Osteology

Historical, artefactual and place-name evidence indicates that Scandinavian migrants moved to eastern England in the ninth century AD, settling in the Danelaw. However, only a handful of characteristically Scandinavian burials have been found in the region. One, widely held, explanation is that most of these Scandinavian settlers quickly adopted local Christian burial customs, thus leaving Scandinavians indistinguishable from the Anglo-Saxon population. We undertook osteological and isotopic analysis to investigate the presence of first-generation Scandinavian migrants. Burials from Masham were typical of the later Anglo-Saxon period and included men, women and children. The location and positioning of the four adult burials from Coppergate, however, are unusual for Anglo-Scandinavian York. None of the skeletons revealed interpersonal violence. Isotopic evidence did not suggest a marine component in the diet of either group, but revealed migration on a regional, and possibly an international, scale. Combined strontium and oxygen isotope analysis should be used to investigate further both regional and Scandinavian migration in the later Anglo-Saxon period.

Here we report on a multigenerational assemblage of Triceratops from the Upper Maastrichtian Lance Formation near Newcastle, eastern Wyoming, USA. While fieldwork is still ongoing, in excess of eight hundred elements have already been uncovered, belonging to a minimal number of six individuals. Detailed geological fieldwork at the excavation site shows that the Triceratops skeletons are entombed within an organic-rich clay to siltstone unit characterized by abundant micro-and macro-floral and-vertebrate remains. The Triceratops bones are associated, but also show clear disarticulation. The fifth skeleton is located at the same site, but circa 4 meters above the main bonebed. The site is remarkable since it yields both cranial and post-cranial remains of individuals of different sizes, representing several ontogenetic stages. This assemblage is one of only a handful known sites of the genus Triceratops that contain abundant post-cranial material 4,6. Ontogeny and especially the validity of taxa in Triceratops, and other Chasmosaurinae (e.g. Torosaurus), have been heavily debated subjects 5,9. However, studies have mostly been restricted to descriptions of cranial material due to the scarcity of post-cranial remains 1,2,3,9. Therefore, this assemblage helps to fill in a gap in our knowledge regarding the post-cranial development of these highly derived ceratopsids. This site offers a higher resolution in the ontogenetic development in particularly the late juvenile or early sub-adult to adult stages of Triceratops. By combining histology, allometric measurements, and analysis of morphological characters, the timing of attaining skeletal maturity along with the expression of morphological characters, like suture closure and cranial ornamentation, can be specified. It is evident that individuals in the sub-adult stage reach near-adult size before the closure of most cranial sutures. Additionally, it is recognized that certain post-cranial elements, especially in the pelvic region, experience major remodelling during ontogeny. Future studies with emphasis on intense histological sampling and the use of (µ-)CT scans, will aid in determining the specific timing of these ontogenetic changes.