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Automotive industry

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The automotive industry comprises a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles.[1] It is one of the world's largest industries by revenue. The automotive industry does not include industries dedicated to the maintenance of automobiles following delivery to the end-user,[citation needed] such as automobile repair shops and motor fuel filling stations.

A modern assembly-line
A video showing new SEAT, Škoda & Volkswagen cars being transported by rail at Kutná Hora město train station in the Czech Republic

The word automotive comes from the Greek autos (self), and Latin motivus (of motion), referring to any form of self-powered vehicle.[clarification needed] This term, as proposed by Elmer Sperry[2][need quotation to verify] (1860-1930), first came into use with reference to automobiles in 1898.[3]

History

Main article: History of the automobile
 
Thomas B. Jeffery automobile factory in Kenosha, Wisconsin, c.1916
 
Fiat assembly line in 1961

The automotive industry began in the 1860s with hundreds of manufacturers that pioneered the horseless carriage. For many decades, the United States led the world in total automobile production. In 1929, before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, and the U.S. automobile industry produced over 90% of them. At that time, the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons.[4] After 1945, the U.S. produced about 75 percent of world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and then became world's leader again in 1994. In 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units. With 19.3 million units manufactured in 2012, China almost doubled the U.S. production of 10.3 million units, while Japan was in third place with 9.9 million units.[5] From 1970 (140 models) over 1998 (260 models) to 2012 (684 models), the number of automobile models in the U.S. has grown exponentially.[6]

Safety

Main article: Automobile safety
See also: 2009–11 Toyota vehicle recalls, General Motors ignition switch recalls, and Firestone and Ford tire controversy

Safety is a state that implies to be protected from any risk, danger, damage or cause of injury. In the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves, implies that there is no risk of damage.

Safety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. Automobiles and other motor vehicles have to comply with a certain number of regulations, whether local or international, in order to be accepted on the market. The standard ISO 26262, is considered as one of the best practice framework for achieving automotive functional safety.[7]

In case of safety issues, danger, product defect or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle, the maker can request to return either a batch or the entire production run. This procedure is called product recall. Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from the raw material.

Product and operation tests and inspections at different stages of the value chain are made to avoid these product recalls by ensuring end-user security and safety and compliance with the automotive industry requirements. However, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences.

Economy

See also: Automotive industry by country

In 2007, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road, consuming over 980 billion litres (980,000,000 m3) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly.[8] The automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicted that, by 2014, one-third of world demand would be in the four BRIC markets (Brazil, Russia, India and China). Meanwhile, in the developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed.[9] It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the younger generations of people (in highly urbanized countries) no longer want to own a car anymore, and prefer other modes of transport.[10] Other potentially powerful automotive markets are Iran and Indonesia.[11] Emerging automobile markets already buy more cars than established markets. According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the global light-vehicle sales in 2010. The study, performed in 2010 expected this trend to accelerate.[12][13] However, more recent reports (2012) confirmed the opposite; namely that the automotive industry was slowing down even in BRIC countries.[9] In the United States, vehicle sales peaked in 2000, at 17.8 million units.[14]

World motor vehicle production

World Motor Vehicle Production[15]
 
Production volume (1000 vehicles)

1960s: Post war increase

1970s: Oil crisis and tighter safety and emission regulation.

1990s: production started in NICs

2000s: rise of China as top producer

Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010
 
to 1950: USA had produced more than 80% of motor vehicles.[16]

1950s: UK, Germany and France restarted production.

1960s: Japan started production and increased volume through the 1980s. US, Japan, Germany, France and UK produced about 80% of motor vehicles through the 1980s.

1990s: South Korea became a volume producer. In 2004, Korea became No. 5 passing France.

2000s: China increased its production drastically, and became the world's largest producing country in 2009 .

2010s: India overtakes Korea, Canada, Spain to become 5th largest automobile producer.

2013: The share of China (25.4%), India, Korea, Brazil and Mexico rose to 43%, while the share of USA (12.7%), Japan, Germany, France and UK fell to 34%.

2018: India overtakes Germany to become 4th largest automobile producer.
 
