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“Effective” Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe

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Markku Laakso
University of Helsinki
Rein Taagepera
University of California, Irvine

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  1404. Introduction
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  1405. The Political Consequences of the Electoral System in Northern Ireland
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  1406. Poland's Quasi-Institutionalized Party System: The Importance of Elite...
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  1465. Unstable Politics...
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  1466. Notes
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  1467. Making Social Sciences More Scientific
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  1468. Copyright Page
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  1469. Preface
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  1470. List of Figures
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  1471. List of Tables
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  1472. 7 Why Most Numbers Published in Social Sciences Are Dead on Arrival
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  1473. 9 Geometric Means and Lognormal Distributions
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  1475. 12 Why We Should Shift to Symmetric Regression
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  1476. 15 Recommendations for Better Regression
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  1477. 16 Converting from Descriptive Analysis to Predictive Models
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  1478. Foreword: Statistical Versus Scientific Inferences
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  1479. 8 Forbidden Areas and Anchor Points
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  1480. 10 Example of Interlocking Models: Party Sizes and Cabinet Duration
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  1481. 13 All Indices Are Not Created Equal
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  1482. 14 From Descriptive to Predictive Approaches
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  1483. 17 Are Electoral Studies a Rosetta Stone for Parts of Social Sciences?
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  1484. 18 Beyond Regression: The Need for Predictive Models
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  1485. 1 Why Social Sciences Are Not Scientific Enough
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  1486. 2 Can Social Science Approaches Find the Law of Gravitation?
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  1487. 4 Example of Model Building: Electoral Volatility
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  1493. Making the first move
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  1502. The Effective Number of Parties At Four Scales...
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  1507. CABINET DETERMINANTS OF STRUCTURAL REFORMS IN LATIN AMERICA, 1985–2000
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  1508. Research Note: On the inverse relationship between votes and proximity...
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  1511. The Legislative Effects of Presidential Partisan Powers in Post-Commun...
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  1519. Electoral Systems, Party Systems: Lijphart and Beyond
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  1523. Duverger's Law and the Size of the Indian Party System
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  1564. Copyright Page
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  1565.   List of Figures
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  1566.   List of Tables
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  1567.   Foreword
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  1568.   Preface
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  1569. DISENTANGLING THE EFFECTS OF POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION ON VOTER TURNOUT:...
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  1570. Democracy and Diversity
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  1571. 1 Introduction
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  1572. 4 Political Engineering: Consociationalism, Centripetalism, and Commun...
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  1573. 2 Democratization and Internal Conflict in the Asia‐Pacific
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  1574. 5 Representative Institutions: Elections and Electoral Systems
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  1575. 3 Diversity, Democracy, and Development in the Asia‐Pacific
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  1576. 8 Conclusion
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  1577. 6 Mediating Institutions: Political Parties and Party Systems
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  1578. 7 Power‐Sharing Institutions: Executive Formation and Federalism
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  1579. Is Canada a Westminster or Consensus Democracy? A Brief Analysis
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  1584. ISRAEL'S ‘BIG BANG’: THE PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS OF 2006
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  1592. How Parties Create Electoral Democracy, Chapter 2
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  1612. Looking across Borders: A Test of Spatial Policy Interdependence Using...
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  1613. Disentangling the Effects of Political Fragmentation on Voter Turnout:...
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  1614. What Kind of Democracy Is Emerging in Eastern Europe?
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  1616. The 2004 presidential and parliamentary elections in Lithuania
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  1624. Book Review: Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riot...
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  1625. Copyright Page
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  1626. Appendix
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  1627. Whither the Colombian two-party system? An assessment of political ref...
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  1628. Electoral systems and the promotion of ‘consociationalism’ in a multi-...
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  1629. VOTER TURNOUT IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
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  1630. Partidos na república de 1946: uma réplica metodológica
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  1631. Radical Right
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  1632. From Movements to Parties in Latin America
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  1633. Tax Mimicking and Yardstick Competition Among Local Governments in the...
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  1634. Government Weakness and Local Public Debt Development in Flemish Munic...
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  1635. Party system change in Portugal, 19742005: the role of social, politic...
