Bayesian Radiocarbon Dating

Soldier Meadows Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC) in the Black Rock-High Rock Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area in northern Nevada is an unique habitat for threatened plant and animal species. The perennial geothermal springs have fostered human use of the area for millennia. Native American use of the area began approximately 10000 years ago, and Anglo-European settlements and ranching arose there circa AD 1868.
This paper looks at the vegetation and climate history of the Soldier Meadows ACEC over the last 1500 years. A core was obtained from wet meadow location inside of the ACEC just north of Mud Meadows reservoir. The core was processed to recover pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs. Information from this study will be used to inform federal land management decisions.

A Bayesian age-depth model was constructed for the core from Pb isotope and radiocarbon dates.

The irregular time series of the proportions of various species and taxa are discussed. Poaceae steadily increases through time. The cyanobacteria Rivularia increases and Glomus decreases in the late prehistoric period (ca. 350 BP) to the present. This is indicative of a change in water chemistry and potentially water level. The ratio of Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae indicates the area was drier during the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA) than the Little Ice Age (LIA); Bayesian change point analyses of this time series notes a significant increase in moisture circa 565 BP and a significant decrease circa 39 BP.

Modern analogue technique, in combination with the North American pollen database, is used to reconstruct winter precipitation and average July temperatures. While there are few modern analogues, the method does indicate that winter precipitation was low from circa 1200 BP through 600 BP, and significantly increased from 600 BP through 200 BP. The average July temperature was approximately 1 degree centigrade higher in the MCA than the LIA.

As demonstrated by Shennan et al. (2013), Downey et al. (2014), Crema et al. (2016) and others, bootstrapped Monte-Carlo summed probability distributions (MCSPD) of radiocarbon dates can serve as a proxy for prehistoric populations.  Hypothesis testing can be implemented using permutation tests of the MCSPDs.  This talk looks at applying this methodology to part of the radiocarbon date assemblage from the Ruby pipeline excavations.  Ruby is a 680 mile natural gas pipeline stretching from Malin, Oregon to Kemmer, Wyoming.  The 124 radiocarbon dates analyzed here come from 110 sites located in Oregon and northern Nevada.  These sites are spread across the following five geomorphic regions (from west to east): Northern Modoc Plateau, the High Rock Country, Upper Lahontan Basin, Upper Humboldt Plains, and Thousand Springs Valley.  Permutation tests indicate that the differences between the MCSPDs for each geomorphic region are not statistically significant.  The overall trend in the MCSPDs is an increasing population through the Holocene with a drop during the Medieval Warm Period and in the Contact Period (circa 150 BP).  The High Rock Country has the earliest occupation and the highest population densities during the Terminal Pleistocene?Early Holocene.  Hiatuses in each regional MCSPD will be discussed in terms of known climatic events and phases.

Radiocarbon dates obtained for the coastal hilltop settlement of Aghios Antonios Potos in south Thasos are statistically treated to define the absolute chronology for the start and the end of the various habitation and cultural phases at the site. The location was first occupied during the Final Neolithic (FN) between 3800 and 3600 BC, extending this much contested phase to the lowest up to now record for Thasos and the northern Greece. The site is continuously inhabited from Early Bronze Age I until the early Late Bronze Age (LBA; 1363 BC) when it was abandoned. Comparison with other sites in Thasos and particularly with the inland site of Kastri Theologos showed that the first occupation at Aghios Antonios came soon after the abandonment of Kastri in the beginning of the 4th millennium. In fact, after the decline and abandonment of Aghios Antonios in the LBA, the site of Kastri was reinhabited, leading to the hypothesis that part of the coastal population moved inland. The presumed chronological sequence of alternate habitation between the two settlements may evoke explanations for sociocultural and/or environmental dynamics behind population movements in prehistoric Thasos. A major conclusion of the project is that the 4th millennium occupation gap attested in many sites of Greece, especially in the north, is probably bridged in south Thasos, when the data from all sites are taken together. The mobility of people in Final Neolithic south Thasos may explain the general phenomenon of limited occupational sequences in the FN of north Greece.

