Breastfeeding, lactation, and reproductive health

This essay examines the role of nursing experiences in the formation of popular heroes in Arabic literature of the medieval period, with a primary focus on the genres of siyar shaʿbiyya and qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ. I show that the miraculous nursing of heroes—many of whom are foundlings—in popular texts tends to follow a providential meeting either with an animal or with a woman who is capable of nursing. Though such tale patterns are attested across many cultures, they are also elaborated in specific, linked ways in traditional Muslim sources, as in narratives of Moses’s miraculous nursing and stories of Muḥammad’s wet nurse, Ḥalīma. Whereas prophetic literature often depicts nursing solely as a human-human relationship, the heroic literature incorporates significant human-animal encounters. Using an exemplary anecdote about a hero’s suckling found in manuscripts and early print editions of Sīrat Dhāt al-Himma, I sketch how one such instance can travel and shift across an epic tradition. I interpret the experience of the hero’s foster mother through the lens both of traditional Islamic institutions of milk kinship and of a reading practice that attends closely to women’s presences and agencies in the early lives of (mostly) male literary figures.

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ALMA MATER STUDIORUM – UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA
SCUOLA DI MEDICINA E CHIRURGIA
Corso di Laurea in Ostetricia

CONOSCERE IL D-MER:
un’esperienza di gruppi di riflessione con studentesse e ostetriche
Relatore: Claudia Mereu                                                         
Presentata da: Oriana Territo
Anno Accademico 2013-2014

INTRODUZIONE: l’indagine affronta la tematica relativa al disturbo disforico da emissione del latte (D-MER), che si presenta nelle donne che allattano al seno quale brusco calo dell’umore in senso negativo accompagnato da sensazioni spiacevoli di vario genere che incombono poco prima della fuoriuscita del latte. In letteratura è stato descritto come fenomeno della durata di pochi minuti, riconducibile ad un repentino e/o eccessivo calo della dopamina in corrispondenza del riflesso di emissione del latte.

OBIETTIVO: l’obiettivo dell’elaborato consiste nel presentare il D-MER, argomento ancora scarsamente conosciuto, per comprendere come la diagnosi di questo disturbo possa inserirsi all’interno della pratica clinica odierna e modificare la condotta assistenziale ostetrica. La tematica in oggetto è stata proposta a due gruppi distinti di studentesse e ostetriche attraverso il focus-group, con lo scopo di presentare l’argomento e successivamente raccogliere le considerazioni rispetto ai risvolti che il D-MER potrebbe avere nella famiglia, nella formazione e nella pratica assistenziale. Nel corso del confronto si è cercato di comprendere le opinioni delle partecipanti sulle metodologie partecipative come strumento formativo universitario e professionale.

CONTENUTI: nel lavoro viene affrontato il tema di un apprendimento che promuova il problem solving e la riflessività che guidi professionisti e studenti nella capacità di risolvere problemi in contesti professionali e di tirocinio, con particolare attenzione alle situazioni assistenziali mai esperite. Vengono esposte, in base agli studi attuali, le caratteristiche del D-MER, i gradi di severità, le cause che lo determinano e le terapie, l’importanza dei risvolti negativi di una mancata diagnosi o di un’errata diagnosi differenziale tra D-MER e depressione post partum. Una parte del testo è dedicata alle testimonianze delle donne che hanno vissuto un’esperienza di D-MER.

CONCLUSIONI: la professionalità ostetrica rappresenta una risorsa irrinunciabile per le famiglie e per la comunità; in particolare la gravidanza e il puerperio rappresentano dei momenti in cui si esplica l’assistenza ostetrica attraverso l’esperienza e le abilità di counseling che consentono alla professionista di esercitare un sostegno competente per la donna e la famiglia. Si affianca a ciò la necessità che altre figure professionali conoscano il D-MER, onde assicurare un approccio assistenziale multidisciplinare, ove necessario, e indirizzare verso ostetriche esperte di allattamenti difficili le donne con D-MER lieve o moderato. Le partecipanti ai focus hanno considerato estremamente utile ai fini della propria formazione la possibilità di aderire ad attività formative che implichino una partecipazione attiva e la possibilità di elaborazione pratica del sapere acquisito. Dai focus group emerge come la formazione riflessiva e aperta al confronto tra professionisti offra maggiori stimoli verso la ricerca di nuove soluzioni assistenziali e supporti una professionalità  in divenire che tenda alla condivisione e al continuo aggiornamento.