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  1636. Capitalism, Democracy, and Welfare
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  1637. Why Democracies Collapse: The Reasons for Democratic Failure and Succe...
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  1638. The Puzzle of African Party Systems
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  1639. Party Systems and Democratic Consolidation in Africa’s Electoral Regim...
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  1640. GOVERNMENT FRAGMENTATION AND BUDGETARY POLICY IN "GOOD" AND "BAD" TIME...
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  1641. Governance in Contemporary Germany
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  1642. Policy and the Dynamics of Political Competition
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  1643. The European Parliament Elections of June 2004: Still Second-Order?
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  1645. The Development of Stable Party Support: Electoral Dynamics in Post‐Co...
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  1646. Consequences of electoral systems in Africa: a preliminary inquiry
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  1648. Communication, Cohesion and Coordination. Metropolitan Regions in Swed...
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  1649. Duverger's law: An application to local elections in Britain
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  1650. Institutional Context, Cognitive Resources and Party Attachments Acros...
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  1653. Time Horizons Matter: Coalition Governments, Replacement Risk and the ...
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  1654. Abstencionismo y volatilidad en las elecciones federales de México, 20...
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  1655. Mixed electoral systems and electoral system effects: controlled compa...
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  1656. Typologien und Wandel: Die kantonalen Parteiensysteme im letzten Dritt...
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  1657. The Paradox of Proportional Representation: The Effect of Party System...
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  1658. Explaining Voter Turnout in Latin America, 1980 to 2000
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  1659. Who Delivers? Partisan Clients in the Argentine Electoral Market
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  1660. Major Changes Without Regime Shifts:Switzerland and Japan in Comparati...
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  1661. The Impact of Electoral Rules on Factional Competition in the Democrat...
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  1662. Measuring Party Linkage across Districts...
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  1663. The Internal Value of External Options...
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  1664. Electoral coordination and the strategic desertion of strong parties i...
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  1665. Explaining voter turnout rates in new democracies: Guatemala
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  1666. Voter turnout in politically homogeneous and dichotomous contexts
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  1667. The parliamentary election in Finland, March 2003
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  1668. Explaining Women's Legislative Representation in Sub‐Saharan Africa
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  1669. Economic voting: The effect of political context, volatility and turno...
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  1670. Runaway State Building: How Political Parties Shape States in Postcomm...
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  1671. The 2000 Presidential Election and the Foundations of Party Politics
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  1672. Center Parties, Party Competition, and the Implosion of Party Systems:...
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  1674. Adaptive parties: party strategic capacity under Japanese SNTV
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  1675. The parliamentary elections in Israel, January 2003
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  1676. Rein Taagepera's approach to the study of electoral systems
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  1677. Voter Profiles and Fragmentation in the Turkish Party System
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  1679. Copyright Page
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  1680. Figures
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  1681. Tables
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  1682. Preface
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  1683. Introduction
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  1684. Privatization Around the World
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  1685. How do Governments Privatize?
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  1686. Data and Methodology
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  1687. Importing Investor Protection
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  1688. The Challenges of Privatization
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  1689. The Economic Theory of Privatization
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  1690. The Determinants of Privatization
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  1691. Conclusion
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  1692. Private Ownership, Public Control
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  1693. Privatizing Monopolies
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  1694. Do Party Systems Count?...
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  1695. Cabinet Stability in Post-Communist Central Europe
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  1698. Political uncertainty, public expenditure and growth
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  1699. The Legacy of Western Overseas Colonialism on Democratic Survival
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  1700. Satisfied? Institutional Determinants of Citizen Evaluations of Democr...
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  1701. Counting parties and identifying dominant party systems in Africa
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  1702. Does winning pay? Electoral success and government formation in 15 Wes...
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  1703. Electoral Engineering
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  1704. Determinants of Candidate Selection...
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  1705. Political Parties and Party Systems
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  1706. How proportional are the ‘British AMS’ systems?
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  1708. La survie des régimes démocratiques : une aqqc des démocraties de la “...
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  1709. Una fórmula alternativa para la conversión de votos en asientos
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  1711. Voter turnout dynamics in post-Communist Europe
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  1713. Political Parties and the Size of Government in Multiparty Legislature...