Radiocarbon dates for the Early Bronze Age of Northern England are presented, these provide an independent chronology for the Collared Urns of the region together with associated Accessory Vessels and grave goods. The results indicate that Collared Urns were in use in Northern England between 2000/1950 BC and 1600/1550 BC. Comparison of the dates obtained for Northern England show that they are broadly correspondent with those obtained for Ireland, Scotland and Wales in previous studies. This rebuts the idea that Collared Urns radiated from southern England, reaching northern and western Britain after a passage of time, instead the pattern is one of parallel development in all the regions considered here.

KEYWORDS
EARLY BRONZE AGE, COLLARED URNS, DATING, BRITISH PREHISTORY, IRISH PREHISTORY, SCOTTISH PREHISTORY, BURIAL BARROW, CHRONOLOGY, RADIOCARBON DATING, LANCASHIRE, NORTH WEST ENGLAND

Introduction: Despite the current enthusiasms in applying the concept of microfinance as a poverty alleviation tool in many countries, the risk management aspects of micro-financing should not be overlooked. Ethiopia is also one of the countries where microfinance has been given due consideration as a safety net for the poor to help them overcome the adversities of poverty.
Objectives: The objective of this study is to analysis a credit risk of Microfinance loan repayment on the Microcredit and Savings Institution in Gambella town, Ethiopia.
Methodology: A study was conducted on 457 people who took loans from microfinance institutions in Gambella town, Gambella region, Ethiopia in 60 months starting January 2014 and ending December 2018. The data used in this study was the secondary data from GMCSI. We have applied Cox regression model and weibull parametric regression model after purposeful selection covariates, checking for the linearity of covariates in the model and assessment of model adequacy to diagnosis the model from semi parametric model for analyzing the loan repayment performance data on eighteen explanatory variables that would be included in the study. Loan repayment status is dependent variable, while eighteen borrower’s characteristics, institutional characteristics and firm characteristics are considered as explanatory variables. In this case the value of the dependent variable (loan repayment performance) is 0 and 1, if borrowers defaulted it takes 1 and otherwise 0.
Results: So, the outcome revealed that depicts from the total of 457 borrowers 256 (56.0%) of them are defaulted (unpaid on due) and 201 (44.0%) of them repaid their loan on due. The median of survival time is 41 months, which mean the survival curve reaches the 50% line before the end of the study by probability 0.499 which is approximation to 0.5. In fact, both Cox PH model and Weibull parametric regression model have considered but the latter model was the most appropriate for analyses of a credit risk of microfinance loan repayment in Gambella region. The significant factors identified through the relevant model are; age, residence, occupation, business sectors, repayment period, suitability of installment period and frequency of loan collection are the risk factor that cause the defaulted of loan.
Conclusion: Hence, governmental and non-governmental stakeholders should pay attention to give training on the risk factors identified on the current paper so as to optimize individual’s knowledge and awareness so that unpaid on due minimally reduced.

Key words: Credit risk; Loan repayment; Microcredit; Cox PH model ; parametric regression model.

Periods and typologies are artificial boxes that archaeologists use to classify cultures and the artifacts that they used. Consequently, there is a need to re-evaluate old paradigms as new data become available, particularly when these paradigms are internally inconsistent. This thesis focuses on the Transitional period in western Pennsylvania and analyzes both the semantic division of cultural periods between 2900-900 BC and the types of projectile points used to define this period. Current descriptions of the Transitional period adequately describe eastern Pennsylvania but fail to adequately describe the material culture and point typologies of western Pennsylvania. Data from existing excavations and site reports are synthesized to compile a database of radiocarbon dates associated with diagnostic projectile points in order to establish an accurate seriation of point types. These data are visually represented as series of maps to show spatial, typological, and chronological variation. The thesis’ ultimate purpose is to create a consistent projectile point chronology that can be used as a framework to accurately date sites within this region on the basis of typology.

