptide amphiphiles against corneal neovascularization, Nanomedicine, 10.2217/nnm-2023-0133, 18:17, (1095-1108), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2023.

Penton A, A. Langert K, Maier K and Gahtan V (2023) Beyond Cholesterol Reduction: Statin Pleiotropy and Peripheral Arterial Disease Statins - From Lipid-Lowering Benefits to Pleiotropic Effects, 10.5772/intechopen.1001143

Boswell-Patterson C, Hétu M, Pang S, Herr J, Zhou J, Jain S, Bambokian A and Johri A (2023) Novel theranostic approaches to neovascularized atherosclerotic plaques, Atherosclerosis, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.04.008, 374, (1-10), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2023.

Lymperopoulou C, Kandarakis S, Tzanaki I, Mylona I, Xanthos T and Agouridis A (2023) The Effect of Statins on Ocular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials, Pharmaceuticals, 10.3390/ph16050711, 16:5, (711)

Lv H, Liu B, Qin Y and Ali Sheikh M (2023) Investigation of the Effects of Some Cardiovascular Drugs on Angiogenesis by Transgenic Zebrafish, Mediators of Inflammation, 10.1155/2023/1958046, 2023, (1-9), Online publication date: 24-Apr-2023.

Li R, Zhang J, Shi J, Yue J, Cui Y, Ye Q, Wu G, Zhang Z, Guo Y and Fu D (2023) An intelligent phase transformation system based on lyotropic liquid crystals for sequential biomolecule delivery to enhance bone regeneration, Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 10.1039/D2TB02725A, 11:13, (2946-2957)

Montelione N, Loreni F, Nenna A, Catanese V, Scurto L, Ferrisi C, Jawabra M, Gabellini T, Codispoti F, Spinelli F, Chello M and Stilo F (2023) Tissue Engineering and Targeted Drug Delivery in Cardiovascular Disease: The Role of Polymer Nanocarrier for Statin Therapy, Biomedicines, 10.3390/biomedicines11030798, 11:3, (798)

Deza Z, Caimi G, Noelia M, Coli L, Ridruejo E and Alvarez L (2022) Atorvastatin shows antitumor effect in hepatocellular carcinoma development by inhibiting angiogenesis via TGF‐β1/pERK signaling pathway, Molecular Carcinogenesis, 10.1002/mc.23494, 62:3, (398-407), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2023.

Wagner N and Wagner K (2023) Pharmacological Utility of PPAR Modulation for Angiogenesis in Cardiovascular Disease, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10.3390/ijms24032345, 24:3, (2345)

Goto W, Kashiwagi S, Takada K, Asano Y, Ogisawa K, Morisaki T, Shibutani M, Tanaka H and Maeda K (2023) Clinical verification of the relationship between serum lipid metabolism and immune activity in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, European Journal of Medical Research, 10.1186/s40001-022-00964-w, 28:1

Karkeet R, Zekri A, Sayed-Ahmed M, Sherif G, Salem S, Abdelbary A, Fouad M, Saad S and Ummarino D (2022) The prognosis of lipid reprogramming with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, rosuvastatin, in castrated Egyptian prostate cancer patients: Randomized trial, PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0278282, 17:12, (e0278282)

Oura K, Morishita A, Tani J and Masaki T (2022) Antitumor Effects and Mechanisms of Metabolic Syndrome Medications on Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, 10.2147/JHC.S392051, Volume 9, (1279-1298)

Watson R, Tulk A and Erdrich J The Link Between Statins and Breast Cancer in Mouse Models: A Systematic Review, Cureus, 10.7759/cureus.31893

Whitlon D (2022) Statins and hearing, Hearing Research, 10.1016/j.heares.2022.108453, 425, (108453), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2022.

Pazouki M, Golestaneh A and Aminzadeh A (2022) Effectiveness of local application of simvastatin for prevention of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: An animal study on rats, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology, 10.1016/j.ajoms.2022.05.002, 34:6, (713-718), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2022.

Zahedipour F, Butler A, Eid A and Sahebkar A (2022) Pleiotropic properties of statins via angiogenesis modulation in cardiovascular disease, Drug Discovery Today, 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.07.010, 27:10, (103325), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2022.

Zahedipour F, Butler A, Rizzo M and Sahebkar A (2022) Statins and angiogenesis in non-cardiovascular diseases, Drug Discovery Today, 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.07.005, 27:10, (103320), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2022.

Mak B, Lin H, Duong T, Mahon K, Joshua A, Stockler M, Gurney H, Parnis F, Zhang A, Scheinberg T, Wittert G, Butler L, Sullivan D, Hoy A, Meikle P and Horvath L (2022) Modulation of Plasma Lipidomic Profiles in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer by Simvastatin, Cancers, 10.3390/cancers14194792, 14:19, (4792)

Ng C, Teng M, Chew N, Chan K, Yong J, Quek J, Tan D, Lim W, Lee G, Wong J, Kaewdech A, Huang D, Wang J, Chan M, Noureddin M, Siddiqui M, Sanyal A and Muthiah M (2022) Statins decrease overall mortality and cancer related mortality but are underutilized in NAFLD: a longitudinal analysis of 12,538 individuals, Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 10.1080/17474124.2022.2119128, 16:9, (895-901), Online publication date: 2-Sep-2022.

Handley E and Callanan A (2022) Modulation of Tissue Microenvironment Following Myocardial Infarction, Advanced NanoBiomed Research, 10.1002/anbr.202200005, 2:8, Online publication date: 1-Aug-2022.

Khazaaleh S, Sarmini M, Alomari M, Al Momani L, El Kurdi B, Asfari M, Almomani Z and Romero-Marrero C Statin Use Reduces the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review, Cureus, 10.7759/cureus.27032

Goh M and Sinn D (2022) Statin and aspirin for chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma: Time to use or wait further?, Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, 10.3350/cmh.2021.0366, 28:3, (380-395), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2022.

VAVLUKIS A, VAVLUKIS M, DIMOVSKI A, PETRUSHEVSKA G, EFTIMOV A, DOMAZETOVSKA S and MLADENOVSKA K (2021) Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of rosuvastatin in patients with low-to-moderate cardiovascular risk, Acta Pharmaceutica, 10.2478/acph-2022-0018, 72:2, (303-315), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2022., Online publication date: 1-Jun-2022.

Marcianò G, Palleria C, Casarella A, Rania V, Basile E, Catarisano L, Vocca C, Bianco L, Pelaia C, Cione E, D’Agostino B, Citraro R, De Sarro G and Gallelli L (2022) Effect of Statins on Lung Cancer Molecular Pathways: A Possible Therapeutic Role, Pharmaceuticals, 10.3390/ph15050589, 15:5, (589)

Shen Y, Hsu H, Lin T, Chang Y, Hu L, Chen L, Lin S, Kuo P, Chen W, Lin Y, Chen J, Liang Y and Chang C (2022) H1-Antihistamines Reduce the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, or Dual Hepatitis B Virus-Hepatitis C Virus Infection, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 10.1200/JCO.21.01802, 40:11, (1206-1219), Online publication date: 10-Apr-2022.

Goto W, Kashiwagi S, Kamei Y, Watanabe C, Aomatsu N, Ikeda K, Ogawa Y, Hirakawa K and Ohira M (2022) Relationship between serum lipid levels and the immune microenvironment in breast cancer patients: a retrospective study, BMC Cancer, 10.1186/s12885-022-09234-8, 22:1

Morofuji Y, Nakagawa S, Ujifuku K, Fujimoto T, Otsuka K, Niwa M and Tsutsumi K (2022) Beyond Lipid-Lowering: Effects of Statins on Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases and Cancer, Pharmaceuticals, 10.3390/ph15020151, 15:2, (151)

Chen W, Xie G, Lu Y, Wang J, Feng B, Wang Q, Xu K and Bao J (2022) An improved osseointegration of metal implants by pitavastatin loaded multilayer films with osteogenic and angiogenic properties, Biomaterials, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121260, 280, (121260), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2022.