Pregnancy is considered a feminine experience in mainstream Canadian culture. Babies identified as female at birth are expected to grow up to become feminine heterosexual mothers. This research considers the desires, choices, and experiences of individuals who were identified as female at birth, but who do not identify as feminine heterosexual women; this dissertation focuses on the reproductive desires, choices, and experiences of butch lesbians, transmen, and genderqueer individuals in British Columbia. Three methods and two distinct populations formed this research. Participant observation was conducted in 21 cities across southern BC. Questionnaires were completed by 28 health care professionals (HCPs), and by 46 butch lesbian, transmen, and genderqueer (BTQ) individuals. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 10 HCPs, 8 BTQ individuals who had experienced at least one successful pregnancy, and 4 BTQ individuals who had either experienced or been diagnosed with a condition linked to infertility. What I found, is that for many BTQ individuals, reproduction associated with the female body (ie: pregnancy and breastfeeding) is not exclusively considered a feminine desire or experience. In fact, what I discovered is that BTQ individuals who experience pregnancy and breastfeeding explicitly challenge the cultural fetish associating femininity with reproduction (including pregnancy, breastfeeding, mothering, and fertility). Thus, I highlight not only the typically ignored desire and achievement of pregnancy of BTQ individuals, but also how BTQ individuals have experienced breastfeeding, how some BTQ parents raise queerlings, and how some BTQ individuals have negotiated diagnoses and experiences of infertility. Overall, I highlight the unique and various expectations and experiences that butch lesbians, transmen, and genderqueer individuals have regarding their ‘female’ (and potential) biological reproduction. In the end, I hope that by presenting the diverse reproductive experiences, desires, and choices of BTQ individuals, that I can foster more of an understanding of these experiences, desires, choices, and individuals, and thus challenge the cultural fetish that links femininity with ‘female’-associated reproduction. Moreover, I offer recommendations for health care professionals in an effort to foster more understanding in BTQ health care, as well as help to facilitate more queer competent health care professionals.

Bernard de Clairvaux est étroitement associé à Châtillon-sur-Seine, en Bourgogne. Il y arriva à l’âge de huit ans, et y demeura environ dix ans, pour se former à l’école des chanoines de Saint-Vorles. De plus, un miracle bernardin – celui de son allaitement par la Vierge – s’est développé au Moyen Age à Châtillon. Or un saint est déjà présent sur place : Vorles, prêtre modèle de Marcenay, mort à la fin du VIe siècle, et devenu le patron de la ville après le transfert de ses reliques vers 868. Entre Vorles, humble mais efficace, et Bernard, lumineux mais trop international, la bataille fait rage. D’où, pour prendre la mesure du conflit, une interrogation des lieux et des textes.

Research overwhelmingly suggests that breast milk is the most beneficial nutritional source for infants. How can midwives balance the need to uphold women's choices whilst promoting breastfeeding as the gold standard of infant feeding? Here, the institutional and individual factors surrounding infant feeding are analysed and discussed.

"A Breastfeeding practice among lactating mothers’ is an attractive and important area of research among the students of medical science as well as social sciences. Breastfeeding practices not only depend on the lactating productivity of the woman but also on their geographical and environmental conditions. Present research focused on two dimensions of breastfeeding, (1) is prevailing level of awareness among lactating women about significance of breastfeeding and (2) is the actual practices
adopted by these women of Noor Pur Shahan, Islamabad. To conduct this research a sample of 138  lactating mothers was systematically drawn. To collect the required data, a structured questionnaire was implemented after pre-testing. Results show maximum participation was from the women of age group 23-
26 years. Findings of the study demonstrated that 93.4% respondents confirmed that breastfeeding is healthy for newborn and out of total, 94.2% of the respondents have breastfed their newborns too, whereas only 33% of these mothers fed their newborns up to 06 months and discontinue afterwards and 52% had breastfed their newborns from 06 months to 30 months maximum. Responses against knowledge questions about the use of liquids other than milk showed that, 58.7% women opined that water and other supported liquids are not safe for newborn, and 33% responded otherwise. The low/shortage of milk was cited as
major reason 44.9% factor behind not completing at least 06 months of breastfeeding. Whereas 48% of the respondents mentioned, doctor as the main source of information regarding breastfeeding importance. This research shows that current practices of breastfeeding in Noor Pur Shahan are quite similar to the existing findings studies conducted previously in Asia.
"