This thesis examines the development of bow-arrow technology in terms of modem evolutionary theory. Previous approaches that propose functional-adaptive technological trajectories are critiqued. Different theoretical approaches towards technology and associated units of analysis are examined. Behavioural ecology, evolutionary archaeology, and dual inheritance theory are shown to hold most promise for explaining trait-lineages in a given technological tradition. Previous approaches to bow-arrow technology are analysed, and an evolutionary archaeological methodology appropriate for examining lithic armatures is presented. Environment, historical contingency, selection, drift, population dynamics and social learning mechanisms are seen as key complex factors requiring case by case examination. An evolutionary case study with nine temporally, geographically, and culturally related stratigraphic phases containing a total of 3600 complete lithic armatures from the south Scandinavian middle Mesolithic (c. 6600-5400 BC) is presented. The phases are described in terms of associated fine-grained archaeological data and previous interpretations. A Bayesian chronological framework is constructed for the case study, using modelling facilities in the OxCal calibration package. This method time-steps and calculates relative occupation durations of point bearing phases in terms of available archaeological and radiometric data. The chronological model covers the culture-historical periods termed Blak, Kongemose and Early Ertebolle phases. The validity of previous typological interpretations of projectile point sequences is questioned in light of these results. The nine time-stepped lithic armature assemblages are then analysed to describe inter- and intra-site point trait variation. A linked series of descriptive and multivariate statistical techniques identify key morphological attributes that summarise trait variation within and between phases. Variation is graphically represented and related to different social learning populations, reduction strategies, and engineering constraints. A remarkably long-term homogenous pattern of complex projectile point manufacture is found for the Kongemose phases, compared to the temporally bracketing Blak and Ertebolle phases. Faunal, climatic, and population level factors are then modelled to account for variation and stability of the case study's armature traits. Faunal data from the Tagerup and Segebro sites, spanning the case study period, are examined for possible diet breadth changes, in relation to point-trait variation. No functional relationship is found between point-shape and potential target-prey. A population model is then constructed in OxCal using all published south Scandinavian radiometric data from the final Maglemose to the final Ertebolle cultural phases. A simple model of landmass reduction, forestation cover and mammalian population density levels demonstrates reduced land mass alone would not significantly affect human population levels - even with relatively high human population densities. Holocene 5180 and A14C data is used as a proxy for contemporaneous climatic fluctuations. These proxies are plotted and superimposed onto the population graph. A correlation between climate change, population fluctuation, and projectile point technology is found. As changes in point morphology and lithic reduction strategies coincide with apparent regional drops in population, drift processes may account for some variation in point-shape.

The article proposes a multidisciplinary study that begins with an analysis of the details of the "stretching of the cord" ceremony as the main documentary evidence of the actions undertaken by ancient Egyptian architects when laying out the foundations of sacred buildings. Based on the observations made, the essence of the orientation method is formulated, which was one of the acts of the ceremony. Applied to the data on the azimuths of the Old Kingdom pyramids, this reconstructed method of orientation allows us to find a unique pattern that explains the alignments of all the measured pyramids of the Old Kingdom (from 3rd to 5th dynasty) and ultimately leads to the need to shift in the past of the Old Kingdom epoch by increasing the duration of the 9th-10th Herakleopolitan dynasties, which are recognized by all chronologists as the most problematic and uncertain. Our brief chronological study discovers that the increased duration of the Herakleopolitan reign is confirmed by the Manetho's data, the only ancient source that provides the values for the duration of this period. Further research in the field of radiocarbon dating indicates that underestimation of the age of the Old Kingdom continues to this day because of the difficulties associated with the collection of samples belonging to this period and the influence on the radiocarbonists’ researches of the expectations of currently accepted Egyptian chronology.

Cet article vise à présenter une chronologie actualisée de l’Âge du bronze en Provence, à partir de la périodisation des productions céramiques et d’une modélisation bayésienne des datations 14C qui leurs sont associées. Après une présentation de l’historique de la construction de la chronologie de l’Âge du bronze méridional, permettant de comprendre les cadres adoptés, les différentes étapes d’évolution des mobiliers céramiques sont présentées et leurs datations absolues sont discutées.
Le Bronze ancien peut être scindé en trois phases : BA 1 (2100/2050-1950 av. J.-C.), BA 2 (1950-1850 av. J.-C.) et BA 3 (1850-1650/1600 av. J.-C.).
Deux phases du Bronze moyen peuvent être distinguées : BM 1 (1650/1600-1450 av. J.-C.) et BM 2 (1450-1350 av. J.-C.).
La période du Bronze final permet une périodisation plus fine des cultures matérielles. Il est ainsi possible de distinguer deux moments de développement lors de son étape ancienne_: BF 1a (1350-1250 av. J.-C.) et BF 1b (1250-1150 av. J.-C.).
Le Bronze final 2a reste une période difficile à caractériser dans le midi de la France, en revanche, le Bronze final 2b (1150/1100-1000 av. J.-C.) est connu par de nombreux ensembles.
Enfin, la fin de l’Âge du bronze se caractérise par deux étapes : BF 3a (1000-900 av. J.-C.) et BF 3b (900-775/725 av. J.-C.).

