Huns

In this article it is attempted to survey historical developments from 379 through 568 A. D. in the territory of the two southern Pannonian Roman provinces established under the Emperor Diocletian, i.e. Pannonia Secunda or Sirmiensis and Pannonia Savia. The period between the Antiquity and the Middle Ages was marked in Pannonia by a series of short-lived ascendancies of several barbarian conglomerates dominated by various Germanic peoples (Goths, Gepids, Lombards) and by Huns.

Those Chinese scholars, who research the history of the Southern Huns, know the special construction method of Tongwancheng from the 130th coil of Jin shu. The Huns applied the so-called building sacrifice
in order to strengthen its walls. It is not an independent, isolated story in the steppe world; rather it has some parallels in Southern and Eastern Europe — the former territory of the Hungarian Kingdom — and
the Caucasus as well. Because of the shortness of time, I only  summarise some research point of views about their origin and present several ancient Hungarian examples of it.

Bu çalışmada rex ve regnum kavramlarının 6. yüzyılın ortasında İstanbul’da
yazılmış bir Got Tarihi olan Getica’daki kullanımdan hareketle,
yazarı Iordanes’in ve dolayısıyla bu devrin bir müverrihi için ne ifade
ettiği incelenerek özellikle Hunlar üzerine bir iktidar analizi yapılmaya
çalışılacaktır. Böylelikle bilhassa günümüz araştırmacılarının, bozkır
halklarının siyasal yapısına dair değerlendirmelerindeki, bu yapıları
devlet kabul etmeyen, ‘primitiflik’, iddialarının bir Geç Antikçağ
kaynağında diğer bir ifadeyle bir tarihsel veride, terimsel bir karşılığının
olup olmadığı, o günün kavram dünyasında yankı bulup bulmadığı
tespite çalışılacaktır.

The Catalaunian Fields is a battle well known for the role of terrain in the battle, with Jordanes' description of the engagement focusing almost in its entirety on the hill. With the location of the battlefield now known and new research having recently come to light, the role of terrain on the battle can now be accurately assessed and used as an example to show the importance of terrain in battles as a whole. Ancient Warfare 13.2, October 2019.

A narrative history of Central Asia after the Greek dynasties and before Islam

Central Asia is commonly imagined as the marginal land on the periphery of Chinese and Middle Eastern civilisations. At best, it is understood as a series of disconnected areas that served as stop-overs along the Silk Road.
However, in the mediaeval period, this region rose to prominence and importance as one of the centres of Persian-Islamic culture, from the Seljuks to the Mongols and Timur.

Khodadad Rezakhani tells the back story of this rise to prominence, the story of the famed Kushans and mysterious ‘Asian Huns’, and their role in shaping both the Sasanian Empire and the rest of the Middle East.

Contextualises Persian history in relation to the history of Central Asia
Extends the concept of late antiquity further east than is usually done
Surveys the history of Iran and Central Asia between 200 and 800 bc and contextualises the rise of Islam in both regions

A jenyiszejiekkel kapcsolatban, mindössze egy hsziungnu–jenyiszeji etimológia alapján, elsőként Ligeti (1950) feltételezte, hogy a hsziungnu nép leszármazottai voltak. Pulleyblank (1962) ugyanezt állította több fonológiai és etimológiai bizonyíték felmutatásával. Jelen tanulmány megállapítja, hogy tíz magyar alapszótőnek ténylegesen van etimológiai megfelelője a jenyiszeji nyelvekben. Ésszerű azt feltenni, hogy ezek az etimonok egy hun szubsztrátumhoz tartoznak, amely rokonságban áll a jenyiszejivel. Ezen tíz újonnan felfedezett magyar és jenyiszeji közös etimológia között szabályos hangváltozást lehet kikövetkeztetni három szónál: A magyar -ó (-ava-) rím összefüggésbe hozható a proto-jenyiszeji *-Vgǝ rímmel (tó – *degǝ, hó – *qogǝ ’jég’, só – *t’ǝgǝ). A szabályos hangváltozás megerősíti az etimológiai kapcsolatot a magyar és a jenyiszeji között. Az összes újonnan azonosított magyar és jenyiszeji közös etimológia az alapszókincshez tartozik, és a magyarban alapvetően használatos. Ezek nem lehetnek kölcsönszavak sem a jenyiszejiből a magyarba, sem a magyarból a jenyiszejibe a két nyelv nagy földrajzi távolsága miatt. [The Hungarian version of Gao 2012-2013 "Huns and Xiongnu identified by Hungarian and Yeniseian shared etymologies"]

