After design entry and optional simulation, you run synthesis. The ISE® software includes Xilinx Synthesis Technology (XST), which synthesizes VHDL, Verilog, or mixed language designs to create Xilinx®-specific netlist files known as NGC files. Unlike output from other vendors, which consists of an EDIF file with an associated NCF file, NGC files contain
both logical design data and constraints. XST places the NGC file in your project directory and the file is accepted as input to the Translate (NGDBuild) step of the Implement Design process.
To Use XST for Synthesis
- In the Design panel, select Implementation from the Design View drop-down list.
- In the Hierarchy pane. select the top module
.
- In the Processes pane, double-click Synthesize.
XST Design Flow Overview
The following figure shows the flow of files through the XST software.
XST Input and Output Files
XST supports extensive VHDL and Verilog subsets from the following standards:
- VHDL: IEEE 1076-1987, IEEE 1076-1993, including IEEE standard and Synopsys
- Verilog: IEEE 1364-1995, IEEE 1364-2001
In addition to a VHDL or Verilog design description, XST can also accept the following files as input:
- XCF
XST Constraint File (XCF) in which you can specify synthesis, timing, and specific implementation constraints that can be propagated to the NGC file.
- Core files
These files can be in either NGC or EDIF format. XST does not modify cores. It uses them to inform area and timing optimization surrounding the cores.
Note Cores are supported for FPGAs only, not CPLDs.
In addition to NGC files, XST also generates the following files as output:
- Synthesis Report
This report contains the results from the synthesis run, including area and timing estimation. For details, see
Viewing Messages and Reports.
- RTL schematic
This is a schematic representation of the pre-optimized design shown at the Register Transfer Level (RTL). This representation is in terms of generic symbols, such as adders, multipliers, counters, AND gates, and OR gates, and is generated after the HDL synthesis phase of the synthesis process. Viewing this schematic may help you discover design issues early in the design process. For details, see
Viewing an RTL Schematic - XST.
- Technology schematic
This is a schematic representation of an NGC file shown in terms of logic elements optimized to the target architecture or "technology," for example, in terms of LUTs, carry logic, I/O buffers, and other technology-specific components. It is generated after the optimization and technology targeting phase of the synthesis process. Viewing this schematic allows you to see a technology-level representation of your HDL optimized for a specific Xilinx architecture, which may help you discover design issues early in the design process. For details, see
Viewing a Technology Schematic - XST.
Note When the design is run in Incremental Synthesis mode, XST generates multiple NGC and NGR files, which each represent a single user design partition.
XST Detailed Design Flow
The following figure shows each of the steps that take place during XST synthesis. The following sections describe each step in detail.
HDL Parsing
During HDL parsing, XST checks whether your HDL code is correct and reports any syntax errors.
HDL Synthesis
During HDL synthesis, XST analyzes the HDL code and attempts to infer specific design building blocks or macros (such as MUXes, RAMs, adders, and subtractors) for which it can create efficient technology implementations. To reduce the amount of inferred macros, XST performs a resource sharing check. This usually leads to a reduction of the area as well as an increase in the clock frequency.
Finite State Machine (FSM) recognition is also part of the HDL synthesis step. XST recognizes FSMs independent of the modeling style used. To create the most efficient implementation, XST uses the target optimization goal, whether area or speed, to determine which of several FSM encoding algorithms to use.
You can control the HDL synthesis step using constraints. You can enter constraints using any of the following methods:
- HDL source file
Enter VHDL or Verilog attributes.
- XCF
- Project Navigator Process Properties
Set global parameters, such as the optimization goal or effort level. You can modify the synthesis properties in the following tabs of the Synthesize Process Properties dialog box:
Default property values are used for the Synthesize process, unless you modify them.
Low Level Optimization
During low level optimization, XST transforms inferred macros and general glue logic into a technology-specific implementation. The flows for FPGAs and CPLDs differ significantly at this stage as follows:
- FPGA Flow
The FPGA flow is timing-driven and can be controlled using constraints, such as PERIOD and OFFSET. During low level optimization, XST infers specific components, such as the following:
- Carry logic (MUXCY, XORCY, MULT_AND)
- RAM (block or distributed)
- Shift Register LUTs (SRL16, SRL32)
- Clock Buffers (IBUFG, BUFG, BUFGP, BUFR)
- Multiplexers (MUXF5, MUXF6, MUXF7, MUXF8)
- Arithmetic Functions (DSP48, MULT18x18)
The use of technology-specific features may come from a macro implementation mechanism or from general logic mapping. Due to mapping complexity issues, not all available FPGA features may be used. The FPGA synthesis flow supports advanced design and optimization techniques, such as Register Balancing and Incremental Synthesis.
- CPLD Flow
The CPLD flow is not timing driven. You cannot specify the frequency of a clock or an offset value. The goal of the CPLD flow is to reduce the number of logic levels. During low level optimization, XST generates a netlist that contains elements such as AND and OR gates. The CPLD Fitter then determines how to fit these equations to the targeted device. XST supports a special optimization mode, called Equation Shaping, in which XST optimizes and reduces the Boolean equations to sizes accepted by device macrocells. This forces the CPLD Fitter to retain the equation modifications through the KEEP and COLLAPSE constraints in the NGC file.
Note Equation Shaping only applies to CPLDs. For information on Equation Shaping, see the "XST CPLD Optimization" chapter of the
XST User Guide.
Additional Resources
Additional information is available in the following Xilinx documentation.