World motor production (1997-2016)

By year

See also: List of countries by motor vehicle production
[39]
Year Production Change Source
1997 54,434,000 — [17]
1998 52,987,000   2.7% [17]
1999 56,258,892   6.2% [18]
2000 58,374,162   3.8% [19]
2001 56,304,925   3.5% [20]
2002 58,994,318   4.8% [21]
2003 60,663,225   2.8% [22]
2004 64,496,220   6.3% [23]
2005 66,482,439   3.1% [24]
2006 69,222,975   4.1% [25]
2007 73,266,061   5.8% [26]
2008 70,520,493   3.7% [27]
2009 61,791,868   12.4% [28]
2010 77,857,705   26.0% [29]
2011 79,989,155   3.1% [30]
2012 84,141,209   5.3% [31]
2013 87,300,115   3.7% [32]
2014 89,747,430   2.6% [33]
2015 90,086,346   0.4% [34]
2016 94,976,569   4.5% [35]
2017 97,302,534   2.36% [36]
2018 95,634,593   1.71% [37]
2019 91,786,861   5.2% [38]
 
Car exports by country (2014) from [http://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/explore/tree_map/export/show/all/8703/2014/ Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity
 
Global automobile import and export in 2011

By country

Main article: Automotive industry by country

The OICA counts over 50 countries which assemble, manufacture or disseminate automobiles. Of that figure, only 14 countries (boldfaced in the list below) currently possess the capability to design original production automobiles from the ground up.[40][41]

Top 20 motor vehicle producing countries (2018)
Country Motor vehicle production (units)
China
27,809,196
United States
11,314,705
Japan
9,728,528
India
5,174,645
Germany
5,120,409
Mexico
4,100,525
South Korea
4,028,834
Brazil
2,879,809
Spain
2,819,565
France
2,270,000
Thailand
2,167,694
Canada
2,020,840
Russia
1,767,674
United Kingdom
1,604,328
Turkey
1,550,150
Czech Republic
1,345,041
Indonesia
1,343,714
Iran
1,095,526
Slovakia
1,090,000
Italy
1,060,068

"Production Statistics". OICA.

By manufacturer

See also: List of manufacturers by motor vehicle production

These were the 15 largest manufacturers by production volume in 2017, according to OICA.[39]

Rank Group Country Vehicles
1 Toyota   Japan 10,466,051
2 Volkswagen Group   Germany 10,382,334
3 Hyundai   South Korea 7,218,391
4 General Motors   United States 6,856,880
5 Ford   United States 6,386,818
6 Nissan   Japan 5,769,277
7 Honda   Japan 5,236,842
8 Fiat Chrysler Automobilesa   Netherlands 4,600,847
9 Renault   France 4,153,589
10 Groupe PSAa   France 3,649,742
11 Suzuki   Japan 3,302,336
12 SAIC   China 2,866,913
13 Daimler   Germany 2,549,142
14 BMW   Germany 2,505,741
15 Geely   China 1,950,382

Other rankings

This is the list of the 15 largest publicly-traded car manufacturers by market capitalisation as of 23 January 2021, according to CompaniesMarketCap.com.[42]

Rank Group Reg. base Market cap (US dollars)
1 Tesla United States $772.50 billion
2 Toyota Japan $222.83 billion
3 BYD China $111.32 billion
4 Volkswagen Germany $106.55 billion
5 NIO China $95.49 billion
6 Daimler Germany $85.29 billion
7 General Motors United States $78.75 billion
8 BMW Germany $55.45 billion
9 Volvo Sweden $51.62 billion
10 Ferrari Italy $51.24 billion
11 Great Wall Motors China $50.90 billion
12 Stellantis Netherlands $50.19 billion
13 Hyundai South Korea $48.96 billion
14 Honda Japan $48.84 billion
15 Ford United States $46.78 billion
Top 10 largest motor vehicle manufacturers by revenue (2019)[43][44]
Rank Group Country Revenue (USD)
1 Volkswagen Germany $290.2B
2 Toyota Japan $272.3B
3 Stellantis
(PSA-FCA)		 Netherlands $205.6B
4 Ford United States $156B
5 Honda Japan $143.1B
6 General Motors United States $137.2B
7 BMW Germany $116.9B
8 Daimler Germany $104.6B
9 Nissan Japan $92B
10 Hyundai South Korea $90.8B

Notable company relationships

Stake holding

It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.

