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OBJECTIVES:

Identifying risk factors for dental trauma in children is important. The main aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the association between maxillary incisor trauma (MIT) and variables such as gender, malocclusion complexity, and orthodontic treatment need (OTN).
STUDY DESIGN:

ICON (Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need) scores were calculated in 502 schoolchildren (253 girls and 249 boys, aged 11-14-years). Subjects were categorized into 5 ICON complexity groups (easy to very difficult) and into 2 groups according to OTN (ICON >43, ICON <44). Logistic regression was performed to test for any differences in risk of MIT among subjects in different ICON complexity groups and to estimate the predictive value of gender, OTN, and ICON scores for MIT.
RESULTS:

Nine percent experienced incisor trauma (93.4% maxilla, 6.6% mandible). Enamel fracture was the most common type (6.2%) of dental trauma. Boys had greater odds of MIT compared with girls (odds ratio [OR] 2.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-4.21). Subjects with OTN showed greater odds of MIT compared to those without (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.21-4.64). Only subjects presenting with difficult complexity grade (64 < ICON < 77) showed significantly higher odds of experiencing MIT (OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.25-8.01) compared with the easy complexity group (ICON <29).
CONCLUSION:

The higher risk of experiencing MIT in malocclusions with difficult complexity warrants more vigilant screening of this group before and during dental or orthodontic treatment.

We report a cross-modal translation system from Hindi strings to Indian Sign Language (ISL) for possible use in the Indian Railways reservation counters. INGIT adopts a semantically mediated formulaic framework for Hindi-ISL mapping. An in-depth investigation into the structure of ISL forms the groundwork for INGIT. Some representational and mapping issues concerning cross-modal translation are identified and an implementation design is evolved. We adopt the Construction Grammar approach for handling formulaic ...

During the long eighteenth century, English and continental firms produced large numbers of pocket watches with Ottoman numerals intended for the markets of the Ottoman Empire. These products, both technical novelties and fashionable accessories, were highly popular among the local multiethnic populations. It is argued that the pocket watches for the Ottoman market may be classified as an example of a popular luxury, expressing the rise of the individual, the growing significance of pleasurable consumption and the emergence of new forms of socialisation through product use.

La tarea de la semiotica de la imagen no consiste solamente en determinar la especificidad de la imagen como signo, sino tambien en describir las particularidades de diferentes imagenes, como son, por ejemplo, el dibujo, la fotografia y la imagen de computadora. El presente texto describe, primero, el desarrollo del signo del tipo de la imagen en la historia de la humanidad y considera, despues, las particularidades de esos signos en cuanto a su posible reproduccion y su limite con la realidad. La cuarta parte del ensayo estudia la fotografia en su capacidad de signo indexical e iconico, e insiste sobre el caracter global de las reglas de reproduccion que opone ese tipo de imagen al dibujo. En la ultima parte, estudiamos el cambio en la definicion de la fotografia que ha resultado de la emergencia de la imagen sintetica y de la realidad virtual.

ABSTrACTDespite the fact that icons are widely relied upon for communication, designers have few principles to guide icon design. This paper reports a study of the role individual symbols play on the construction of meaning from icons. An experiment compared two sets of four icons, each made of a different set of discrete symbols. It finds that the interaction of the right number of symbols for the referent, and a more apt combination of individual symbols for the referent, can significantly improve the construction of an icon that communicates what was intended. The rules of thumb proposed here are applicable to construction of any visual communication that uses symbols.cons today are ubiquitous and utilitarian. They shimmy on iPhones, bounce on computer screens, spin on cable TV&#39;s, and hang out on restroom doors. Icons are useful because they facilitate succinct communication. While their form is simple, their comprehension can be extensive. Indeed, nearly all communication ha...

In traditional thinking human existence was conceived like a fall from a state of grace as a consequence to the original sin. Thus, life did not have any other purpose, but to recovering the initial state by healing off the disease of becoming and ephemeral. Holy places or objects have always mediated the contact between the human being and the absolute, seen as the only true reality. Expression of the “sacred”, the icon becomes a way of spiritual healing, implicitly a way to heal the soul. Therefore, all the levels at which it can be deciphered do not have another purpose but to justify this function. From a formal perspective of the elements that make up the image, the sacred is suggested by some geometrical forms, with colors having a symbolic value or by relations considered perfect, relations and proportions that are to be found again in the intimate structure of the whole universe and of the human being itself. That is why the contemplation of an icon determines the resonance with its enciphered rhythms meeting the need for the sacred, and harmonizes the human being. Phenomenologically, the icon proves to be a place of presence, of meeting. It plays the part of being a transition to the transcendent. The look of the bystander crosses the visible and the objective in order to meet a prototype which is not an original or a second visible beyond the first one, but it is a second look which penetrates the materiality of the icon. This second look is a commanding authority to the one perceiving it. It is the light of the invisible divine eye, which lightens and purifies the spirit of the one contemplating it.

[Text in Dutch] General introduction to 'Law and Iconography'. How are 'law' and 'justice' represented in the middle ages and early modern times? Painted exempla iustitiae in court rooms, the history of Lady Justice and the respresentation of the legal profession.