Choyke A. M. 2010. The Bone is the Beast: Animal Amulets and Ornaments in Power and Magic. In: D. Campana, P. Crabtree, S.D. DeFrance, J. Lev-Tov and A.Choyke (eds.) Anthropological Approaches to Zooarchaeology: Colonialism, Complexity, and Animal Transformations, Oxbow Books: Oxford. 197-209.

The Huns have often been treated as primitive barbarians with no advanced political organisation. Their place of origin was the so-called 'backward steppe'. It has been argued that whatever political organisation they achieved they owed to the 'civilizing influence' of the Germanic peoples they encountered as they moved west. This book argues that the steppes of Inner Asia were far from 'backward' and that the image of the primitive Huns is vastly misleading. They already possessed a highly sophisticated political culture while still in Inner Asia and, far from being passive recipients of advanced culture from the West, they passed on important elements of Central Eurasian culture to early medieval Europe, which they helped create. Their expansion also marked the beginning of a millennium of virtual monopoly of world power by empires originating in the steppes of Inner Asia. The rise of the Hunnic Empire was truly a geopolitical revolution.

Battle of the Catalaunian Plains The last victory of the Romans. By Ziv Yoffe.

אחרי שהשפיל את קונסטנטינופול והמזרח בשנת 449 , אטילה ההוני החל להביט לכיוון מערב. ניצחונותיו
הרבים והפחד שזרע ברחבי שתי האימפריות נתנו לו כבר בשלב זה את האפשרות לבוא בדרישות גם
כלפי האימפריה המערבית. במהלך הזמן אטילה הלך והגדיל את דרישותיו עד לשלב בו ביקש את
השליטה על מחצית מהאימפריה המערבית. בקשה זו באה עקב קשריו עם הונוריה ) Honoria (, אחותו
המרדנית של האימפראטור ואלנטניאנוס ) Valentinian ( ה- 3 , אשר ביקשה להתחתן עם אטילה במקום
הסנטור שאליו הייתה מאורסת כנגד רצונה, ובכך לתת לבעלה ההוני חזקה על מחצית האימפריה. אולם,
בשנת 450 פחתה השפעתם של ההונים על אירופה עקב מדיניותו הלוחמנית של מרקיאנוס ) Marcian ,)
האימפראטור החדש של המזרח, אשר ביקש להפסיק את התשלומים לאטילה, ועקב עלייתה של מדיניות
אנטי הונית במערב. השלטונות המערביים הודיעו לאטילה שלא יוכל להתחתן עם הונוריה ולקבל את -
השליטה אותה ביקש להשיג, וכן החלו להיווצר בריתות אנטי הונית עם שבטים גרמניים שונים. כתוצאה -
מכך, פתח אטילה במערכה צבאית, אותה כנראה היה מבצע בכל מקרה. מסיבה שאינה ברורה, ושעליה
ישנן השערות רבות אותן לא נוכל לפרט כאן, המערכה הופנתה דווקא כנגד האימפריה המערבית ולא
כנגד מרקיאנוס. בתחילת 451 יצאו ההונים מפָנוֹניה, חצו את הדנובה, ומסיבה שגם היא אינה מובנת,
פלשו לגאליה ולא לאיטליה. מול אטילה עמד פלאביוס אטיוס ) Aëtius (, המפקד העליון ) magister militum ( של הצבאות הרומיים באימפריה המערבית, אשר עד לשלב זה הפגין תמיד יחס חיובי להונים.
אטיוס חשד שהמטרה האולטימטיבית של אטילה היא כל מערב אירופה ולא רק גאליה או הויזגותים, או
שפחד מאפשרות של ברית ויזגותית הונית, ולכן יצא לטולוז על מנת להגיע להסכם עם תאודוריק - -
( Theodoric, Theodorid ( הראשון, מלך הויזגותים. למרות יחסי האיבה בין השניים, אשר התקיימו
עשרות שנים, הצליחו הרומאים בסופו של דבר לשכנע את תאודוריק לשתף איתם פעולה ולא לעמוד לבד
מול הפולשים. בינתיים, כבר הספיק אטילה לשרוף לא מעט ערים גאליות ופשט על בלגיה. בתחילת
אפריל בזזו ההונים את מ ץ ואחר כך את ריימס. ייתכן שההונים גם הגיעו להסכם עם סנגיבנוס -
( Sangibanus (, מלך האלאנים, כדי שיבגוד באטיוס וייתן לאטילה את השליטה על אורליאן במידה ויבוא
לכבוש אותה, אך הדבר אינו ברור. כך או כך, בסוף אפריל או תחילת מאי הטיל אטילה מצור על
אורליאן. אטיוס התעכב באיטליה עקב רעב כבד שפקד את האזור, רעב אשר השאיר אותו עם כמה חילות
עזר בלבד. בסופו של דבר, הרומאים חצו את האלפים, נפגשו עם תאודוריק ויצאו להציל את אורליאן.
כנראה שההונים כבר היו בתוך העיר כאשר הרומאים והויזגותים הגיעו, אך, בדרך שאינה מובנת, הכוחות
המערביים הצליחו לגרש את הפולשים מהעיר. כוחותיו של אטילה נסוגו כ- 150 קילומטרים לכיוון צפון-
מערב, לאזור "השדות הקאטאלאוניים" ) Catalaunian (, שם נפגשו עם כוחותיו של אטיוס, וניהלו את
הקרב ההיסטורי.