Background: Working women continue to face challenges in breastfeeding effectively. Zimbabwe’s legislation entitles working women 98 days’ leave, and since they want to earn that much-needed income, they are forced to return to work— leaving their children behind—and practice mixed feeding earlier than recommended. Working women receive a breastfeeding hour but most companies are not breastfeeding friendly to the extent that most women are forced to express their milk in bathrooms or wean their children at an early age. This hinders continued breastfeeding and the ability of women to practice exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. A parents’ empowering campaign was introduced to advocate for breastfeeding-friendly workplaces among Harare companies. Private companies were targeted, conducting advocacy meetings with human resources management, company executive management, and health and safety staff to promote adoption of breastfeeding-friendly workplaces.
Goal: This study aimed to promote breastfeeding-friendly workplaces among private companies and institutions and ensure support to breastfeeding working mothers.
Actions: A consortium of three organizations, Nutri@ctive, Nutrition Action Zimbabwe, and Zimbabwe Civil Society Organisation for Scaling Up Nutrition, in partnership with the Ministry of Health and Child Care targeted 26 companies that participated in breastfeeding workplace sensitization meetings during the 2015 World Breastfeeding Week commemorations. Teams of four facilitators conducted advocacy meetings at each company, focusing on promoting breastfeeding in the workplace. An information package to promote breastfeeding and maternity protection initiatives was utilized in the campaign. To stimulate initiation, the campaigning team insisted on identification of a lactation space that the company would further improve following the meeting. Technical support was provided on setting up a lactation unit and the company invested in the lactation support program. Eight companies were supported between January and July 2016.
Outcomes: Five private companies, a public referral hospital, and two nongovernmental organizations adopted the initiative to set up lactation support units for working women. Of the eight institutions supported, three lactation support units were functioning and four were being developed by July 2016. The banking company realized an opportunity to extend this initiative to their clients in creating breastfeeding-friendly banking environments where clients with babies could be served from baby-friendly corners separate from other clients. Three different forms of lactation support systems were developed in consultation with the companies, depending on the nature of the company business. Company executives were concerned with the cost of lactation units and cultural issues on handling of human milk at work. The accounting firm showed concern in that staff would see lactation support initiatives as incentives to have babies, reducing the company’s production. Outcomes of this project stimulated development of a breastfeeding-friendly campus initiative in Zimbabwe and Uganda, spearheaded by nutrition student bodies, to create breastfeeding-friendly university campuses in Africa to promote breastfeeding among working and learning women.
Conclusion: Supporting working women to continue breastfeeding through workplace lactation support units has the potential to impact breastfeeding, infant and young child feeding practices, and rates in developing communities. Lactation support initiatives are feasible in developing countries facing economic challenges and companies are very supportive if engaged and involved in the maternity protection program.

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PREVALENCE OF RESPIRATORY INFECTION AND FEEDING CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN UNTIL THE SIXTH MONTH OF LIFE IN RIO GRANDE/RS

In developing countries, the respiratory infections are responsible for a third of the deaths and for the half of hospitalizations in under five children, being constituted in a serious problem of public health. A premature introduction of other feed that not the maternal milk, besides predisposing the babies to a higher contact with pathogenic agents, it can expose the organism to foods that it is still not capable to metabolize. The propose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of respiratory infection and the main characteristics of feeding pattern until the sixth month of life, in under 5 children, analyzed in 1995 and 2004, in Rio Grande/RS, Southern Brazil. There were analyzed two cross sectional studies that evaluated 395 children, in 1995 and 385 children, in 2004. The percentile of losses was 2.1% and 4.4%, in 1995 and 2004, respectively. The prevalences of respiratory infection were 34.9% (1995) and 28.3% (2004). There was a significant increase in the proportion of children with respiratory infection between 0 and 6 months of life (1995: 6.5%; 2004:11.0%), from families with low income (1995: 26.1%; 2004: 47.7%), deficit hight/age (1995: 6.5%; 2004: 26.6%). The prevalence of exclusive breast-feeding untill sixth month of life, in children who had respiratory infection, was 1.5% and 4.6%, in 1995 and 2004, respectively. The proportions of children breastfeeded predominantly (1995: 5.8%; 2004: 14.7%) and partially (1995: 8.9%; 2004: 22.0%) until the six months, increased significantly (p <0.05). However, the type of milk feeding most prevalent n the sixth month of life was the mixed predominant (1995: 63.8%; 2004: 54.1%). Therefore, in despite of having had an increase in breastfeeded children's proportions, these values are very on this side of the objectives proposed by the World Organization of Health. Besides, the introduction of other liquids and solid foods before the sixth month of life, is still very high in children from this city. However, they are other necessary studies focused in the alimentary risk factors related to the occurrence of  respiratory diseases in under five, so that it will be albe to discover what factors are acting in order to predispose these children to develop these pathologies.   