Wesołowska A, Winiarska H, Owoc J, Borowska M, Domagała J, Mikołajczak P, Iskakova S, Dworacki G and Dworacka M (2021) Effects of Low-Dose Atorvastatin on the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Secretion of Angiogenic Factors in Type 2 Diabetes, Biomolecules, 10.3390/biom11121885, 11:12, (1885)

Gong Z, Zhan D, Nie M, Li X, Gao C, Liu X, Xiang T, Yuan J, Jiang W, Huang J, Quan W, Wang D, Tian Y, Yuan H, Zhang J and Jiang R (2021) Dexamethasone enhances the efficacy of atorvastatin in inhibiting excessively inflammation-induced abnormal angiogenesis by regulating macrophages, Journal of Neuroinflammation, 10.1186/s12974-021-02257-1, 18:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2021.

Qi H, Wang K, Li M, Zhang Y, Dong K, Heise S, Boccaccini A and Lu T (2021) Co-culture of BMSCs and HUVECs with simvastatin-loaded gelatin nanosphere/chitosan coating on Mg alloy for osteogenic differentiation and vasculogenesis, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.032, 193, (2021-2028), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2021.

Francis P and Forman L (2021) Statins Show Promise Against Progression of Liver Disease, Clinical Liver Disease, 10.1002/cld.1143, 18:6, (280-287), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2021.

Zhu P, Wang M, Chen Z and Yang L (2021) Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment: A Literature Review of the Novel Anti-Tumor Mechanism of Statins, Frontiers in Oncology, 10.3389/fonc.2021.761107, 11

Mitchell J, Flight R and Moseley H (2021) Untargeted Lipidomics of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Demonstrates Differentially Abundant Lipid Classes in Cancer vs. Non-Cancer Tissue, Metabolites, 10.3390/metabo11110740, 11:11, (740)

Alsawah G, Alsheddi M, Al-Madi E and Al-Obaida M (2021) Regenerative Healing of Chitosan Scaffold Impregnated with Simvastatin in Repairing Furcal Perforation, Applied Sciences, 10.3390/app11198992, 11:19, (8992)

Li Q, Liu C, Deng L, Xie E, Yadav N, Tie Y, Cheng Z and Deng J (2021) Novel function of fluvastatin in attenuating oxidized low‑density lipoprotein‑induced endothelial cell ferroptosis in a glutathione peroxidase4‑ and cystine‑glutamate antiporter‑dependent manner, Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 10.3892/etm.2021.10710, 22:5

Khalighfard S, Khori V, Alizadeh A, Vahabzadeh G, Tajaldini M, Sedighi S, Nozarian Z, Khodayari H, Khodayari S, Ganji F, Veisi Malekshahi Z and Mirmajidi T (2021) Dual effects of atorvastatin on angiogenesis pathways in the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, European Journal of Pharmacology, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174281, 907, (174281), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2021.

Li Z, Zhang J, Xue Y, He Y, Tang L, Ke M and Gong Y (2021) Pitavastatin stimulates retinal angiogenesis via HMG-CoA reductase-independent activation of RhoA-mediated pathways and focal adhesion, Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 10.1007/s00417-021-05328-4, 259:9, (2707-2716), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2021.

Afshari A, Mollazadeh H, Henney N, Jamialahmad T and Sahebkar A (2021) Effects of statins on brain tumors: a review, Seminars in Cancer Biology, 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.002, 73, (116-133), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2021.

Chen Y, Huang Y, Yang S, Yen H, Tsai H, Hsieh M and Hsiao Y (2021) Pitavastatin and metformin synergistically activate apoptosis and autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells, Environmental Toxicology, 10.1002/tox.23146, 36:8, (1491-1503), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2021.

Kant R, Yang M, Tseng C, Yen C, Li W, Tyan Y, Chen M, Tzeng C, Chen W, You K, Wang W, Chen Y and Chen Y (2021) Discovery of an Orally Efficacious MYC Inhibitor for Liver Cancer Using a GNMT-Based High-Throughput Screening System and Structure–Activity Relationship Analysis, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00093, 64:13, (8992-9009), Online publication date: 8-Jul-2021.

Hannachi N, Fournier P, Martel H, Habib G and Camoin-Jau L (2020) Statins potentiate the antibacterial effect of platelets on Staphylococcus aureus , Platelets, 10.1080/09537104.2020.1792434, 32:5, (671-676), Online publication date: 4-Jul-2021.

Malektaj H, Imani R and Siadati M (2021) Study of injectable PNIPAAm hydrogels containing niosomal angiogenetic drug delivery system for potential cardiac tissue regeneration, Biomedical Materials, 10.1088/1748-605X/abdef8, 16:4, (045031), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2021.

Klein J, Mauck L, Schackert G and Pinzer T (2021) Do statins reduce the rate of revision surgery after chronic subdural hematoma drain?, Acta Neurochirurgica, 10.1007/s00701-021-04871-7, 163:7, (1843-1848), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2021.

Silva M, Peng T, Zhao X, Li S, Farhan M and Zheng W (2021) Recent trends in drug-delivery systems for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy and associated fibrosis, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.007, 173, (439-460), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2021.

Huang J, Zhao X, Li X, Peng J, Yang W, Mi S and Christofk H (2021) HMGCR inhibition stabilizes the glycolytic enzyme PKM2 to support the growth of renal cell carcinoma, PLOS Biology, 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001197, 19:4, (e3001197)

Tan Q, Yu D and Song L (2020) Atorvastatin disrupts primary human brain microvascular endothelial cell functions via prenylation‐dependent mitochondrial inhibition and oxidative stress, Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology, 10.1111/fcp.12615, 35:2, (341-350), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2021.

CAN B, ÖZTURAN O, ORAL M and BENER S (2021) Topikal Atorvastatinin Random Paternli Cilt Fleplerinin Yaşayabilirliğine Etkisi ,Deneysel Çalışma, OSMANGAZİ JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, 10.20515/otd.858659

Sun Y and Long D (2021) Preparation, Characterization and in vitro/in vivo Evaluation of Lovastatin-Loaded PLGA Microspheres by Local Administration for Femoral Head Necrosis, Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 10.2147/DDDT.S286306, Volume 15, (601-610)

Inobhas A, Chansangpetch S, Manassakorn A, Tantisevi V, Rojanapongpun P and Awadein A (2021) Effect of oral statin use on mitomycin-C augmented trabeculectomy outcomes, PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0245429, 16:1, (e0245429)

Zabroski I and Nugent M (2021) Lipid Raft Association Stabilizes VEGF Receptor 2 in Endothelial Cells, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10.3390/ijms22020798, 22:2, (798)

Meyer N, Brodowski L, Richter K, von Kaisenberg C, Schröder-Heurich B and von Versen-Höynck F (2021) Pravastatin Promotes Endothelial Colony-Forming Cell Function, Angiogenic Signaling and Protein Expression In Vitro, Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10.3390/jcm10020183, 10:2, (183)

Singh S, Nguyen H, Ehsan M, Michels D, Singh P, Qadura M and Singh K (2020) Pravastatin‐induced changes in expression of long non‐coding and coding RNAs in endothelial cells, Physiological Reports, 10.14814/phy2.14661, 9:1, Online publication date: 1-Jan-2021.

Virtanen A, Huttala O, Tihtonen K, Toimela T, Heinonen T, Laivuori H and Uotila J (2021) Angiogenic Effect of Pravastatin Alone and with Sera from Healthy and Complicated Pregnancies Studied by in vitro Vasculogenesis/Angiogenesis Assay, Journal of Vascular Research, 10.1159/000512831, 58:3, (139-147), .

Long S, Huang S, Kambala A, Ren L, Wilson J, Goetz M, Hao X, Yang X, Goncharova E, Jia L, LeBlanc A, Khanna C, Henrich C and Beutler J (2020) Identification of potential modulators of osteosarcoma metastasis by high‐throughput cellular screening of natural products, Chemical Biology & Drug Design, 10.1111/cbdd.13762, 97:1, (77-86), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2021.