Notable current relationships include:[citation needed]

Joint ventures

China joint venture

Outside China

See also

Notes

^a These figures were before the merger of both Fiat Chrysler Automobiles and Groupe PSA; the latter of which has merged into Stellantis as of January 2021.

References

  1. ^ Automotive industry at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  2. ^ Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States (Eighth ed.). Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences. 1968. p. 164. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  3. ^ Harper, Douglas. "automotive". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  4. ^ "U.S. Makes Ninety Percent of World's Automobiles". Popular Science. 115 (5): 84. November 1929. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  5. ^ "2012 Production Statistics". OICA. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  6. ^ Aichner, T.; Coletti, P (2013). "Customers' online shopping preferences in mass customization". Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice. 15 (1): 20–35. doi:10.1057/dddmp.2013.34. S2CID 167801827.
  7. ^ "ISO 26262-10:2012 Road vehicles -- Functional safety -- Part 10: Guideline on ISO 26262". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  8. ^ "Automobile Industry Introduction". Plunkett Research. 2008. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  9. ^ a b Khor, Martin. "Developing economies slowing down". twnside.org.sg. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  10. ^ "2014 Global Automotive Consumer Study : Exploring consumer preferences and mobility choices in Europe" (PDF). Deloittelcom. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  11. ^ Eisenstein, Paul A. "Building BRIC's: 4 Markets Could Soon Dominate the Auto World". TheDetroitBureau.com.
  12. ^ Bertel Schmitt (15 February 2011). "Auto Industry Sets New World Record In 2010. Will Do It Again In 2011". The Truth About Cars. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  13. ^ "Global Automotive Outlook for 2011 Appears Positive as Mature Auto Markets Recover, Emerging Markets Continue to Expand". J.D. Power and Associates. 15 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  14. ^ "U.S. vehicle sales peaked in 2000". thecherrycreeknews.com. 27 May 2015. Archived from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  15. ^ "Table 1-23: World Motor Vehicle Production, Selected Countries (Thousands of vehicles)". Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  16. ^ "Arno A. Evers FAIR-PR". Hydrogenambassadors.com. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  17. ^ a b "1998 - 1997 WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION BY TYPE AND ECONOMIC AREA" (PDF). oica.net. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  18. ^ "1999 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  19. ^ "2000 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  20. ^ "2001 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  21. ^ "2002 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  22. ^ "2003 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  23. ^ "2004 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  24. ^ "2005 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  25. ^ "2006 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  26. ^ "2007 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  27. ^ "2008 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  28. ^ "2009 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  29. ^ "2010 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  30. ^ "2011 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  31. ^ "2012 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  32. ^ "2013 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  33. ^ "2014 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  34. ^ "2015 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  35. ^ "2016 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  36. ^ "2017 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  37. ^ "2018 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  38. ^ "2019 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  39. ^ a b OICA: World Ranking of Manufacturers
  40. ^ Jared Lynch, Mark Hawthorne (17 October 2015). "Australia's car industry one year from closing its doors". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  41. ^ http://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/By-country.pdf
  42. ^ "Largest automakers by market capitalization". CompaniesMarketCap.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  43. ^ How Much Revenue Automakers Generate Every Second
  44. ^ Proposed Merger to Create Fourth Largest Car Maker Statista
  45. ^ : [1] Archived 17 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  46. ^ Sun, Edward Taylor, Yilei (23 July 2019). "China's BAIC buys 5% Daimler stake to cement alliance". Reuters. Retrieved 5 December 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. ^ "China's Geely to Acquire Stake in Malaysian Carmaker Proton". Bloomberg.com. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  48. ^ "Mercedes and Geely joint ownership of Smart". Auto Express. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  49. ^ "Nissan to take 34% stake in Mitsubishi Motors - BBC News". Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  50. ^ "Subscribe to read". Financial Times. Retrieved 28 June 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  51. ^ Toyota buys stake in Mazda, joint US factory, EV development planned | CarAdvice
  52. ^ "Toyota pulls Suzuki firmly into its orbit through stake deal". Reuters. 28 August 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  53. ^ "Corporate Introduction". Chery Jaguar Land Rover. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  54. ^ "Mercedes-Benz and Geely Holding have formally established its global joint venture "smart Automobile Co., Ltd." for the smart brand". marsMediaSite. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

External links

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