Keywords: respiratory infection, breastfeeding, complementary feeding, children

Resumen
“Mamar: mythos y lógos sobre lactancia humana” constituye un número especial o monográfico interdisciplinar sobre amamantamiento humano, convocado desde las ciencias humanas y sociales. Cuenta con diecisiete artículos producidos desde los siguientes ámbitos generales: ética y filosofía, prehistoria e historia, antropología (en sus múltiples variantes: social y cultural, enfermera, médica, histórica), psicología, pedagogía, bellas artes y ciencias de salud (enfermería y medicina). Esta interdisciplinariedad obedece al mismo objeto de estudio: la lactancia, como hecho biocultural, requiere de plurales epistemologías y ópticas para ser asumido en su riqueza y complejidad, sin las reducciones y presupuestos que, por lo general, han acompañado a su comprensión histórica.
El objetivo de esta compilación es mostrar la viveza y la pluralidad de investigaciones contemporáneas realizadas desde ciencias humanas y sociales sobre lactancia materna humana, que se pretende reivindicar en los estudios de historia social y de las mujeres, de feminismo y de acción social, a través especialmente del movimiento contemporáneo del lactivismo.

Palabras clave : lactancia humana, amamantamiento, historia / historiografía de la lactancia, nodrizas, lactancia mercenaria / asalariada, “La Vanguardia”, etnografía de la lactancia, pueblo ye’kuana, crianza con apego, bancos de leche, parentesco de leche, soberanía alimentaria, perspectiva de género, maternidad (es), renuncia a la lactancia, políticas de promoción de lactancia materna, culpa, grupos de apoyo, promoción de salud, unidades de neonatología, tráfico de leche materna, campaña “Leche materna” (Unicef-Venezuela 2010), lactivismo, ayuda mutua, movimientos de resistencia, Amazonia, Venezuela, México, Chile, España, Reino Unido, Europa.


Abstract
“Breastfeed: mythos and lógos on human lactation” is an interdisciplinary special issue (or monographic) on human lactation, from social and human sciences.
It presents seventeen articles produced from several general disciplines: philosophy of culture, prehistory, history, anthropology (within its multiple varieties: social and cultural, nurse, medical, historical), psychology, pedagogy, fine arts, nursing, and medicine.
The very study object justifies such interdisciplinarity: breastfeeding, as a biocultural fact, requires plural epistemologies and views to be assumed within its richness and complexity, without the reductions and prejudices that, in general, have accompanied its historical comprehension.
The objective or this compilation is to show the life and plurality of current research from social and human sciences on breastfeeding, which is vindicated in the social and women history studies, feminism and social action, and specifically from the current movement of lactivism.

Key words : human lactation, breastfeeding, history / historiography of lactation, wet nurses, mercenary / waged lactation, “La Vanguardia”, ethnography of lactation, Ye’kuana people, attachment parenting, milk banks, milk kinship, food sovereignty, gender perspective, guilt, support groups, health promotion, neonatology units, human milk traffic, “Leche materna” Campaign (Unicef-Venezuela 2010), lactivism, mutual aid, resistance movements, Amazonia, Venezuela, Mexico, Chile, España, United Kingdom, Europa.