This chapter seeks to highlight the dynamics behind the changing nature of the western Roman Army in the first half of the fifth century, through the concept of ‘Warlordism’. The term ‘warlord’ has often been used in a generic way in the field of history and only recently has ‘warlordism’ attracted the attention of scholars of the Late Roman Empire. However, these concepts have been vigorously developed in political sciences and third-world studies over the past few decades. While there is still some apprehension towards interdisciplinary approaches, and the application of theory and models from the social sciences, new studies have demonstrated that such methods can be very rewarding in helping understand political dynamics in the ancient world. The chapter will provide a survey of some of the most important sources in this area and then propose a meaningful way to employ this model by giving an analysis of the career of the African field commander (comes Africae) Bonifatius. Special attention is given to the relationship with his warrior retinue - the so-called buccellarii – as a case study for the semi-privatization of the Western Roman Army. Bonifatius’ rise to power witnessed the eclipse of traditional means to claim political and military authority through usurpation of the imperial office, whilst setting a precedent for future commanders to foster personal control over their armed forces. This chapter shows that middle-ranking commanders such as Bonifatius and Aëtius broke the monopoly of violence hitherto exercised by the emperor and his court.

This essay, based on the newest researches about Huns and their costumes, analises Huns' origins and their long voyage to Europe. They were considered 'barbarians' as we today consider refugees and migrants and their king, Attila, has been looked at as the Antichrist, the herald of John's Apocalypse.

The present research has focused on the comparative history of the Gepidic Kingdom in the Carpathian Basin from the early migration period till the disintegration of its political structures. The Gepids, who spoke an Eastern-Germanic language, ruled the eastern part of the Carpathian Basin between the Hunnic and Avaric periods. Moreover, they controlled such formerly great cities as the imperial capital, Sirmium. The research into the German ethnicities in the early medieval Carpathian Basin relied on the simultaneous examination of written sources and archaeological findings. Hence, this predominantly interdisciplinary approach enabled to transfer the thus far hypothetical elements of each discipline as paradigms into related co-disciplines. Although some scholars (Herwig Wolfram, Walter Pohl) had already identified the problematic inherent in this phenomenon, as expressed in the terminus technicus (“gemischte Argumentation”; mixed argumentation) of German works, the “mixed argumentation” often appears in other international studies as well. Therefore, during my work I endeavoured to avoid creating further preconceptions and to examine the results of the two disciplines separately. Moreover, I analysed only those results comparatively which were gained in due accordance with the proper methods of particular disciplines in order to avoid the contradictions between the argumentations of various fields.

