Sharp genetic discontinuity across a unimodal Heliconius hybrid zone
Corresponding Author
Carlos F. Arias
Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Ave. Dr. Penfield H3A 1B1, Montreal, QC, Canada
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
Correspondence: Carlos F. Arias, Fax: 514 398 5069; E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorClaudia Rosales
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
Instituto de Genética, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No 18a – 70, PO Box 4976, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
Search for more papers by this authorCamilo Salazar
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 #63C-69, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
Search for more papers by this authorJully Castaño
Instituto de Genética, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No 18a – 70, PO Box 4976, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
Search for more papers by this authorEldredge Bermingham
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
Search for more papers by this authorMauricio Linares
Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 #63C-69, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
Instituto de Genética, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No 18a – 70, PO Box 4976, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
Both authors contributed equally.
Search for more papers by this authorW. O. McMillan
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
Both authors contributed equally.
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Carlos F. Arias
Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Ave. Dr. Penfield H3A 1B1, Montreal, QC, Canada
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
Correspondence: Carlos F. Arias, Fax: 514 398 5069; E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorClaudia Rosales
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
Instituto de Genética, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No 18a – 70, PO Box 4976, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
Search for more papers by this authorCamilo Salazar
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 #63C-69, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
Search for more papers by this authorJully Castaño
Instituto de Genética, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No 18a – 70, PO Box 4976, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
Search for more papers by this authorEldredge Bermingham
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
Search for more papers by this authorMauricio Linares
Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 #63C-69, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
Instituto de Genética, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No 18a – 70, PO Box 4976, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
Both authors contributed equally.
Search for more papers by this authorW. O. McMillan
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
Both authors contributed equally.
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Hybrid zones are powerful natural systems to study evolutionary processes to gain an understanding of adaptation and speciation. In the Cauca Valley (Colombia), two butterfly races, Heliconius cydno cydnides and Heliconius cydno weymeri, meet and hybridize. We characterized this hybrid zone using a combination of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), microsatellites and sequences for nuclear loci within and outside of the genomic regions that cause differences in wing colour pattern. The hybrid zone is largely composed of individuals of mixed ancestry. However, there is strong genetic discontinuity between the hybridizing races in mtDNA and, to a lesser extent, in all nuclear markers surveyed. The mtDNA clustering of H. c. cydnides with the H. cydno race from the Magdalena Valley and H. c. weymeri with the H. cydno race from the pacific coast suggests that H. c. cydnides colonized the Cauca Valley from the north, whereas H. c. weymeri did so by crossing the Andes in the southern part, implying a secondary contact origin. Colonization of the valley by H. cydno was accompanied by mimicry shift. Strong ecological isolation, driven by locally adaptive differences in mimetic wing patterns, is playing an important role in maintaining the hybrid zone. However, selection on wing pattern alone is not sufficient to explain the genetic discontinuity observed. There is evidence for differences in male mating preference, but the contribution of additional barriers needs further investigation. Overall, our results support the idea that speciation is a cumulative process, where the combination of multiple isolation barriers, combined with major phenotypic differences, facilitates population divergence in face of gene flow.
Supporting Information
Filename | Description |
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mec5746-sup-0001-FigS1-4-TableS1-9.pdfapplication/PDF, 1.6 MB | Fig. S1 Correspondence analysis. Fig. S2 Outlier analysis for the Heliconius cydno hybrid zone. Fig. S3 ‘Outlier’ Loci associated with color pattern loci. Fig. S4 Neighbor joining trees for the 7 loci on the HmYb region and 3 random nuclear genes. Table S1. Populations sampled and number of individuals used in each analysis. Table S2. FST values between populations. Table S3. FST values between races. Table S4. Patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between color pattern and microsatellite loci at hybrid zone. Table S5. Anova and hierarchical analysis. Table S6. FST for nuclear loci in Yb region and random loci. Table S7. Estimates of genetic diversity across the H. cydno hybrid zone. Table S8. List of individuals used at the different molecular markers and their Genebank accession numbers. Table S9. Mate choice experiments. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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