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  1714. Judicial Review in New Democracies
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  1718. Two-and-a-Half-Party Systems and the Comparative Role of the `Half'
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  1719. Constructing the Number of Parties
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  1720. Women's Access to Political Power in Post-Communist Europe
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  1721. Copyright Page
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  1722. List of Tables
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  1723. Subnational Determinants of National Multipartism in Latin America
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  1724. List of Figures
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  1725. Women's Representation in Post-Communist Europe
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  1726. Electoral Systems and Women's Representation: The Strange Case of Russ...
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  1727. Factors Influencing Women's Presence in Slovene Parliament
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  1728. Establishing a Machocracy: Women and Elections in Macedonia (1990–8)
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  1729. Women in Lithuanian Politics: From Nomenklatura Selection to Represent...
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  1730. Women in the Polish Sejm: Political Culture and Party Politics versus ...
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  1731. Ambition, Federalism, and Legislative Politics in Brazil
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  1732. Figures
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  1733. List of Contributors
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  1734. Preface to the Paperback Edition
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  1735. Copyright Page
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  1736. Tables
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  1737. Introduction: The Electoral Reform of the Twenty‐First Century?
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  1738. The Causes of Electoral Reform in Japan
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  1739. Political Instability, Uncertainty and Economics
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  1740. International vergleichende Parteienforschung
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  1741. International vergleichende Parteienforschung
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  1742. Die Entwicklung des deutschen Parteiensystems bis nach der Bundestagsw...
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  1743. Zusammenfassung
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  1744. Globalization, Taxation, and Burden-Shifting in Latin America
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  1746. The Election and the Party System
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  1747. Powers Inherent in the Structural Design of the Russian Presidency and...
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  1748. The Determinants of Vote Intentions in Portugal
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  1749. The Political Economy of Privatization
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  1750. Mandates, Powers, and Policies
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  1751. El equilibrio vigente en el sistema mixto de representación legislativ...
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  1752. I SISTEMI PARTITICI REGIONALI IN ITALIA DALLA PRIMA ALLA SECONDA REPUB...
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  1753. Partidos políticos na América Latina
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  1754. Nationwide threshold of representation
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  1756. Public, Legislative, and Executive Constraints on the Democratic Initi...
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  1757. Political Competition and Violence in Mexico: Hierarchical Social Cont...
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  1758. Do Parties Benefit from Electoral Manipulation? Electoral Laws and Her...
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  1759. Fiscal Policy and the Democratic Process in the European Union
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  1760. Stability in Parliamentary Regimes: The Italian Case
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  1761. List of Figures
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  1762. Preface
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  1763. Ethnic Diversities, Constitutional Designs, and Public Policies in Ind...
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  1764. Preface
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  1765. Copyright Page
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  1766. The Wave of Power‐Sharing Democracy
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  1768. Implications of the Effective Number of Parties for Cabinet Formation
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  1777. IL SISTEMA PARTITICO ITALIANO FRA BIPOLARISMO E DESTRUTTURAZIONE
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  1789. Calculus of Consent in the EU Council of Ministers
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  1791. Ethnicity and Electoral Politics
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  1793. The Political Economy of Structural Pension Reform
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  1795. The 1999 Knesset and prime ministerial elections in Israel
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  1824. The Economic Performance of Governments
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  1825. Conclusions: The Growth of Critical Citizens and Its Consequences
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  1828. Political Instability and Economic Vulnerability
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  1836. Copyright Page
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  1837. List of Figures
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  1838. List of Tables
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  1839. Dedication
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  1840. Features and Explanations of Crises
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  1841. Political party development in divided societies: the case of Ukraine
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  1842. Poder de decreto: Chamando os tanques ou usando a caneta?
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  1845. Turnout in Electoral Democracies
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  1851. Government survival in Western multi–party democracies
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  1862. Political Data Handbook
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  1864. Ireland
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  1865. Political Communications
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  1866. The European Union
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  1873. Federal Republic of Germany
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  1880. Crisis of Parties and Change of Party System in Italy
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