Музейні читання. Матеріали наукової конференції, грудень 2001 р. Київ, Музей історичних коштовностей України. — Київ: 2002. — 284 с.

Статті та розвідки, вміщені в збірнику, присвячені різноманітним проблемам вивчення та збереження музейних цінностей, дослідження археологічних пам'яток, архівних документів тощо. Широке коло питань, глибина їх висвітлення у книзі робить її цікавою для фахівців, студентів та всіх, хто не байдужий до історії та культури.

Şubat 18, 2020 TÜRK KÜLTÜR VE SANATINDA: BALIK SEMBOLÜ VE TÜRKLERİN İLK YERLEŞİM ALANLARININ TASVİRİ Altay Yaratılış Destanında Tanrı, arşı su üzerinde yaratmıştır. Evrende canlılığın ve yaşamın varolması suya bağlıdır. (Burada Evrenin yaratılışının temel elementi Hidrojen su olarak tasvir edilmiştir. Zira yaşama kaynaklık eden SU hidrojen bazlı bir maddedir/ H2O. Evrendeki tüm elementler Hidrojenin dönüşümü ile meydana gelmiştir.) [Konu ile ilgili Detaylı bilgi:Gök-tanrı İnancına Sahip Eski Türklerde Oluş/Yaratılış, Evren Kavramı Ve Dokuz Katlı Gök İle Gök-tanrıcı Oluş/Yaratılış İnancının Bilimsel Temelleri isimli makalem, https://turkologfatihmehmetyigit.blogspot.com/2018/03/gok-tanri-inancina-sahip-eski-turklerde.html?m=1] Türk mitolojisine göre yaratılışın sudan başlaması Türklerin, yurt kurdukları ve yaşamlarını sürdürdükleri şehirleri Balık ismi ile anmalarına neden olmuştur. Altay yaratılış destanında balığın dünyanın yaratılışı ile ilgili üstlendiği mitolojik sorumluluk öyküsüyle sona erer: "Tanrı Ülgen durmamış, ayrıca vermiş salık, Bu dünyanın yanına yaratılmış üç balık, Bu büyük balıkların üstüne dünya konmuş, Balıklar çok büyümüş dünyaya destek olmuş. Dünyanın yanlarına da iki tane daha balık konmuş, Dünya gezer olmamış, bir yerde kalıp donmuş." Diyerek Evren sularla kaplı büyük bir havuza İnsanların yaşamlarını sürdürdükleri yurt kurdukları Dünyada bu havuzun içerisindeki bir balığa benzetilerek yaşanılan yurt Balık tasviri ile sembolize edilmiştir. "Balık" Kelimesi Hun Türklerinde ülke yönetim merkezine/şehir devletine verilen addır. Asya Hun Devleti bu merkeze "Beşbalık" şehir devleti demiştir. Uygurlarsa "Hanbalık" Cengizhan tarafından Karakumda kurulan Cengiz Kağanlığının başkenti "Ordu-Balık"tır. Bu nedenle Türkler balık sembolü ve tabiri ile yaşamın var olduğuna inandıkları, yaşadıkları ve yurt kurdukları yerleri sanat eserlerinde ve edebi metinlerinde Balık olarak betimlenmişlerdir. Yine Türkler ebedi Yurt olan Cennet ile ilgili bazı tasvirlerde de balık sembolünü kullanmışlardır. İlginç olan bir husus da semavi dinsel metinlerde de Ebedi yurt Cennet tasvirinde altında ırmaklar akan yurt olarak ifade edilmiştir.