Kirtonia A, Gala K, Fernandes S, Pandya G, Pandey A, Sethi G, Khattar E and Garg M (2021) Repurposing of drugs: An attractive pharmacological strategy for cancer therapeutics, Seminars in Cancer Biology, 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.04.006, 68, (258-278), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2021.

Ahmadi M, Amiri S, Pecic S, Machaj F, Rosik J, Łos M, Alizadeh J, Mahdian R, da Silva Rosa S, Schaafsma D, Shojaei S, Madrakian T, Zeki A and Ghavami S (2020) Pleiotropic effects of statins: A focus on cancer, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease, 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165968, 1866:12, (165968), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2020.

Nakhjavani M, Smith E, Townsend A, Price T and Hardingham J (2020) Anti-Angiogenic Properties of Ginsenoside Rg3, Molecules, 10.3390/molecules25214905, 25:21, (4905)

Łoboda A and Dulak J (2020) Muscle and cardiac therapeutic strategies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: past, present, and future, Pharmacological Reports, 10.1007/s43440-020-00134-x, 72:5, (1227-1263), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2020.

Alipour Talesh G, Trézéguet V and Merched A (2020) Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Statins, Biochemistry, 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00476, 59:37, (3393-3400), Online publication date: 22-Sep-2020.

Hosio M, Urpilainen E, Hautakoski A, Marttila M, Arffman M, Sund R, Ahtikoski A, Puistola U, Karihtala P, Jukkola A and Läärä E (2020) Survival after breast cancer in women with type 2 diabetes using antidiabetic medication and statins: a retrospective cohort study, Acta Oncologica, 10.1080/0284186X.2020.1769858, 59:9, (1110-1117), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2020.

Riaño I, Martín L, Varela M, Serrano T, Núñez O, Mínguez B, Rodrigues P, Perugorria M, Banales J and Arenas J (2020) Efficacy and Safety of the Combination of Pravastatin and Sorafenib for the Treatment of Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma (ESTAHEP Clinical Trial), Cancers, 10.3390/cancers12071900, 12:7, (1900)

Bai J, Qi Q, Li Y, Day R, Makhoul J, Magness R and Chen D (2020) Estrogen Receptors and Estrogen-Induced Uterine Vasodilation in Pregnancy, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10.3390/ijms21124349, 21:12, (4349)

Facciorusso A, Abd El Aziz M, Singh S, Pusceddu S, Milione M, Giacomelli L and Sacco R (2020) Statin Use Decreases the Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Updated Meta-Analysis, Cancers, 10.3390/cancers12040874, 12:4, (874)

Ye C, Wang J, Zhao A, He D, Maitz M, Zhou N and Huang N (2020) Atorvastatin Eluting Coating for Magnesium‐Based Stents: Control of Degradation and Endothelialization in a Microfluidic Assay and In Vivo, Advanced Materials Technologies, 10.1002/admt.201900947, 5:4, Online publication date: 1-Apr-2020.

Cadeddu G, Hervás-Morón A, Martín-Martín M, Pelari-Mici L, Ytuza-Charahua de Kirsch K, Hernández-Corrales A, Vallejo-Ocaña C, Sastre-Gallego S, Carrasco-Esteban E, Sancho-García S and López-Campos F (2020) Metformin and statins: a possible role in high-risk prostate cancer, Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy, 10.1016/j.rpor.2019.12.027, 25:2, (163-167), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2020.

Tran K, McMenamin Ú, Coleman H, Cardwell C, Murchie P, Iversen L, Lee A and Thrift A (2019) Statin use and risk of liver cancer: Evidence from two population‐based studies, International Journal of Cancer, 10.1002/ijc.32426, 146:5, (1250-1260), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2020.

Rothe R, Schulze S, Neuber C, Hauser S, Rammelt S, Pietzsch J, Pietzsch J and Jung F Adjuvant drug-assisted bone healing: Part III – Further strategies for local and systemic modulation, Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 10.3233/CH-199104, 73:3, (439-488)

Wong N, Solly E, Bursill C, Tan J and Ng M (2020) Pathophysiology of Angiogenesis and Its Role in Vascular Disease Mechanisms of Vascular Disease, 10.1007/978-3-030-43683-4_5, (89-116), .

Nyame Y, Wilkins L, Greene D, Ganesan V, Dai C, Almassi N, Stephenson A, Gong M, Berglund R and Klein E (2019) Assessing the relationship between statin use and oncologic outcomes among men electing active surveillance for localized prostate cancer, Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases, 10.1038/s41391-019-0147-0, 22:4, (617-623), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2019.

Gorabi A, Kiaie N, Hajighasemi S, Banach M, Penson P, Jamialahmadi T and Sahebkar A (2019) Statin-Induced Nitric Oxide Signaling: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications, Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10.3390/jcm8122051, 8:12, (2051)

Deng L, Zhang F, Wu Y, Luo J, Mao X, Long L, Gou M, Yang L and Deng D (2019) RGD-Modified Nanocarrier-Mediated Targeted Delivery of HIF-1α-AA Plasmid DNA to Cerebrovascular Endothelial Cells for Ischemic Stroke Treatment , ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01362, 5:11, (6254-6264), Online publication date: 11-Nov-2019.

Fallows R and Lumsden G (2019) Pitfalls in the study of neovascularisation in achilles and patellar tendinopathy: a review of important factors for clinicians to consider and the need for greater standardisation, Physical Therapy Reviews, 10.1080/10833196.2019.1690216, 24:6, (346-357), Online publication date: 2-Nov-2019.

Regulska K, Regulski M, Karolak B, Michalak M, Murias M and Stanisz B (2019) Beyond the boundaries of cardiology: Still untapped anticancer properties of the cardiovascular system-related drugs, Pharmacological Research, 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104326, 147, (104326), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2019.

Ho W, Choo D, Wu Y, Chan T and Lin Z (2019) Statin Use and the Risk of Prostate Cancer in Ischemic Heart Disease Patients in Taiwan, Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 10.1002/cpt.1408, 106:2, (458-466), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2019.

Venkatesan N, Liyanage A, Castro-Núñez J, Asafo-Adjei T, Cunningham L, Dziubla T and Puleo D (2019) Biodegradable polymerized simvastatin stimulates bone formation, Acta Biomaterialia, 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.059, 93, (192-199), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2019.

Manega C, Fiorelli S, Porro B, Turnu L, Cavalca V, Bonomi A, Cosentino N, Di Minno A, Marenzi G, Tremoli E and Eligini S (2019) 12(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid downregulates monocyte-derived macrophage efferocytosis: New insights in atherosclerosis, Pharmacological Research, 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.03.012, 144, (336-342), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2019.

Ooi K, Khoo P, Vaclavik V and Watson S (2019) Statins in ophthalmology, Survey of Ophthalmology, 10.1016/j.survophthal.2019.01.013, 64:3, (401-432), Online publication date: 1-May-2019.

Lyu J, Yang E and Shim J (2019) Cholesterol Trafficking: An Emerging Therapeutic Target for Angiogenesis and Cancer, Cells, 10.3390/cells8050389, 8:5, (389)

Lu L, Liu S, Dong Q and Xin Y (2019) Salidroside suppresses the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inhibiting the activation of the Notch1 signaling pathway, Molecular Medicine Reports, 10.3892/mmr.2019.10115

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Zou H, Zhu X, Ding Y, Zhang G, Geng Y and Huang D (2017) Statins in conditions other than hypocholesterolemic effects for chronic subdural hematoma therapy, old drug, new tricks?, Oncotarget, 10.18632/oncotarget.15092, 8:16, (27541-27546), Online publication date: 18-Apr-2017.