Paul Vieille tested in the 1880&#39;s smokeless Cordite and Ballistite, in addition to his own poudre B. This is reported in his 1893 publication 1 a major source for past and recent research 2 , leading to questions about early powder developments. The following are the major questions addressed in this essay and their speculative answers, based on the original publication and additional sources: (a) Were Vieille and the French powder establishment knowledgeable about other options when developing poudre B during 1884-1886? It seems that they were knowledgeable about methods to increase powder energy as was done later in Ballistite and Cordite, yet chose poudre B; (b) Did they regard Alfred Nobel and his smokeless Ballistite as rivals to poudre B, before or immediately after Nobel&#39;s 1887 patent in France? One famous Nobel biography claims that Ballistite was technically better and seen as a rival to poudre B. But this is unlikely since the French powder establishment considered...

We report a cross-modal translation system from Hindi strings to Indian Sign Language (ISL) for possible use in the Indian Railways reservation counters. INGIT adopts a semantically mediated formulaic framework for Hindi-ISL mapping. An in-depth investigation into the structure of ISL forms the groundwork for INGIT. Some representational and mapping issues concerning cross-modal translation are identified and an implementation design is evolved. We adopt the Construction Grammar approach for handling formulaic inputs in terms of a construction lexicon with single constituents as well as larger phrases, with direct semantic mappings at each level. We present results based on a small corpus collected at a railway counter, for which translations were validated from native ISL signers. The work builds upon a semantic module worked out for Hindi and ISL.

V začetnih vrsticah svoje naloge bom predstavila Platonovo teorijo ikone. Po tej teoriji je potrebno ločiti idejo samo od njenih podob, torej ločiti izvirnik od posnetka, model od simulakra. Posnetek – ikona je podoba, dobro utemeljen pretendent, za katerega jamči podobnost. Ta podobnost pa ni zunanja, torej ne gre za podobnost med eno in drugo stvarjo, pač pa za notranjo, duhovno podobnost med stvarjo in idejo. Ikona oz. posnetek je torej odraz nekega trenutka. Nikoli ni izvirnik, je pa posnetek nekega resničnega dogodka. V osrednjem delu naloge bom prikazala vsem poznane ikonične vojne fotografije. Preko dokazov, ki jim bom sledila, bom pokazala, da se nekatere od teh ne skladajo s Platonovo teorijo, saj niso posnetek resničnega dogodka. Te fotografije so bile zaigrane, uprizorjene za kamero, rekonstruirane. Kljub temu pa so te podobe postale ikone vojne fotografije, ker nas opozarjajo in opominjajo na grozote vojne, hkrati pa nam dvigujejo moralo z zgodbami o herojstvu in domolju...

INTRODUCTION:

This was a cross-sectional study to investigate the agreement between assessments of orthodontic treatment need of the index of complexity, outcome, and need (ICON) and the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN).
METHODS:

Five hundred two subjects (253 girls, 249 boys; ages, 11-14 years) participated in this study, including a few who were wearing an orthodontic appliance (1 girl, 5 boys). ICON scores and the aesthetic (AC) and dental health components (DHC) of the IOTN were recorded in those not undergoing treatment. The percentages of subjects needing treatment (ICON score >43) and the different complexity components of ICON were compared between the sexes. Observed percentages of agreement and kappa statistics were used to analyze the agreement between the AC and DHC of the IOTN and also the ICON, and the DHC and AC of the IOTN dichotomized into a yes or no categories of orthodontic treatment need.
RESULTS:

No sex differences were found between male and female subjects for treatment need (ICON score >43; P >0.05) and treatment complexity (P >0.05). The kappa statistic for diagnostic agreement between the DHC and AC of the IOTN was 0.55 (95% CI, 0.48-0.63). The kappa statistics for diagnostic agreement between the ICON and the AC and the DHC of the IOTN were 0.40 (95% CI, 0.33-0.46) and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.73-0.83), respectively. The observed agreement between the DHC and the AC of the IOTN was 81.8%. The observed agreement between the ICON and AC and DHC of the IOTN were 71.3% and 89.5%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS:

In terms of orthodontic treatment need, there was moderate agreement between the ICON and the AC (IOTN), and between the DHC and the AC. There was good agreement between the ICON and the DHC of the IOTN. The ICON is a good substitute for the DHC of the IOTN.

ABSTRACT: This article traces the ongoing tension between those who would characterize Alberto Korda’s famous image of Che Guevara, The Guerrillero Heroico, as a brand, trademark or logo, and those who insist it is a political/cultural icon and non-commercial and that these categories are mutually exclusive. The question of whether the image has been emptied of political content, and the debate around the copyrighting of an image considered by many to be in the public domain and a cultural icon are explored. The long-lasting struggle over the meanings and collective memories associated with this image indicate the possibility that both processes of commodification and radicalization of the image of Che Guevara can coexist. Using the literature on consumer research to engage definitions of branding as a commercially geared venture, this article teases out the problematics of different uses of the photograph and its derivatives, and highlights ambiguities around the notions of creation and authorship. After examining this image’s role within Cuba, Cuban use outside of Cuba, and its commercial and non-commercial uses by non-Cubans, I conclude that attempts at branding products with this particular image fail, and therefore its copyrighting is irrelevant

Cultural Heritage and Cultural Landscape are a set of human products that reflect the society needs thoughts and memories. It represents and symbolizes the relationships of power and controls - out of which it has emerged - and the human processes that have ...