As archaeological evidence confirms, the Germanic groups who established kingdoms in northwest Europe during the Age of Migrations were participants in a broad cultural zone extending well into Eurasia. Elements of Anglo-Saxon culture in particular have precedents among the semi-nomadic peoples of the steppes. This paper explores these connections with an eye to the Huns as a catalyst of change.

KEYWORDS: Myths of origin, funerary archaeology, animal style art, epic song, personal adornment.

Bulgar diye anılan boylar birlikteliğinin oluşumunda ve Magna (Büyük) Bulgar ile Tuna Bulgar devletlerinin kurucu unsurları arasında yer alan Onogurlar, Oğuzların kardeşi ve batı kolu olan Ogurlara mensup idiler. Avrupa Hun Devleti’nin yıkılış sürecinde Onogurlar başta olmak üzere Ogur boyları kolayca Karadeniz’in kuzeyin- deki bozkırlara yayıldılar. Onogurlar, Macarlarla beraber Hazar Bozkırı’ndan geçip Kafkaslar’a Kuban Bozkırı’na göçtüler. Onogurlar, Ugor-Macarlara siyasi, askeri ve kültürel bakımdan tesir etmişler, onları da kendileriyle beraber güneye sürükle- mişlerdir. Orta Asya’dan Doğu Avrupa coğrafyasına göç eden Ogurların yaşadıkları yerler İtil Nehri ile Karadeniz arasındaki bozkır bölgesinde Hazar Denizi’nin kuzey- batı kıyısında ve Kuban Nehri civarındaydı. Onogurlar Karadeniz’in kuzeyindeki ticarette rol oynamışlardır. Doğu Romalıların tahminen VII. yüzyılda başladıkları misyonerlik faaliyetleri sonucunda Onogurlar arasında Hristiyanlık yayılmaya baş- lamıştır. Bunun sonucunda Onogur Piskoposluğu dahi tesis edilmiştir. Onogurlar, yaşadıkları sahalarda askeri ve siyasi olarak değil, ticari yönleri ve şehirler kuracak sosyo-kültürel birikimleriyle dikkat çekmişlerdir.
Tarih Dergisi, Sayı 65 (2017 / 1), İstanbul 2017, s. 1-18

COMPOSITION OF BULGARIA AND THE POSITION OF
ONOGURES ON THE COURSE OF THE BULGARIAN STATES
The Onogures, the brother of the Oguz, and the Ogur, the west line, were among
the founding elements of the Bulgarian union called the Bulgarians and the founders of the Magna (Great) Bulgarian and Danube Bulgarian states .In the process of
the collapse of the European Hun State, Onogures, especially Ogur, spread easily
to the steppes in the north of the Black Sea.The Onogurs, together with the Hungarians, passed through the Caspian Steppe and emigrated to the Kuban Steppes in
the Caucasus. Onogurs , Ugor-Hungarian political, military and cultural influence,
they have dragged them along with them to the south. The places where the Ogur
migrated from Central Asia to Eastern Europe were located on the north-west coast
of the Caspian Sea and near the Kuban River in the steppe region between the Itil
River and the Black Sea. The Onogurans played a role in the trade in the north of
the Black Sea. As estimated, the Eastern Romans in VIIth century, as a result of the
missionary activities they started in the century, Christianity began to spread among
Onogurlar. As a result, even the bishop of Onogur was established. The Onogurs
attracted attention not only military and politically, but also their commercial aspects
and their socio-cultural accumulation in cities

Cultural and linguistic interaction between Turkic and Western languages, contrary to popular belief, started not in the period after Christ, but much earlier in the Scythian period. It is possible to find concrete examples of linguistic interaction in many words used in daily life. The exchange of words between Turkic and Indo-European languages is also reflected in terms related to dressing, and it is possible to find many common in both language families. In this article, it will be shown that a Scythian word related to clothing, mentioned in the most extraordinary and comprehensive Greek dictionary, which was prepared by the Greek writer Hesychus in the Middle Age,  today  lives only in Turkic dialects. In addition to this, Another Scythian word will be explained in the light of Turkic vocabulary

This is a complex analysis of the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields. It utilizes the latest in research on the Late Roman Period, as well as research in Roman, Germanic, and Steppe tactics, to reconstruct the campaign and battle as accurately as possible, while proposing new theories and acknowledging alternative proposals. One of the most important issues it addresses is the complex historiography of the sources who write on the battle (particularly Jordanes and Priscus), how they relate to each other, and what reliable details they actually preserve. lt will also propose a location for the battle based on topography and the primary sources. Included will be an analysis of the Notitia Dignitatum used for Roman force estimates.