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Yu W, Sun T, Qi C, Zhao H, Ding Z, Zhang Z, Sun B, Shen J, Chen F, Zhu Y, Chen D and He Y (2017) Enhanced osteogenesis and angiogenesis by mesoporous hydroxyapatite microspheres-derived simvastatin sustained release system for superior bone regeneration, Scientific Reports, 10.1038/srep44129, 7:1

Goggi J, Ng M, Shenoy N, Boominathan R, Cheng P, Sekar S and Bhakoo K (2017) Simvastatin augments revascularization and reperfusion in a murine model of hind limb ischemia – Multimodal imaging assessment, Nuclear Medicine and Biology, 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.11.007, 46, (25-31), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2017.

Jia Y, Xu J, Chen H, Kang Q and Chai Y (2017) The Effect of Atorvastatin on the Viability of Ischemic Skin Flaps in Diabetic Rats, Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 10.1097/PRS.0000000000002984, 139:2, (425e-433e), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2017.

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Li S, Cao C, Chen H, Song J, Lee C, Zhang J, Zhang F, Geng Q, Li Z and Li J (2017)(2017) Atheroprotective effects of statins in patients with unstable angina by regulating the blood-borne microRNA network, Molecular Medicine Reports, 10.3892/mmr.2017.6616, 16:1, (817-827), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2017.

Shenkar R, Shi C, Austin C, Moore T, Lightle R, Cao Y, Zhang L, Wu M, Zeineddine H, Girard R, McDonald D, Rorrer A, Gallione C, Pytel P, Liao J, Marchuk D and Awad I (2016) RhoA Kinase Inhibition With Fasudil Versus Simvastatin in Murine Models of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations, Stroke, 48:1, (187-194), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2017.

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Zhou J, Cao B, Ju W, Liu S, Song J and Liu L (2016)(2016) Effects of tongxinluo on angiogenesis in the carotid adventitia of hyperlipidemic rabbits, Molecular Medicine Reports, 10.3892/mmr.2016.5675, 14:4, (3832-3840), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2016.

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Huang P, Chen J, Chen C, Chen J, Lin S and Shih C (2016) Simvastatin pretreatment enhances ischemia-induced neovascularization and blood flow recovery in streptozotocin-treated mice, Journal of Vascular Surgery, 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.11.088, 64:4, (1112-1120.e1), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2016.

Amin S, Boffetta P and Lucas A (2016) The Role of Common Pharmaceutical Agents on the Prevention and Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer, Gut and Liver, 10.5009/gnl15451, 10:5, (665-671), Online publication date: 15-Sep-2016.

Pantan R, Tocharus J, Phatsara M, Suksamrarn A and Tocharus C (2016) Synergistic effect of atorvastatin and cyanidin-3-glucoside against angiotensin II-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration through MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways, Archives of Pharmacal Research, 10.1007/s12272-016-0836-3

Wang A, Tang J and Stefanick M (2016) Relation of statin use with non-melanoma skin cancer: Prospective results from the Women’s Health Initiative, Women's Health, 10.1177/1745505716667958, 12:5, (453-455), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2016.

Wang A, Aragaki A, Tang J, Kurian A, Manson J, Chlebowski R, Simon M, Desai P, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Liu S, Kritchevsky S, Wakelee H and Stefanick M (2016) Statin use and all-cancer survival: prospective results from the Women’s Health Initiative, British Journal of Cancer, 10.1038/bjc.2016.149, 115:1, (129-135), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2016.

Canal C, Khurana K, Gallinetti S, Bhatt S, Pulpytel J, Arefi-Khonsari F and Ginebra M (2016) Design of calcium phosphate scaffolds with controlled simvastatin release by plasma polymerisation, Polymer, 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.03.069, 92, (170-178), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2016.

Mudduluru G, Walther W, Kobelt D, Dahlmann M, Treese C, Assaraf Y and Stein U (2016) Repositioning of drugs for intervention in tumor progression and metastasis: Old drugs for new targets, Drug Resistance Updates, 10.1016/j.drup.2016.03.002, 26, (10-27), Online publication date: 1-May-2016.

Chen B, Chiu H and Yang C (2016) Statins are Associated With a Reduced Risk of Brain Cancer, Medicine, 10.1097/MD.0000000000003392, 95:17, (e3392), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2016.

Janić M, Lunder M, Cerkovnik P, Prosenc Zmrzljak U, Novaković S and Šabovič M (2016) Low-Dose Fluvastatin and Valsartan Rejuvenate the Arterial Wall Through Telomerase Activity Increase in Middle-Aged Men, Rejuvenation Research, 10.1089/rej.2015.1722, 19:2, (115-119), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2016.

Wang D, Li T, Wei H, Wang Y, Yang G, Tian Y, Zhao Z, Wang L, Yu S, Zhang Y, Chen J, Jiang R and Zhang J (2016) Atorvastatin enhances angiogenesis to reduce subdural hematoma in a rat model, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 10.1016/j.jns.2016.01.017, 362, (91-99), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2016.

Likus W, Siemianowicz K, Bieńk K, Pakuła M, Pathak H, Dutta C, Wang Q, Shojaei S, Assaraf Y, Ghavami S, Cieślar-Pobuda A and Łos M (2016) Could drugs inhibiting the mevalonate pathway also target cancer stem cells?, Drug Resistance Updates, 10.1016/j.drup.2016.02.001, 25, (13-25), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2016.

Hou J, Xing L, Jia H, Vergallo R, Soeda T, Minami Y, Hu S, Yang S, Zhang S, Lee H, Yu B and Jang I (2016) Comparison of Intensive Versus Moderate Lipid-Lowering Therapy on Fibrous Cap and Atheroma Volume of Coronary Lipid-Rich Plaque Using Serial Optical Coherence Tomography and Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging, The American Journal of Cardiology, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.11.062, 117:5, (800-806), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2016.

Shah R and Murthy V (2016) Cardiac magnetic resonance detection of the human carotid: A new lens on neovascularization?, Atherosclerosis, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.12.003, 245, (60-61), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2016.

Strohbach A, Begunk R, Petersen S, Felix S, Sternberg K and Busch R (2016) Biodegradable Polymers Influence the Effect of Atorvastatin on Human Coronary Artery Cells, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10.3390/ijms17020148, 17:2, (148)

Kozak M, Anderson E, von Eyben R, Pai J, Poultsides G, Visser B, Norton J, Koong A and Chang D (2016) Statin and Metformin Use Prolongs Survival in Patients With Resectable Pancreatic Cancer, Pancreas, 10.1097/MPA.0000000000000470, 45:1, (64-70), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2016.

Roy S, Amin S and Roy S (2016) Retinal fibrosis in diabetic retinopathy, Experimental Eye Research, 10.1016/j.exer.2015.04.004, 142, (71-75), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2016.

Yang T, Lin Q, Zhao M, Hu Y, Yu Y, Jin J, Zhou H, Hu X, Wei R, Zhang X, Yang X, Liu G, Lu P, Xu G, Yang J, Corry D, Su S, Liu S and Liu X (2015) IL-37 Is a Novel Proangiogenic Factor of Developmental and Pathological Angiogenesis, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 35:12, (2638-2646), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2015.

Lim S, Kim T, Hong Y, Han S, Lee K, Kang H, Hwang I, Lee J, Kim H, Kim S, Lee J, Park J, Park S, Park Y, Lim H, Jung S and Kang W (2015) A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled multi-centre phase III trial of XELIRI/FOLFIRI plus simvastatin for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, British Journal of Cancer, 10.1038/bjc.2015.371, 113:10, (1421-1426), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2015.

Feng A, Chuang E, Wu S, Wang J, Chang S, Lin C and Kao C (2015) The effect of statins on the occurrence of peptic ulcer, European Journal of Internal Medicine, 10.1016/j.ejim.2015.07.015, 26:9, (731-735), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2015.

Licarete E, Sesarman A and Banciu M (2015) Exploitation of pleiotropic actions of statins by using tumour-targeted delivery systems, Journal of Microencapsulation, 10.3109/02652048.2015.1073383, 32:7, (619-631), Online publication date: 3-Oct-2015.