The chronology of Khirbet en-Nahas, a large Iron Age archaeological site located in the copper mining region of Faynan, southern Jordan, has been under fierce debate for the last 15 years. Since the site was excavated in 2002–2009, several analyses challenged the excavators' interpretation of the stratigraphy, the results of the radiocarbon data and its dating. However, so far none of these challenges considered the final report published in 2014, which provided precious information from new areas of excavations and novel series of 14C dates. It is therefore necessary to have an independent reassessment of the archaeological and radiocarbon evidence of each excavated area based on the final report. Reasonable questions raised since the beginning about the 14C dates and the use of Bayesian modelling, the stratigraphic contexts from which they were recovered, and the interpretation of the ceramic assemblage can now be reassessed through a meticulous analysis of the site's stratigraphy and finds. Considering this re-evaluation of the evidence, it is possible to present a reconstruction of the history of the site somewhat different from the one suggested by the excavators.

please refere to: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-168688

This essay presents an attempt to fix the development of ceramics in Central Europe during the first half of the 5th millennium with absolute dates. This relates to different regional pottery styles: the West German Middle Neolithic Style, the Southeast Bavarian Middle Neolithic (SOB), the Bohemian Stroke Ornamented Pottery, and the Moravian Painted Pottery in Eastern Austria and Moravia (Fig. 1). For the absolute dating of the development in Alsace and in Western Germany, extensive research was undertaken by A. Denaire (2009b; 2011). P. Stadler and others (2006) have provided and evaluated data for Eastern Austria. The 14C data from Austria and Alsace have been calibrated using Bayesian statistics. This approach is criticized by other researchers (Weninger/Easton 2014, 165; Steier/Rom 2000). In the study presented here, 600 Central European 14C data were collected and analyzed from Alsace to Moravia. This was done with the aim to combine the new chronological results for the Southeast Bavarian Middle Neolithic (Riedhammer 2017) with the simultaneous regional development of Central Europe. Also data from the youngest LBK and the Late Neolithic Period are taken into account, in order to estimate the beginning and end of the Middle Neolithic. The find circumstances as well as the taphonomic and pedological processes around the measured samples were critically assessed. There are numerous indications that organic materials in settlement context are subject to greater carryover mechanisms than pottery shards. The majority of 14C ‘outliers’ from repeatedly used sites can thus be explained. Therefore, one should plead that a series of data should always be related to the entire time span of an archaeological site. Thus, there is a different approach to using Bayesian statistics, were a 14C date always is related only to the narrower find complex from which the sample originates. By comparing groupcalibrated data series from the different style regions from both settlement and grave contexts, results have been obtained that measure the pace of regional stylistic developments in absolute time scales (Fig. 58). The juxtaposition of these results with the results of regional relative typochronology (Fig. 2) reveals astonishing results. For example, the dating gap between Ancient and Middle Neolithic Period, which was recently pointed out for Alsace (Denaire et al. 2017), is likely to be supraregional. The question is, does the reason for that gap lie in difficult find circumstances or is there a longer interruption of the settlement activities over larger landscapes. The important second finding is that the middle section of all regional ceramic developments, which are subdividable into four to five fine-grained stylistic stages in each region, was at a rapid pace of probably no more than 100 to a maximum of 150 years. In addition, discrepancies in the absolute dating of these Central European style regions of the first half of the 5th millennium are revealed, which must be tackled by future research.

Colonization of Remote Oceania resulted in the discovery of thousands of islands spread across an enormous area of the Pacific Ocean. Beginning as early as approximately 3500 cal. B.P. in Western Micronesia, populations began an expansion westward eventually settling East Polynesia over two millennia later. Although this general pattern is well-established, the reliability of colonization chronologies for particular islands and island groups varies significantly. This chapter synthesizes and critiques current interpretations of radiocarbon and other dating estimates for colonization of the major islands across the region and provides recommendations for future research and chronology building, highlighting the potential for Bayesian analyses. Estimates for the colonization of Hawai’i are presented as a case study.