Various documentary and numismatic sources mention the Kidarites, an enigmatic group of nomads in Central Asian history. This article attempts to reconstruct the chronology of the Kidarites primarily on the basis of documentary sources, especially Chinese Buddhist sources which have not yet been thoroughly studied. From this study we can see that much historical information is preserved in the biographies and chronicles of Chinese Buddhist literature. The author also discusses the ethno-political affinities of the Kidarites as well as their relationships with other contemporary ethnic groups.

У каждого народа есть своя легендарная история и «предфилософия»: у индусов – «Ригведа», у иранцев – «Авеста», у евреев – «Пятикнижие» и т.д. У тюркских народов Турана таковым является древнее учение «Жасау ізі» («Яссы», «Тропа существования»), хранителем и ретранслятором которого был соратник Чингисхана и Джучи-хана по имени Майкы-бий. Он по праву считается основателем казахской классической школы биев. В настоящей книге известного казахского ученого, этнографа и литератора Мухамед-Халела Сулейманова это учение впервые предстает не в раздробленном и рассеянном по различным шежире, легендам, эпосам и отдельным поговоркам-максимам виде, а как единое, логически связанное, цельное. В книге показывается генезис общественной мысли, морали и права номадов евразийской Великой степи от легендарной праматери «Бір-ана» до Чингисхана. Также приведены уникальные исторические свидетельства самих степняков, раскрывающие исторические истоки чингизизма, как идеологической доктрины. Данная работа будет интересна всем, кто интересуется историей, философией, языком и культурой тюркских народов степной Евразии.

The present paper is a continued and enlarged version of the same title by the same author published in Central Asiatic Journal 56 (2012/2013). This approach identifies Hungarian and Yeniseian shared etymologies (etyma) and discusses their common Hunnic origin (including Huns and Xiongnu). Using etymological methods, the present study has demonstrated 30 Hungarian and Yeniseian shared etymologies. Some of them form six (6) consonant correspondences and two (2) vowel correspondences, altogether eight (8) regular sound correspondences with sound changes. These regular sound correspondences validate the etymological connection between Hungarian and Yeniseian. This Hungarian-Yeniseian etymological connection supports the Hunnic language continuum.

This thesis examines the evidence surrounding the Battle of Nedao, an engagement between Ardaric, leader of the Gepids and other rebelling tribes, and Ellac, the eldest son of Attila. It argues against the claim that, after Attila’s death, it was the sons of Attila who ruined the Hunnic empire through civil war. Instead, the political crisis which inevitably led to the battle was brought about by Attila’s murdering of his brother and co-king, Bleda, in 445 and his intestate death in 453. If there was civil war between Attila’s sons, it did not occur until after Nedao. Furthermore,
Ardaric was not of Royal Hunnic status fighting for succession at Nedao. He was, instead, one of the leaders of a rebellion that was not necessarily limited to Germanic tribes. 

The thesis focuses primarily on one source, Jordanes, since his Getica is the only known account of the battle which is not mentioned by any other contemporary source. The paper analyzes both Jordanes as an author and the language in his Getica, finding him not to be the semiliterate copyist of Cassiodorus, but instead underlines his own agency in the organizing of the work. From this broader understanding of Jordanes and Getica, it furthermore determines that he may, in fact, harbor an anti-Gepid sentiment towards the Gepid kingdom of his own day in the sixth century. Jordanes may, therefore, be anachronistically ascribing strength and importance to the Gepids’ role at Nedao, as Gepid-Constantinopolitan tension reached its zenith at the time he composed his work, thereby critically affecting our interpretation of the Battle of Nedao narrative.