This paper proposes a novel routing scheme for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), which combines the on-demand routing capability of ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol with a distributed topology discovery mechanism using ant like mobile agents. AODV requires the actual communication to be delayed until the route is determined (found). This may not be suitable for real time data and multimedia communication applications. Ant-AODV provides high connectivity, reducing the amount of route discoveries before starting new connections. This eliminates the delay before starting actual communication for most new connections making ant-AODV routing protocol ideal for real time communication in highly dynamic networks such as MANETs. Simulation results show that the ant-AODV hybrid technique proposed is able to achieve reduced end-to-end delay as compared to conventional ant-based and AODV routing protocols. In addition, ant-AODV also provides high connectivity.

This paper investigates the assignment of audio mixing operations to a geographically distributed set of servers to provide an immersive audio communication environment for massively multiplayer online games. The immersive audio communication service enables each avatar to hear a realistic audio mix of the conversations in its audible range. There are three primary delivery architectures for this service, namely, peer-to-peer, central server and distributed servers. We focus on the distributed server architecture, which partitions the virtual world into regions or locales and then assigns the computation associated with the creation of audio scenes for all avatars in each locale to a server. Our aim is to find the optimal way to partition the virtual world into locales and then choose the locale servers in such a way that reduces the total delay perceived by all avatars. We have produced a mathematical formulation for the optimal partitioning and server assignment and developed a heuristics approach based on a graph algorithm. We have developed a simulation environment that creates both the physical world (geographic distribution of participants and the Internet topology model) and the virtual world (distribution of avatars based on different avatar aggregation behaviors). We have solved the problem exactly as well as using the heuristics algorithm for a range of simulated virtual and physical worlds. In many cases, the heuristics results were within 5% of the optimal. Our algorithms and simulation study will be of benefit to future immersive audio communication service providers in the design of a cost effective delivery architecture for this service.

Semiotic or semiology means the systematic study of signs. What becomes difficult is defining what a &#39;sign&#39; actually is. Modern day Semioticians, not only study &#39;signs&#39; - it goes much deeper than that - they study how meaning is formed. Semiotic study how people first of all interprate a sign, how they then draw on cultural or personal experience to understand a sign. Pierce distinguished sign into three basic, there are: iconic, indexical, and the symbolic. An Icon has a physical resemblance to the signified, the thing being represented. Ozymandias is a fourteen-line sonnet by Percy Bysshe Shelley as English Romantic poet published in 1818. Ozymandias is a statue for another name of King Ramses the Great, Pharaoh of the nineteenth dynasty of ancient Egypt. The icon is depicted directly in the poem which represents the figure of king Ramses II with a statue. The new colossus is a statue for a classic American poem have fourteen-line sonnet by Emma Lazarus. The New Co...

The main objective of the article is to enrich the current discussion on “place icons” through a case study of the Lisbon street “Rua da Madalena” and its architecture illustrating the integrated design and marketing concept adopted by the whole city. The paper presents the interdisciplinary approach using significant contribution from the fields of tourism, business, history and memory of the past. The article argues that modern cities need the “icon streets” that are basing on the social innovation policy, branding concepts, architectural theory and practice. Moreover, the paper presents how an integrated design strategy is practically applied in Lisbon downtown, and how it can contribute to the successful promotion of the city. Throughout this research, there is used the direct reference into both tangible and intangible cultural heritage, in terms of renewing the old city street on the basis of the unique brand strategy, the historical perspective that should characterized the s...

ABSTRACT Differently from the anti-cartesianism defended by some embodied-situated cognitive scientists, which is predominantly anti-representationalist, for C. S. Peirce, mind is semiosis (sign-action) in a dialogical form, and cognition is the development of available semiotic material artifacts in which it is embodied as a power to produce interpretants (sign-effects). It takes the form of development of semiotic artifacts, such as writing tools, instruments of observation, notational systems, languages, and so forth. Our objective in this paper is to explore the connection between a semiotic theory of mind and the conception of situatedness and extended mind through the notions of iconicity and abductive inference, taking advantage of an empirical example of investigation in distributed problem solving (Tower of Hanoi).

The World Loses An Icon: Rest In Peace Nelson Mandela
Author: Fareed Khan
Date: Dec. 7, 2013
http://theviewfromhere-fareedkhan.blogspot.ca/2013/12/the-world-loses-icon-rest-in-peace.html

Apartheid, Death of Nelson Mandela, Forgiveness, Funeral, Icon, Madiba, Nelson Mandela, Nelson Mandela Legacy, Nelson Mandela's Death, Rest In Peace, Social Justice, South Africa, Warrior for Social Justice