The absolute chronology of the Late Minoan I A period and in particular the date of the Minoan eruption at Santorini is the object of a debate which is ongoing since the 1970’s, and lead many scholars to speak of a "conflict" between archaeological and Radiocarbon dating. This study
presents a collation of all the main arguments for the archaeological chronology in the bibliography, and a reanalysis of the radiocarbon datasets from Akrotiri on Santorini, Tell el Dab'a in Egypt and
other relevant sites for the interlinked chronology. In particular, a critic approach to the accuracy of Bayesian chronology applied so far and a new possible approach to radiocarbon interpretation based on notions from Quantum mathematics are suggested, which, in combination with the new dendrochronological data from Pearson et al 2018, provide new evidence for an eruption date possibly as late as the second half of the XVI century BC. In addition, an open source package to perform the different analyses has been developed and uploaded on-line at the site
http://c14.bpinfo.org

Krus, Anthony M.
2016 The Timing of Precolumbian Militarization in the U.S. Midwest and Southeast. American Antiquity 81(2):375-388.

Bayesian chronological modeling is used to investigate the chronology of bastioned palisades during the precolumbian period in the Midwestern and Southeastern United States. Nine precolumbian settlements in the Midwest and Southeast with bastioned palisades have been subject to scientific dating (Angel Mounds, Annis Village, Aztalan, Cahokia Mounds, Etowah, Kincaid Mounds, Jonathan Creek, Moundville, and Southwind). Complete radiocarbon datasets from these sites are presented within an interpretative Bayesian statistical framework. The results provide a glimpse into the history of Mississippi period (A.D. 1000–1700) fortifications with bastions and indicate that the analyzed fortifications were built and maintained predominantly in A.D. 1200–1400. This finding suggests a greater institutionalized role for defense and warfare in post-A.D. 1200 Mississippian societies. Additionally, modeling results further indicate that the investigated Mississippian centers continued to maintain fortifications for generations after their construction.

L'affinement de la périodisation des productions céramiques de l'âge du Bronze en France méditerranéenne permet actuellement de disposer d'un canevas chronologique bien établi qui a fait l'objet de plusieurs contributions. L'objectif de cet article est de préciser la chronologie absolue des phases identifiées, en se basant sur les données fournies par les datations 14 C. Pour cela, une sélection des dates a été opérée pour ne retenir que celles directement associées à du mobilier suffisamment significatif pour être rattaché à l'une de ces phases. Ces dernières peuvent être considérées comme des données temporelles. Il est donc envisageable d'utiliser ces informations a priori comme contraintes dans l'analyse des résultats des datations radiocarboniques, selon une approche statistique bayésienne. Une modélisation a donc été réalisée pour les 95 dates retenues à l'aide du logiciel ChronoModel, en utilisant la nouvelle courbe de calibration dendrochronologique IntCal20. Les résultats sont cohérents pour la plupart des phases identifi ées, à l'exception de celles ayant bénéfi cié de peu de mesures (BA 3 et BF 2a). Ils s'accordent par ailleurs relativement bien avec les temporalités proposées pour la région du Plateau suisse, intégrant des datations dendrochronologiques. Cette méthode permettra donc à terme de générer un solide référentiel chronologique régional.

Ilopango volcano (El Salvador) erupted violently during the Maya Classic Period (250e900 CE) in a densely-populated and intensively-cultivated region of the southern Maya realm, causing regional abandonment of an area covering more than 20,000 km 2. However, neither the regional nor global impacts of the Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) eruption in Mesoamerica have been well appraised due to limitations in available volcanological, chronological, and archaeological observations. Here we present new evidence of the age, magnitude and sulfur release of the TBJ eruption, establishing it as one of the two hitherto unidentified volcanic triggers of a period of stratospheric aerosol loading that profoundly impacted Northern Hemisphere climate and society between circa 536 and 550 CE. Our chronology is derived from 100 new radiocarbon measurements performed on three subfossil tree trunks enveloped in proximal TBJ pyroclastic deposits. We also reassess the eruption magnitude using terrestrial (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras) and near-shore marine TBJ tephra deposit thickness measurements. Together, our new constraints on the age, eruption size (43.6 km 3 Dense Rock Equivalent of magma, magnitude ¼ 7.0) and sulfur yield (~9e90 Tg), along with Ilopango's latitude (13.7 N), squarely frame the TBJ as the major climate-forcing eruption of 539 or 540 CE identified in bipolar ice cores and sourced to the tropics. In addition to deepening appreciation of the TBJ eruption's impacts in Mesoamerica, linking it to the major Northern Hemisphere climatic downturn of the mid-6th century CE offers another piece in the puzzle of understanding Eurasian history of the period.