Chang C, Wang S, Hsieh H, Lee W, Chuang C, Lin H, Lee F, Lee S and Huang H (2015) Rosuvastatin improves hepatopulmonary syndrome through inhibition of inflammatory angiogenesis of lung, Clinical Science, 10.1042/CS20140622, 129:6, (449-460), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2015.

Tykhomyrov A, Nedzvetsky V, Bardachenko N, Grinenko T and Kuryata O (2015) Statin treatment decreases serum angiostatin levels in patients with ischemic heart disease, Life Sciences, 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.05.008, 134, (22-29), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2015.

Cai A, Zhou Y and Li L (2015) Rho‐GTPase and Atherosclerosis: Pleiotropic Effects of Statins, Journal of the American Heart Association, 4:7, Online publication date: 17-Jul-2015.

CAMPOS M, VIEIRA W, CAMPOS C, AARESTRUP F and AARESTRUP B (2015)(2015) Atorvastatin and trans-caryophyllene for the prevention of leukopenia in an experimental chemotherapy model in Wistar rats, Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 10.3892/mco.2015.544, 3:4, (825-828), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2015.

Kawashiri M, Nakanishi C, Tsubokawa T, Shimojima M, Yoshida S, Yoshimuta T, Konno T, Yamagishi M and Hayashi K (2015) Impact of Enhanced Production of Endogenous Heme Oxygenase-1 by Pitavastatin on Survival and Functional Activities of Bone Marrow–derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 10.1097/FJC.0000000000000231, 65:6, (601-606), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2015.

Pathak N, Balaganur V, Lingaraju M, Kant V, Kumar D, Kumar D, Sharma A and Tandan S (2015) Effect of atorvastatin, a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor in monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritic pain: Implication for osteoarthritis therapy, Pharmacological Reports, 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.12.005, 67:3, (513-519), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2015.

Walker E, Ko A, Holly E and Bracci P (2015) Statin use and risk of pancreatic cancer: Results from a large, clinic‐based case‐control study, Cancer, 10.1002/cncr.29256, 121:8, (1287-1294), Online publication date: 15-Apr-2015.

Pradit W, Chomdej S, Nganvongpanit K and Ongchai S (2014) Chondroprotective potential of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. in experimentally induced cartilage degradation in the explants culture model, In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal, 10.1007/s11626-014-9846-y, 51:4, (336-344), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2015.

Xiao H, Chen W, Tang G, Smeekens J and Wu R (2015) Systematic Investigation of Cellular Response and Pleiotropic Effects in Atorvastatin-Treated Liver Cells by MS-Based Proteomics, Journal of Proteome Research, 10.1021/pr501277g, 14:3, (1600-1611), Online publication date: 6-Mar-2015.

Shah S, Werlang C, Kasper F and Mikos A (2014) Novel applications of statins for bone regeneration, National Science Review, 10.1093/nsr/nwu028, 2:1, (85-99), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2015.

LI X, LIU X, XU Y, HE Y, LIU J and XIE M (2014)(2014) Expression profile of apoptotic and proliferative proteins in hypoxic HUVEC treated with statins, International Journal of Oncology, 10.3892/ijo.2014.2780, 46:2, (677-684), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2015.

Wong G, Chan D, Siu D, Zee B, Poon W, Chan M, Gin T, Leung M, Zhu X, Liang M, Tan H, Lee M, Wong C, Chan T, Po Y, Woo P and Chan K (2014) High-Dose Simvastatin for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Stroke, 46:2, (382-388), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2015.

Lee J, Lee J, Youm H, Suh C and Kim S (2015) Effect of preoperative simvastatin treatment on transplantation of cryopreserved-warmed mouse ovarian tissue quality, Theriogenology, 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.09.027, 83:2, (285-293), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2015.

Alupei M, Licarete E, Patras L and Banciu M (2015) Liposomal simvastatin inhibits tumor growth via targeting tumor-associated macrophages-mediated oxidative stress, Cancer Letters, 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.010, 356:2, (946-952), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2015.

Bockorny B and Dasanu C (2014) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors as adjuvant treatment for hematologic malignancies: what is the current evidence?, Annals of Hematology, 10.1007/s00277-014-2236-4, 94:1, (1-12), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2015.

Sabe A, Elmadhun N, Sadek A, Chu L, Bianchi C and Sellke F (2014) Differential effects of atorvastatin on autophagy in ischemic and nonischemic myocardium in Ossabaw swine with metabolic syndrome, The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.07.104, 148:6, (3172-3178), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2014.

Kubatka P, Kruzliak P, Rotrekl V, Jelinkova S and Mladosievicova B (2014) Statins in oncological research: From experimental studies to clinical practice, Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.08.002, 92:3, (296-311), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2014.

Zeybek B, Ergenoglu M, Erbas O, Yildirim N, Akdemir A, Yavasoglu A, Aktug H and Taskiran D (2014) High-dose atorvastatin ameliorates the uterine microenvironment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, Gynecological Endocrinology, 10.3109/09513590.2014.929657, 30:11, (789-793), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2014.

Tuuminen R, Sahanne S and Loukovaara S (2014) Low intravitreal angiopoietin‐2 and VEGF levels in vitrectomized diabetic patients with simvastatin treatment , Acta Ophthalmologica, 10.1111/aos.12363, 92:7, (675-681), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2014.

Shi Y, Fung K, Freedland S, Hoffman R, Tang V and Walter L (2014) Statin Medications Are Associated With a Lower Probability of Having an Abnormal Screening Prostate-specific Antigen Result, Urology, 10.1016/j.urology.2014.06.069, 84:5, (1058-1065), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2014.

Dworacka M, Krzyżagórska E, Wesołowska A, Zharmakhanova G, Iskakova S and Dworacki G (2014) Circulating monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and angiogenin in type 2 diabetic patients treated with statins in low doses, European Journal of Pharmacology, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.06.041, 740, (474-479), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2014.

Gibran L, Maranhão R, Abrão M, Baracat E and Podgaec S (2014) Could statins constitute a novel treatment for endometriosis? Systematic review of the literature, European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.05.028, 179, (153-158), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2014.

Kataoka Y, Puri R, Hammadah M, Duggal B, Uno K, Kapadia S, Tuzcu E, Nissen S and Nicholls S (2014) Frequency-Domain Optical Coherence Tomographic Analysis of Plaque Microstructures at Nonculprit Narrowings in Patients Receiving Potent Statin Therapy, The American Journal of Cardiology, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.05.035, 114:4, (549-554), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2014.

Lee S, Lee I, Lee J, Park C and Kang W (2014) Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, potentiate the anti-angiogenic effects of bevacizumab by suppressing angiopoietin2, BiP, and Hsp90α in human colorectal cancer, British Journal of Cancer, 10.1038/bjc.2014.283, 111:3, (497-505), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2014.

Eisa-Beygi S, Ekker M, Moon T, Macdonald R and Wen X (2014) Developmental processes regulated by the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) pathway: Highlights from animal studies, Reproductive Toxicology, 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.04.001, 46, (115-120), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2014.

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Megaw R and Dhillon B (2014) Stem Cell Therapies in the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy, Current Diabetes Reports, 10.1007/s11892-014-0498-9, 14:7, Online publication date: 1-Jul-2014.

HUANG X, HUANG Z and LI W (2014)(2014) Highly efficient release of simvastatin from simvastatin-loaded calcium sulphate scaffolds enhances segmental bone regeneration in rabbits, Molecular Medicine Reports, 10.3892/mmr.2014.2101, 9:6, (2152-2158), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2014.

Burgazli K, Stein N, Mericliler M, Parahuleva M and Erdogan A (2015) Influence of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors on Leptin-Induced Endothelial Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Capillary-Like Tube Formation, Postgraduate Medicine, 10.3810/pgm.2014.05.2771, 126:3, (231-238), Online publication date: 1-May-2014.

Pan Q, Xie X, Guo Y and Wang H (2014) Simvastatin promotes cardiac microvascular endothelial cells proliferation, migration and survival by phosphorylation of p70 S6K and FoxO3a, Cell Biology International, 10.1002/cbin.10236, 38:5, (599-609), Online publication date: 1-May-2014.

