Species-level identification of the blowfly Chrysomya megacephala and other Diptera in China by DNA barcoding
Abstract
The blowfly Chrysomya megacephala, or oriental latrine fly, is the most common human-associated fly of the oriental and Australasian regions. Chrysomya megacephala is of particular interest for its use in forensic entomology and because it is a disease vector. The larvae are economically important as feed for livestock and in traditional Chinese medicine. Identification of adults is straightforward, but larvae and fragments of adults are difficult to identify. We collected C. megacephala, its allies Chrysomya pinguis and Protophormia terraenovae, as well as flies from 11 other species from 52 locations around China, then sequenced 658 base pairs of the COI barcode region from 645 flies of all 14 species, including 208 C. megacephala, as the basis of a COI barcode library for flies in China. While C. megacephala and its closest relative C. pinguis are closely related (mean K2P divergence of 0.022), these species are completely non-overlapping in their barcode divergences, thus demonstrating the utility of the COI barcode region for the identification of C. megacephala. We combined the 208 C. megacephala sequences from China with 98 others from public databases and show that worldwide COI barcode diversity is low, with 70% of all individuals belonging to one of three haplotypes that differ by one or two substitutions from each other, reflecting recent anthropogenic dispersal from its native range in Eurasia.
Résumé
La mouche verte et bleue Chrysomya megacephala, mouche orientale des latrines, est la mouche la plus communément associée aux humains dans les régions orientales et l’Australasie. Le C. megacephala présente un intérêt particulier en entomologie médico-légale et aussi parce qu’il constitue un vecteur de maladies. Les larves revêtent une importance économique à titre d’aliment pour le bétail et en matière de médecine traditionnelle chinoise. L’identification des adultes est simple, mais les larves ou fragments d’adultes sont difficiles à identifier. Les auteurs ont recueilli des spécimens du C. megacephala, d’espèces proches C. pinguis et Protophormia terraenovae, ainsi que de 11 autres espèces provenant de 52 sites en Chine. Ils ont ensuite séquencé les 658 paires de bases de la région code à barres du gène COI pour 645 mouches de ces 14 espèces, incluant 208 spécimens du C. megacephala, afin de constituer une librairie de codes à barres COI pour les mouches en Chine. Tandis que le C. megacephala et son proche parent C. pinguis étaient les plus apparentés (divergence K2P moyenne de 0,022), ces espèces ne se chevauchent absolument pas en ce qui a trait aux positions divergentes au sein du code à barres, ce qui démontre l’utilité de la région code à barres du gène COI pour l’identification du C. megacephala. Les auteurs ont combiné 208 séquences de C. megacephala provenant de Chine avec 98 autres provenant de banques de données publiques pour montrer que la diversité du code à barres COI à l’échelle mondiale est faible, 70 % des individus appartenant à l’un de trois haplotypes qui diffèrent les uns des autres par une ou deux substitutions. Cela reflète une dissémination anthropogénique récente à partir de son aire initiale en Eurasie. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
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Published In
Genome
Volume 60 • Number 2 • February 2017
Pages: 158 - 168
Editor: Sarah Adamowicz
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Received: 26 November 2015
Accepted: 26 July 2016
Accepted manuscript online: 14 October 2016
Version of record online: 14 October 2016
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Deyi Qiu, Charles E. Cook, Qiaoyun Yue, Jia Hu, Xiaoya Wei, Jian Chen, Dexing Liu, and Keliang Wu. 2017. Species-level identification of the blowfly Chrysomya megacephala and other Diptera in China by DNA barcoding. Genome. 60(2): 158-168. https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-2015-0174