Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids
Review
The therapeutic implications of ketone bodies: the effects of ketone bodies in pathological conditions: ketosis, ketogenic diet, redox states, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial metabolism
Section snippets
Metabolic effects of ketone body metabolism
The therapeutic potentials of mild ketosis flow directly from a thorough understanding of their metabolic effects, particularly upon mitochondrial redox states and energetics and upon substrate availability. The data on metabolic effects of ketone body metabolism presented here has been published previously [1], [2]. It presents studies of the isolated working rat heart perfused with 11 mM glucose alone, glucose plus 1 mM acetoacetate and 4 mM d-β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose+100 nM insulin or the
Ketogenic diets in human subjects
Starvation, with attendant ketosis, has been used as a treatment for refractory epilepsy since the early 20th century. Pierre Marie proposed this treatment on the theory that epilepsy resulted from intestinal intoxication. On this assumption, a diet consisting of water only for 30 days was used to successfully treat some refractory epileptics by Hugh Conklin, a Wisconsin osteopath. The inference that ketone bodies themselves were the effective agent, led Russell Wilder of the Mayo Clinic to
Salts of ketone bodies
The salts of ketone bodies have been examined for their therapeutic effects after either parenteral or oral administration.
Insulin resistant states
The excessive production of ketone bodies during diabetic ketoacidosis is a life threatening condition usually seen in type I diabetics after some intercurrent event. It is characterized by profound hyperglycemia with insulin resistance and elevated blood ketone bodies approaching 25 mM, blood HCO3− approaching 0 and blood pH approaching 7 causing hyperventilation and a compensatory low pCO2. Death occurs from the low pH and vascular collapse secondary to urinary loss of Na+ and K+ in an osmotic
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