Chaudagar K and Mehta A (2014) Effect of atorvastatin on the angiogenic responsiveness of coronary endothelial cells in normal and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats, Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0391, 92:4, (338-349), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2014.

Chan T, Wu C, Lin C and Yang C (2014) Statin use and the risk of breast cancer: a population-based case–control study, Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 10.1517/14740338.2014.885949, 13:3, (287-293), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2014.

Zhang X, Liu M, Qian J, Zheng J, Zhang X, Guo C, Geng J, Peng B, Che J and Wu Y (2014) Statin use and risk of kidney cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized trials, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 10.1111/bcp.12210, 77:3, (458-465), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2014.

Pathak N, Balaganur V, Lingaraju M, Kant V, Latief N, More A, Kumar D, Kumar D and Tandan S (2014) Atorvastatin attenuates neuropathic pain in rat neuropathy model by down-regulating oxidative damage at peripheral, spinal and supraspinal levels, Neurochemistry International, 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.01.014, 68, (1-9), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2014.

Ramma W and Ahmed A (2014) Therapeutic potential of statins and the induction of heme oxygenase-1 in preeclampsia, Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 10.1016/j.jri.2013.12.120, 101-102, (153-160), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2014.

Jespersen C, Nørgaard M, Friis S, Skriver C and Borre M (2014) Statin use and risk of prostate cancer: A Danish population-based case-control study, 1997–2010, Cancer Epidemiology, 10.1016/j.canep.2013.10.010, 38:1, (42-47), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2014.

Yi X, Jia W, Jin Y, Zhen S and Mittal B (2014) Statin Use Is Associated with Reduced Risk of Haematological Malignancies: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis, PLoS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0087019, 9:1, (e87019)

Burgazli K, Behrendt M, Mericliler M, Chasan R, Parahuleva M and Erdogan A (2015) The Impact of Statins on FGF–2—Stimulated Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells, Postgraduate Medicine, 10.3810/pgm.2014.01.2732, 126:1, (118-128), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2014.

Dworacka M, Krzyżagórska E, Wesołowska A, Borowska M, Iskakova S and Dworacki G (2014) Statins in Low Doses Reduce VEGF and bFGF Serum Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Pharmacology, 10.1159/000357476, 93:1-2, (32-38), .

Lee M, Bang O, Kim S, Kim G, Chung C, Lee K, Ovbiagele B, Liebeskind D and Saver J (2014) Role of Statin in Atrial Fibrillation-Related Stroke: An Angiographic Study for Collateral Flow, Cerebrovascular Diseases, 10.1159/000356114, 37:2, (77-84), .

Wang D, Li T, Tian Y, Wang S, Jin C, Wei H, Quan W, Wang J, Chen J, Dong J, Jiang R and Zhang J (2014) Effects of atorvastatin on chronic subdural hematoma: A preliminary report from three medical centers, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 10.1016/j.jns.2013.11.005, 336:1-2, (237-242), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2014.

Katsi V, Psarros C, Krokidis M, Vamvakou G, Tousoulis D, Stefanadis C and Kallikazaros I (2014) Anti-Angiogenic Therapy and Cardiovascular Diseases: Current Strategies and Future Perspectives Anti-Angiogenesis Drug Discovery and Development, 10.1016/B978-0-12-803963-2.50008-9, (268-308), .

Campia I, Doublier S, Aldieri E, Bosia A, Ghigo D and Riganti C (2014) Rho-GTPases and Statins: A Potential Target and a Potential Therapeutic Tool Against Tumors? Recent Advances in Medicinal Chemistry, 10.1016/B978-0-12-803961-8.50007-5, (209-245), .

Gonyeau M (2013) The Spectrum of Statin Therapy in Cancer Patients: Is There a Need for Further Investigation?, Current Atherosclerosis Reports, 10.1007/s11883-013-0383-z, 16:1, Online publication date: 1-Jan-2014.

Mira E, Carmona-Rodríguez L, Tardáguila M, Azcoitia I, González-Martín A, Almonacid L, Casas J, Fabriás G and Mañes S (2013) A lovastatin-elicited genetic program inhibits M2 macrophage polarization and enhances T cell infiltration into spontaneous mouse mammary tumors, Oncotarget, 10.18632/oncotarget.1376, 4:12, (2288-2301), Online publication date: 31-Dec-2014.

Pathak N, Balaganur V, Lingaraju M, More A, Kant V, Kumar D, Kumar D and Tandan S (2013) Antihyperalgesic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Atorvastatin in Chronic Constriction Injury-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Rats, Inflammation, 10.1007/s10753-013-9688-x, 36:6, (1468-1478), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2013.

Wang J, Li C, Tao H, Cheng Y, Han L, Li X, Hu Y and Minna J (2013) Statin Use and Risk of Lung Cancer: a Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials, PLoS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0077950, 8:10, (e77950)

Tuerdi G, Ichinomiya S, Sato H, Siddig S, Suwa E, Iwata H, Yano T and Ueno K (2013) Synergistic effect of combined treatment with gamma-tocotrienol and statin on human malignant mesothelioma cells, Cancer Letters, 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.07.015, 339:1, (116-127), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2013.

Janardhanan R, Yang B, Vohra P, Roy B, Withers S, Bhattacharya S, Mandrekar J, Kong H, Leof E, Mukhopadhyay D and Misra S (2013) Simvastatin reduces venous stenosis formation in a murine hemodialysis vascular access model, Kidney International, 10.1038/ki.2013.112, 84:2, (338-352), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2013.

Zhou J, Cheng M, Liao Y, Hu Y, Wu M, Wang Q, Qin B, Wang H, Zhu Y, Gao X, Goukassian D, Zhao T, Tang Y, Kishore R, Qin G and Emanueli C (2013) Rosuvastatin Enhances Angiogenesis via eNOS-Dependent Mobilization of Endothelial Progenitor Cells, PLoS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0063126, 8:5, (e63126)

Chan T, Chiu H, Wu C, Lin C and Yang C (2013) Statin use and the risk of esophageal cancer: a population-based case-control study, Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 10.1517/14740338.2013.778241, 12:3, (293-298), Online publication date: 1-May-2013.

Araújo F, Rocha M, Capettini L, Campos P, Ferreira M, Lemos V and Andrade S (2012) 3‐Hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (fluvastatin) decreases inflammatory angiogenesis in mice , APMIS, 10.1111/apm.12031, 121:5, (422-430), Online publication date: 1-May-2013.

Raval Z and Losordo D (2013) Cell Therapy of Peripheral Arterial Disease, Circulation Research, 112:9, (1288-1302), Online publication date: 26-Apr-2013.

Tsan Y, Lee C, Ho W, Lin M, Wang J and Chen P (2013) Statins and the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With Hepatitis C Virus Infection, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 10.1200/JCO.2012.44.6831, 31:12, (1514-1521), Online publication date: 20-Apr-2013.

CHEN Y, ZHANG S, PENG G, YU J, LIU T, MENG R, LI Z, ZHAO Y and WU G (2013)(2013) Endothelial NO synthase and reactive oxygen species mediated effect of simvastatin on vessel structure and function: Pleiotropic and dose-dependent effect on tumor vascular stabilization, International Journal of Oncology, 10.3892/ijo.2013.1833, 42:4, (1325-1336), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2013.

Ge C, Li Q, Wang L and Xu X (2013) The role of axon guidance factor semaphorin 6B in the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer, Journal of International Medical Research, 10.1177/0300060513476436, 41:2, (284-292), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2013.

Chen J, Chiu C and Shih P (2012) The effect of atorvastatin on survival of rat ischemic flap, The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 10.1016/j.kjms.2012.08.032, 29:4, (187-193), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2013.

Zhang X, Geng J, Zhang X, Peng B, Che J, Yan Y, Wang G, Xia S, Wu Y and Zheng J (2013) Statin use and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis, Cancer Causes & Control, 10.1007/s10552-013-0159-3, 24:4, (769-776), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2013.