Este artículo plantea la lactancia materna desde una perspectiva pluridisciplinar que vindica y argumenta su multidimensionalidad, desmarcándose de su habitual marco conceptual y experimental de las ciencias de la salud. Se sostendrá la lactancia materna como un espacio privilegiado para el empoderamiento femenino y la transformación social, profundizándose en su especificidad desde la reflexión sobre el género y su dimensión de sostenibilidad económico-ecológica. Será crucial para esta discusión el ámbito reflexivo de las éticas del cuidado y la interdependencia, así como la crítica a la distinción capitalista de los espacios público-privado, que conlleva la concepción monetarizada del trabajo generadora de tradicionales exclusiones epistemológicas. Asimismo, se abordará el amamantamiento en su dimensión de activismo social (lactivismo) y política de intervención transformadora, y se profundizará en la corporalidad lactante en tanto que disidencia cultural en el marco de culturas occidentales. La aproximación empírica a la base de la presente investigación se ha realizado fundamentalmente con metodología etnográfica, si bien el propio objeto de estudio ha requerido un abordaje ineludiblemente interdisciplinar.
ENGLISH - ABSTRACT
This article discusses breastfeeding from a multidisciplinary approach, and vindicates its multidimensionality, diverging from the conceptual and experimental framework of the health sciences. Breastfeeding is claimed as a privileged field for female empowerment and social transformation, deepening in its specificity from the reflection on gender and economic dimension of ecological sustainability. Will be crucial here the reflection from ethics of care and inter-dependence, as well as criticism of the capitalist distinction public-private spaces, which carries a monetized conception of labour (generating huge traditional epistemological exclusions). It will be also defended breastfeeding on its dimension of social activism (lactivism) and politics of transformative intervention, and breastfeeding corporeality will be approached as a cultural dissidence within Western cultures. This research has been conducted mainly by ethnographical methodology, although the very object of the study has required an inescapably interdisciplinary approach.

Objective: The aim was to determine the breastfeeding practices of mothers of children two years and below in Egor Local Government Area (LGA) of Edo State. Design: This is a community-based descriptive cross-sectional study. Subjects were recruited consecutively by multi-staged sampling technique. A semi-structured researcher-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information from the respondents. Setting: Subjects were from the Edaiken community in Egor LGA State, Nigeria. Subjects: Mother and child pairs were recruited. Outcome measures: The early initiation of breastfeeding rate, prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and the duration of breastfeeding were calculated from the information obtained from the mothers. Factors associated with the practice of early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding were also determined. Results: A total of 186 mothers (44.5%) of the 418 recruited initiated breastfeeding (early) within one hour of delivery. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was 36.6%. Maternal education was significantly associated with the practice of EBF while maternal age and delivery facility were significantly associated with early initiation of breastfeeding. The median duration of breastfeeding was 15.1 ± 2.3 months. Conclusion: Less than half of the mothers of children aged 1-24 months in Egor LGA practised early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding. Nutritional education at the community level should be embarked upon by the Local Health Authority of Egor LGA to improve these practices.

"Introduction. Research on postpartum sexuality has focused primarily on mothers, though new findings suggest that relational perceptions may have a strong influence over sexual desire and behavior. Little investigation exists regarding sexuality in partners of postpartum women. Additionally, recent findings point to the importance of a partner’s sexuality for postpartum women’s perceptions of their own sexuality in this time.

Aims. The goal of this research was to explore women’s partners’ sexuality in the early postpartum phase taking into account psychosocial context.

Methods. Partners (N = 114; 95 men, 18 women, 1 unspecified) of postpartum women completed a retrospective online questionnaire about their sexuality during the 3 months following their youngest child’s birth.

Main Outcome Measures. Primary measures included sexual desire (Sexual Desire Inventory), latency to sexual behavior, and enjoyment and initiation of sexual behavior. Other psychosocial variables were investigated: partners’ perceptions of the birth mother’s sexual desire, perceptions of the birth experience (Questionnaire Measuring Attitudes About Labor and Delivery), postpartum stress (Perceived Stress Scale), body image self-consciousness (Body Image Self-Consciousness Scale), social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support),
fatigue, and experiences surrounding breastfeeding.

Results. Partners reported most frequent engagement in intercourse in the postpartum period, earliest engagement
in masturbation, and highest enjoyment of receiving oral sex compared with other sexual activities. Partners’ sexual desire was not correlated with the psychosocial variables measured in the study. Findings for partners’ sexuality were similar by gender, except for perceptions of social support and likelihood to engage in intercourse.

Conclusions. This study provided a novel perspective on the study of postpartum sexuality by investigating physical and psychosocial influences on the experiences of partners of parous women. Given parallels between sexuality reported by partners in this study and by birth mothers in past studies, this study provided evidence that sexuality in the postpartum period may be experienced similarly, highlighting the social and relational nature of the postpartum."

