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A phenetic study of the Emilia coccinea complex (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) in Africa

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Abstract

Emilia coccinea complex is a widespread and morphologically variable species in tropical and subtropical Africa. Jeffrey’s (Kew Bull 52:205–212, 1997) revision of the African Emilia species with large capitula resulted in a complex of eight species with E. coccinea sensu stricto restricted to eastern and southern tropical Africa and characterised by long-appendaged style branches and bright orange flowers. To evaluate the delimitations within this complex, a morphological phenetic study based on 134 herbarium specimens spanning the geographical range of the E. coccinea complex was undertaken using cluster analysis and ordination (principal coordinates analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling). Five of the eight species (E. emilioides, E. jeffreyana, E. praetermissa, E. subscaposa, and E. vanmeelii) formed distinct phenetic groups, whereas two species (E. caespitosa and E. coccinea) were indistinguishable because of variability in some key characters (viz., cypsela indumentum and shape of cauline leaves) suggesting that they are possibly one heterogeneous species. Emilia lisowskiana is not supported as a distinct species as three E. coccinea specimens group with it in the cluster analysis. Emilia emilioides with mostly long, narrow cauline leaves, narrow capitula, and unappendaged style branches apices is the most distinct taxon in all analyses. Univariate analyses of ten selected characters revealed that the reproductive features are able to distinguish some species, as well as a few vegetative ones. The application of various species concepts to this species complex is discussed. A key to the species in this complex is provided.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are Grateful to curators of the following herbaria: BR, EA, LISC, MA, MAL, MO, PRE, SRGH, and UZL for specimen loans, Dr. Renee Reddy for sourcing the herbarium material, Dr. Danica Marlin for assistance with univariate statistical analysis, Wesley Hattingh for help with analysis in R, Dr. Kelsey Glennon for assistance with producing the distribution map in ArcGIS and Donald McCallum for his support with microscopy work and most graphics. The permission granted to the authors by the Editor of the Polish Botanical Studies to use a modified version of the illustration of the style branch apices (Fig. 3 in this manuscript) is also acknowledged. The authors also appreciate the constructive comments and suggestions from two anonymous reviewers, which improved this manuscript. This project was funded by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa through a Grant (90928) to GVC.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, South Africa

    Ruvimbo J. Mapaya & Glynis V. Cron

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, Midlands State University, Senga, Private Bag, 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe

    Ruvimbo J. Mapaya

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  1. Ruvimbo J. Mapaya
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Correspondence to Ruvimbo J. Mapaya.

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Handling editor: Christoph Oberprieler.

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Online Resource 1. Supplementary data detailing the 134 specimens of Emilia coccinea complex used in this phenetic study. Identification code, collector and collection number, herbarium, locality information, altitude, and month of flowering are noted.

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Mapaya, R.J., Cron, G.V. A phenetic study of the Emilia coccinea complex (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) in Africa. Plant Syst Evol 302, 703–720 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-016-1294-6

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