Chade A (2013) Renal Vascular Structure and Rarefaction Comprehensive Physiology, 10.1002/cphy.c120012, (817-831)

Singh S, Singh P, Singh A, Murad M and Sanchez W (2013) Statins Are Associated With a Reduced Risk of Hepatocellular Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, Gastroenterology, 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.005, 144:2, (323-332), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2013.

Ahmed L (2013) Stem cells and cardiac repair: alternative and multifactorial approaches, journal of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, 10.7243/2050-1218-2-8, 2:1, (8)

Künzl M (2013) Statins role in cancer prevention and development-recent meta-analyses, World Journal of Pharmacology, 10.5497/wjp.v2.i4.100, 2:4, (100), .

Lee S, Park T, Bae M, Choi S, Cho Y, Joo K, Kwon C and Park H (2013) Impact of Treatment With Statins on Prostate-Specific Antigen and Prostate Volume in Patients With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Korean Journal of Urology, 10.4111/kju.2013.54.11.750, 54:11, (750), .

Leung H, Chan A, Lo D, Leung J and Chen H (2012) Common cancer risk and statins: a population-based case–control study in a Chinese population, Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 10.1517/14740338.2013.744392, 12:1, (19-27), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2013.

Eisa-Beygi S, Hatch G, Noble S, Ekker M and Moon T (2013) The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) pathway regulates developmental cerebral-vascular stability via prenylation-dependent signalling pathway, Developmental Biology, 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.11.024, 373:2, (258-266), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2013.

Qi Y, Zhao T, Yan W, Xu K, Shi Z and Wang J (2013) Mesenchymal stem cell sheet transplantation combined with locally released simvastatin enhances bone formation in a rat tibia osteotomy model, Cytotherapy, 10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.10.006, 15:1, (44-56), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2013.

Tomanek R (2013) Therapy for the Coronary Circulation Coronary Vasculature, 10.1007/978-1-4614-4887-7_12, (247-266), .

WU Y, LV J, FENG D, JIANG F, FAN X, ZHANG Z, YIN R and XU L (2012)(2012) Restoration of alveolar type II cell function contributes to simvastatin-induced attenuation of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury, International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1161, 30:6, (1294-1306), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2012.

Camnitz W, Burdick M, Strieter R, Mehrad B and Keeley E (2012) Dose‐dependent Effect of Statin Therapy on Circulating CXCL12 Levels in Patients with Hyperlipidemia, Clinical and Translational Medicine, 10.1186/2001-1326-1-23, 1:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2012.

Pauly S, Back D, Kaeppler K, Haas N, Schmidmaier G and Wildemann B (2012) Influence of Statins locally applied from orthopedic implants on osseous integration, BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 10.1186/1471-2474-13-208, 13:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2012.

Elmadhun N, Lassaletta A, Chu L, Liu Y, Feng J and Sellke F (2012) Atorvastatin increases oxidative stress and modulates angiogenesis in Ossabaw swine with the metabolic syndrome, The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.08.065, 144:6, (1486-1493), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2012.

Osmak M (2012) Statins and cancer: Current and future prospects, Cancer Letters, 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.04.011, 324:1, (1-12), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2012.

Ma C, Wang Q, Man Y and Kemmner W (2012) Cardiovascular medications in angiogenesis—How to avoid the sting in the tail, International Journal of Cancer, 10.1002/ijc.27576, 131:6, (1249-1259), Online publication date: 15-Sep-2012.

Kuo C, Chiu H, Lee I, Kuo H, Lee C and Yang C (2012) Statin use and the risk of bladder cancer: a population-based case–control study , Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 10.1517/14740338.2012.712960, 11:5, (733-738), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2012.

Shiota M, Hikita Y, Kawamoto Y, Kusakabe H, Tanaka M, Izumi Y, Nakao T, Miura K, Funae Y and Iwao H (2012) Pravastatin‐induced proangiogenic effects depend upon extracellular FGF‐2, Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01494.x, 16:9, (2001-2009), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2012.

El-Azab M, Hazem R and Moustafa Y (2012) Role of simvastatin and/or antioxidant vitamins in therapeutic angiogenesis in experimental diabetic hindlimb ischemia: effects on capillary density, angiogenesis markers, and oxidative stress, European Journal of Pharmacology, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.06.002, 690:1-3, (31-41), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2012.

Lo K, Ashe K, Kan H and Laurencin C (2012) The role of small molecules in musculoskeletal regeneration, Regenerative Medicine, 10.2217/rme.12.33, 7:4, (535-549), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2012.

Chiu H, Kuo C, Kuo H, Lee I, Lee C and Yang C (2012) Statin use and the risk of kidney cancer: a population-based case–control study, Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 10.1517/14740338.2012.678831, 11:4, (543-549), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2012.

Alizadeh M, Sylvestre M, Zilli T, Van Nguyen T, Guay J, Bahary J and Taussky D (2012) Effect of Statins and Anticoagulants on Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness, International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.09.042, 83:4, (1149-1153), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2012.

Staedler D, Chapuis-Bernasconi C, Dehmlow H, Fischer H, Juillerat-Jeanneret L and Aebi J (2012) Cytotoxic Effects of Combination of Oxidosqualene Cyclase Inhibitors with Atorvastatin in Human Cancer Cells, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 10.1021/jm300256z, 55:11, (4990-5002), Online publication date: 14-Jun-2012.

Rawal S, Dabbous M and Tipton D (2011) Effect of cannabidiol on human gingival fibroblast extracellular matrix metabolism: MMP production and activity, and production of fibronectin and transforming growth factor β, Journal of Periodontal Research, 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01435.x, 47:3, (320-329), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2012.

Coso S, Harrison I, Harrison C, Vinh A, Sobey C, Drummond G, Williams E and Selemidis S (2012) NADPH Oxidases as Regulators of Tumor Angiogenesis: Current and Emerging Concepts, Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 10.1089/ars.2011.4489, 16:11, (1229-1247), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2012.

Garrido J, Esteban M, Roda O, Alaminos M and Sánchez-Montesinos I (2012) Lysophosphatidic Acid Pretreatment Prevents Micromolar Atorvastatin-Induced Endothelial Cell Death and Ensures the Beneficial Effects of High-Concentration Statin Therapy on Endothelial Gene Expression, Annals of Vascular Surgery, 10.1016/j.avsg.2012.01.005, 26:4, (549-558), Online publication date: 1-May-2012.

Fukui T, Ii M, Shoji T, Matsumoto T, Mifune Y, Kawakami Y, Akimaru H, Kawamoto A, Kuroda T, Saito T, Tabata Y, Kuroda R, Kurosaka M and Asahara T (2012) Therapeutic effect of local administration of low-dose simvastatin-conjugated gelatin hydrogel for fracture healing, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 10.1002/jbmr.1558, 27:5, (1118-1131), Online publication date: 1-May-2012.

Lecarpentier E, Morel O, Fournier T, Elefant E, Chavatte-Palmer P and Tsatsaris V (2012) Statins and Pregnancy, Drugs, 10.2165/11632010-000000000-00000, 72:6, (773-788), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2012.

Cheng M, Chiu H, Ho S and Yang C (2012) Statin use and the risk of female lung cancer: A population-based case-control study, Lung Cancer, 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.08.014, 75:3, (275-279), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2012.

Tsan Y, Lee C, Wang J and Chen P (2012) Statins and the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With Hepatitis B Virus Infection, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 10.1200/JCO.2011.36.0917, 30:6, (623-630), Online publication date: 20-Feb-2012.

Sun C, Wang Z, Zheng Q and Zhang H (2012) Salidroside inhibits migration and invasion of human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells, Phytomedicine, 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.09.070, 19:3-4, (355-363), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2012.

Gazzerro P, Proto M, Gangemi G, Malfitano A, Ciaglia E, Pisanti S, Santoro A, Laezza C, Bifulco M and Gottesman M (2011) Pharmacological Actions of Statins: A Critical Appraisal in the Management of Cancer, Pharmacological Reviews, 10.1124/pr.111.004994, 64:1, (102-146), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2012.