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Are babies divine, or do they have the devil in them? Should parents talk to their infants, or is it a waste of time? This book provides answers to these and many other questions about the nature and nurturing of infants. In fact, it provides several distinct answers to each one.

These answers appear as advice to parents in seven societies around the world. The authors of this book have imagined what a foreign-born Dr. Spock might have written if he (or she) were a healer from Bali . . . or an Aboriginal grandmother from the Australian desert . . . or a diviner from a rural village in West Africa. As the seven “manuals” that make up this book reveal, experts from elsewhere offer intriguingly different advice to new parents.

The creative format of this book brings alive a rich fund of ethnographic knowledge about seven societies, vividly illustrating a simple but powerful truth: there are many models of babyhood, each shaped by deeply held values and widely varying cultural contexts.

After reading this book, child-rearing may never again seem a matter of “common sense.”

Naked Politics: Nudity, Political Action, and the Rhetoric of the Body by Brett Lunceford, examines the rhetorical power of the unclothed body as it relates to protest and political action. This study explores what the disrobed body communicates, and how others are invited to make sense of this display. The actions examined range from grassroots protests to those of professionalized social movement organizations. Specifically, Lunceford examines PETA and the use of chained women and the Running of the Nudes; lactivists, or women engaging in public breastfeeding as protest action in both online and physical space; the World Naked Bike Ride’s worldwide protest against oil dependency and attempt to raise awareness of the vulnerability of cyclists; and a contest held on College Humor that invited women to write their preferred presidential candidate on their exposed breasts and send the picture to them to post on the site. Although these actions may seem to have little in common beyond their use of body exposure, they all share the notions that something can happen when you take your clothes off and that the act of disrobing can have social and political consequences. Moreover, these groups illustrate the often paradoxical views of the exposed body—by both the participants and the observers—and how such bodies operate in the public sphere. Even when the voice is silent, the body still speaks; Naked Politics considers what is being said.

Background-Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the antibiotic use rates, breastfeeding duration in
children aged 24-72 months and the frequency of upper respiratory tract infections in the advancing years of life.
Methods: It was interviewed through face to face survey method with the parents of 283 children, who applied to
Istanbul Province Okmeydani Training-Research Hospital and Bingöl-Adakli District Integrated Hospital between the
dates of May and July 2014. Results: It was determined that children of highly educated mothers had fewer infections
and were breastfed for a longer time. The annual numbers of infections had by the children evaluated under this study,
and the boxes of antibiotics used are respectively 4.6+2.4 and 3.0+1.8 in average. Children who had 8 times or more
infections annually were accepted as the ones frequently having infections, and two groups were created. The average
breastfeeding duration in frequent infections was 10.9+8.8 months, while it was 15.8+7.0 months for children that had
infections occasionally (p<0,005). The possibility of having infection was increasing 17 times when mother and father
were both smokers (OR: 17.2; p<0,0001). Conclusion: It was determined that long-term breastfed children had fewer
infections in the advancing years of their lives; mother's education level affected the breastfeeding duration and the
incidence of infections, and children with smoker parents had more infections.
Keywords: Upper Respiratory Tract Infection, Incidence of Infection, Breastfeeding, Children, Passive Smoking

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Instinctive behaviours have evolved favouring the mother-infant dyad based on fundamental processes of neurological development, including oral tactile imprinting and latchment. Latchment is the first stage of emotional development based on the successful achievement of biological imprinting. The mechanisms underpinning imprinting are identified and the evolutionary benefits discussed.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of lactation on the lipid profile and body mass index (BMI) of lactating mothers. Serum samples were collected from 100 apparently healthy participants: 68 lactating women (Test group) and 32 non-lactating women (Control group), aged between 21-40 years. Biochemical parameters including: Total Cholesterol (TCHL), Triglycerides (TG), High density lipoprotein (HDL) and Low density lipoprotein (LDL) were analyzed using standard laboratory methods. A standard Height and Weight measurement Unit was used to measure the height (m) and weight (Kg) of the participants and their BMI thereafter calculated using the formula (Kg/m 2). The mean and standard deviation values of TCHL, TG, HDL, LDL, Weight, Height and BMI for the Test and Control groups were: 155.40±47.74 and 127±33.90 mg/dl, respectively, 99.88±32.34 and 91.65±28.17 mg/dl, respectively, 93.13±38.20 and 82.29±38.20 mg/dl, respectively, 61.08±6.57 and 64.79±9.50 Kg, respectively, 1.65±0.08 and 1.68±0.09 m, respectively, 22.47±3.50 and 22.99±2.96 Kg/m 2 , respectively. TCHL, TG, HDL and LDL were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the lactating women than in the Control group, except Weight which was significantly (P<0.05) lower in the former. There was no significant difference in the height and BMI of the Test and Control groups. Also, from the study, there was no significant correlation between TCHL, TG, HDL and LDL when compared against BMI. Furthermore, a significant correlation (P<0.05) was observed in TG when compared to Weight, but other parameters like TCHL, HDL and LDL were insignificant against weight. The outcome of this study shows that lactation increases the lipid profile of lactating women, but not their body mass index (BMI).