This research explores the ways that social networks articulated with major sociopolitical transformations across Southern Appalachia between AD 600 and 1600. This study focuses on the broad, regional connections between members of Southern Appalachian societies and conceptualizes social networks as forms of social capital available to actors mediating shifting political landscapes. To do so, I use a database of over 350,000 ceramic artifacts and 300 radiocarbon dates (68 of which are newly reported here) to 1) evaluate the timing and tempo of sociopolitical change, 2) identify critical historical junctures in sociopolitical timelines, 3) and explore how the structures of regional social networks articulated with these timelines over a 1,000 year period. I argue that while two critical transitions occurred across Southern Appalachia, one at roughly AD 1150 characterized by the hierarchization of political structures, and one at roughly AD 1325 characterized by the collapse of a major socio-religious center, the social networks through which Southern Appalachian societies were constituted remained unaltered. I propose that regional patterns of kinship, exchange, and communality served to mediate critical social transformations that would otherwise have generated significant amounts of social uncertainty.

"In 2005, a fully backfilled 19.4 metres deep water well was found inside the Menga dolmen, causing an enormous surprise among the scientific community, as there was no knowledge of the existence of such structure, which is unparalleled. In this paper, the chronology of the infill of this well is investigated. First, we describe the early steps in the investigation of this megalithic monument in the 19th century, when
references to this well were made which were then forgotten throughout the 20th century. Next, we describe the stratigraphy and associated finds of the well and present the results of a Bayesian modelling of 14
radiocarbon dates obtained from short-lived samples (animal bones retrieved from within its infill). This evidence sets the ground for the discussion of a fairly robust hypothesis regarding the temporality of the
well’s backfilling process, which took place in the 18th century CE, as well as some informed speculations regarding the circumstances that may have led to it."

We present a new method for creating an OxCal Bayesian model that bypasses the complex task of writing OxCal code. Our methodology employs the recent ChronoLog software as a graphical front-end for generating OxCal scripts. This approach enables archaeologists to create complex Bayesian models-including termini post and ante quem, duration bounds and synchronisms-with the help of a user-friendly interface. The target audience can be divided into beginners, who might struggle to create chronological models using OxCal directly, and experienced OxCal users, who should find that ChronoLog saves time when coding complex models. Three case-studies from recent publications are presented.

Waddington, K., Bayliss, A., Higham, T., Madgwick, R., Sharples, N. 2018. Histories of deposition: creating chronologies for the Late Bronze Age–Early Iron Age transition in Southern Britain. The Archaeological Journal

he Late Bronze Age–Early Iron Age midden sites of Southern
Britain are amongst the richest archaeological sites in the country.
The organic accumulations contain substantial quantities of animal
bone, decorated ceramics, metalwork and other objects; the often
deep stratigraphy allows for changes in material culture and
depositional practices, food production and consumption, and
shifts in social identities, to be traced through time. The wellstratified assemblages also provide useful materials for dating
the deposits. This has been problematic, however, as the majority
of samples produce unhelpfully broad calibrated radiocarbon
dates, due to the effects of the earlier Iron Age plateau in the
calibration curve, which spans c. 800–400 BC. Interpretation has
relied on current understandings of the associated pottery and
metalwork, which placed most midden sites somewhere between
the tenth and the seventh/mid-sixth centuries cal BC (c. 1000–600/
550 cal BC), but the end-date of these traditions is particularly
uncertain. This article addresses this issue by presenting the results
of a new dating programme for East Chisenbury in Wiltshire,
southern England. Twenty-eight radiocarbon determinations
were obtained and combined with the site stratigraphy in a
Bayesian chronological model. The results have transformed the
chronology of the site, with the end of the occupation sequence
being pulled forward some one-hundred years, to the mid-to-late
fifth century cal BC. These new chronologies have significant
implications for our understanding of the Late Bronze Age–Early
Iron Age transition and require a revision of the currently accepted
chronology of post-Deverel Rimbury decorated wares in south central England.