Zhang Y, Zhang R, Li Y, He G, Zhang D and Zhang F (2011) Simvastatin augments the efficacy of therapeutic angiogenesis induced by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia, Molecular Biology Reports, 10.1007/s11033-011-0737-y, 39:1, (285-293), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2012.

Chiu H, Ho S, Chang C, Wu T and Yang C (2011) Statins Are Associated With a Reduced Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Population-Based Case–Control Study, American Journal of Gastroenterology, 10.1038/ajg.2011.277, 106:12, (2098-2103), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2011.

Chang C, Ho S, Chiu H and Yang C (2011) Statins increase the risk of prostate cancer: A population‐based case–control study, The Prostate, 10.1002/pros.21401, 71:16, (1818-1824), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2011.

Rodriguez-Ariza A, Lopez-Pedrera C, Aranda E and Barbarroja N (2011) VEGF targeted therapy in acute myeloid leukemia, Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.09.009, 80:2, (241-256), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2011.

Skogastierna C, Luksha L, Kublickiene K, Eliasson E, Rane A and Ekström L (2011) Beneficial vasoactive endothelial effects of fluvastatin: focus on prostacyclin and nitric oxide, Heart and Vessels, 10.1007/s00380-010-0097-x, 26:6, (628-636), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2011.

Ng K, Ogino S, Meyerhardt J, Chan J, Chan A, Niedzwiecki D, Hollis D, Saltz L, Mayer R, Benson A, Schaefer P, Whittom R, Hantel A, Goldberg R, Bertagnolli M, Venook A and Fuchs C (2011) Relationship Between Statin Use and Colon Cancer Recurrence and Survival: Results From CALGB 89803, JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 10.1093/jnci/djr307, 103:20, (1540-1551), Online publication date: 19-Oct-2011.

Karamouzian S, Eskandary H, Saeed A, Reihani-Kermani H, Aboosaeedi H, Malekpoor-Afshar R, Safizade H and Eskandari M (2011) Effect of Atorvastatin on Angiogenesis in Degenerated Intervertebral Disc in Rat, Spine, 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181d4e15a, 36:22, (1824-1828), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2011.

Wang W, Lang J, Suzuki G, Canty J, Cimato T and Gangjian Qin (2011) Statins Enhance Clonal Growth of Late Outgrowth Endothelial Progenitors and Increase Myocardial Capillary Density in the Chronically Ischemic Heart, PLoS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0024868, 6:9, (e24868)

Mangialardi G, Monopoli A, Ongini E, Spinetti G, Fortunato O, Emanueli C and Madeddu P (2011) Nitric oxide‐donating statin improves multiple functions of circulating angiogenic cells, British Journal of Pharmacology, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01423.x, 164:2b, (570-583), Online publication date: 2-Sep-2011.

Truesdale M, Polland A, Graversen J, Sartori S, Hruby G, Landman J, McKiernan J, Benson M and Badani K (2011) Impact of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor (Statin) Use on Blood Loss During Robot-Assisted and Open Radical Prostatectomy, Journal of Endourology, 10.1089/end.2010.0688, 25:9, (1427-1433), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2011.

Kubatka P, Žihlavniková K, Solár P, Kajo K, Valentová V, Péč M, Bojková B, Kassayová M, Stollárová N and Ahlers I (2011) Antitumor effects of atorvastatin in the chemoprevention of rat mammary carcinogenesis, Biologia, 10.2478/s11756-011-0077-3, 66:4, (727-734), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2011.

Ford A (2011) Chemoprevention for gastric cancer, Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 10.1016/j.bpg.2011.09.002, 25:4-5, (581-592), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2011.

Chiu H, Chang C, Ho S, Wu T and Yang C (2011) Statin Use and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer, Pancreas, 10.1097/MPA.0b013e31821fd5cd, 40:5, (669-672), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2011.

Wu H, Jiang H, Lu D, Qu C, Xiong Y, Zhou D, Chopp M and Mahmood A (2011) Induction of Angiogenesis and Modulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 by Simvastatin After Traumatic Brain Injury, Neurosurgery, 10.1227/NEU.0b013e31820c06b9, 68:5, (1363-1371), Online publication date: 1-May-2011.

Chiu H, Ho S, Chen C and Yang C (2011) Statin Use and the Risk of Liver Cancer: A Population-Based Case–Control Study, American Journal of Gastroenterology, 10.1038/ajg.2010.475, 106:5, (894-898), Online publication date: 1-May-2011.

Shi X, Lim T, Lee S, Zhao Y and Zhang J (2011) Statins alleviate experimental nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain, Pain, 10.1016/j.pain.2011.01.006, 152:5, (1033-1043), Online publication date: 1-May-2011.

Chade A (2011) Renovascular disease, microcirculation, and the progression of renal injury: role of angiogenesis, American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 10.1152/ajpregu.00657.2010, 300:4, (R783-R790), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2011.

Araújo F, Rocha M, Ferreira M, Campos P, Capettini L, Lemos V and Andrade S (2011) Implant‐induced intraperitoneal inflammatory angiogenesis is attenuated by fluvastatin, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05496.x, 38:4, (262-268), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2011.

Papadopoulos G, Delakas D, Nakopoulou L and Kassimatis T (2011) Statins and prostate cancer: Molecular and clinical aspects, European Journal of Cancer, 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.01.005, 47:6, (819-830), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2011.

Cao Z, Fan-Minogue H, Bellovin D, Yevtodiyenko A, Arzeno J, Yang Q, Gambhir S and Felsher D (2011) MYC Phosphorylation, Activation, and Tumorigenic Potential in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Are Regulated by HMG-CoA Reductase, Cancer Research, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-3367, 71:6, (2286-2297), Online publication date: 15-Mar-2011.

Sokalska A and Duleba A (2011) Medical Therapies: Statins Endometriosis, 10.1002/9781444398519.ch36, (366-384), Online publication date: 10-Mar-2011.

Kollmeier M, Katz M, Mak K, Yamada Y, Feder D, Zhang Z, Jia X, Shi W and Zelefsky M (2011) Improved Biochemical Outcomes With Statin Use in Patients With High-Risk Localized Prostate Cancer Treated With Radiotherapy, International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.12.006, 79:3, (713-718), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2011.

Figueiredo V, Azevedo M, Bahia M, de Figueiredo Diniz L, Melo L, Gonçalves K, de Lima W, Talvani A, Caldas I, da Silva do Nascimento A and Torres R (2011) Low Doses of Simvastatin Therapy Ameliorate Cardiac Inflammatory Remodeling in Trypanosoma cruzi-Infected Dogs, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0451, 84:2, (325-331), Online publication date: 4-Feb-2011.

Kumasawa K, Ikawa M, Kidoya H, Hasuwa H, Saito-Fujita T, Morioka Y, Takakura N, Kimura T and Okabe M (2010) Pravastatin induces placental growth factor (PGF) and ameliorates preeclampsia in a mouse model, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 10.1073/pnas.1011293108, 108:4, (1451-1455), Online publication date: 25-Jan-2011.

Caldini R, Fanti E, Magnelli L, Barletta E, Tanganelli E, Zampieri M and Chevanne M (2011) Low doses of 3-aminobenzamide, a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, stimulate angiogenesis by regulating expression of urokinase type plasminogen activator and matrix metalloprotease 2, Vascular Cell, 10.1186/2045-824X-3-12, 3:1, (12), .

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Lee A, Chen T, Shih C, Huang C, Tsao N, Chang N, Chen Y, Fong T and Lin F (2010) Ursolic Acid Induces Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1 Expression via a Nitric Oxide-Related Mechanism and Increases Neovascularization, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 10.1021/jf103265x, 58:24, (12941-12949), Online publication date: 22-Dec-2010.

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February 12, 2002
Vol 105, Issue 6

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https://doi.org/10.1161/hc0602.103393

Originally publishedFebruary 12, 2002

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Statins Have Biphasic Effects on Angiogenesis