Induced lactation is a method of producing milk without prior pregnancy and birth. Non-puerperal women are capable to stimulate the production of her breast milk. Theoretically, the intention of adoptive nursing can be accomplished with a combination of medical protocols and specific stimulus techniques. Although the success rate for induced lactation is still low, but there are a handful of adoptive mothers that have been successful in their efforts. The aim of this study is to examine the success factors of induced lactation among adoptive mothers. This study used a qualitative research design. A total of 12 non-puerperal Muslim females who had successfully nursed their foster children following induced lactation methods participating in the study. Methods of data collection was semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Data were analyzed using QSR NVivo software version 10 using the technique of content analysis, analysis of word-based and code-based analysis. Data analysis discovered that factors driving the success of the adoptive nursing are divided into two categories; internal factors and external factors. Internal factors includes the probation and appreciation; the knowledge; the attitude and spirit; and responsibility. External factors comprises the support system; advice and consultancy; equipments; time management; and eating habit. The findings showed that the integration of internal and external factors will increase the successful rate of the induced lactation process. The rising awareness as well as strong desire to adoptive nursing among foster families reveal that the needs of more rigorous research and publications focusing on this matter. This contribution helps to boost the flourishing of the practice of adoptive nursing particularly among Muslim community. This study adds to the literature that management of induced lactation process is not solely depends on medication and stimulation techniques but also includes the internal and external factors. Therefore, this paper illustrates several case of adoptive nursing among non-puerperal females in order to prove their accomplishment.

La lactancia materna ha sido parte de una narración patriarcal sobre la maternidad a lo largo
de la historia del pensamiento occidental. Cuando dicha narración se vinculó a la razón
capitalista, tras la revolución tecnoindustrial, dio como resultado una peculiar alianza con
ciertos enfoques feministas reactivos, opuestos incluso, ante la práctica lactante. Sin embargo,
bien lejos de una supuesta liberación femenina, dicha interpretación del hecho lactante en
las corporalidades o parejas madre-bebé supone una asunción acrítica del dominio cultural
patriarcal/capitalista sobre el cuerpo lactante (como precario, diverso, desviado de la norma
individualista), de un lado, y un acrítico olvido de las poderosas implicaciones sexualespolíticas
que posee la relación lactante y que la emancipan de la sexualidad adulta (falocéntrica,
coitocéntrica) sometida a los varones, de otro lado. Así, el reconocimiento del deseo presente
en las corporalidades lactantes, con una doble vertiente de intimidad y de política, se reclama
como la descolonización del imaginario sobre la lactancia hasta el presente.
ENGLISH - ABSTRACT
Breastfeeding has been part of a patriarchal narrative about motherhood throughout the history
of Western thought. When this patriarchal narrative was linked to the capitalist reason after the
current industrial and technological revolution, did result in a unique partnership with certain
feminist approaches, reagents and even opposite to breastfeeding practice. However, far from
a supposed female liberation, this interpretation in infant corporalities or mother-baby pairs
implies an uncritical assumption of the cultural domain patriarchal / capitalist on infant body
(as precarious diverse, individualistic deviant), on one and; on the other hand, an uncritical
oblivion of the powerful sexual-political implications of the nursing relationship, that
emancipate it from adult sexuality (phallocentric, coition-centric) controlled and subordinated
by men. Thereby, the recognition of desire present in infant corporalities, with two aspects of
intimacy and politics, is claimed as the decolonization of the imaginary on breastfeeding to
the present.

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