history of Uzbekistan

This is Part 4 in a series of travel articles titled "Taekwondo Quest" published in Taekwondo Times magazine. The story revolves around a visit to an ITF Taekwondo school in Bukhara, the marvelous historical sites there, and a love story between two great Taekwondoka.

En Asie centrale, après la disparition de la fameuse civilisation de l’Oxus de l’âge du Bronze, se met en place, au milieu du IIe millénaire avant notre ère, une période de transition durant laquelle des cultures originales se forment, peut-être en lien avec de nouvelles croyances. C’est dans ce contexte que des populations s’installent dans l’oasis de Kayrit, au sud de l’Ouzbékistan actuel, offrant un exemple d’adaptation sociétale et économique à un environnement reculé.

[Free download from https://muse.jhu.edu/book/68114 during the COVID-19 pandemic!]
While a large number of researchers have studied the revolt of 1916 in Central Asia, they have not provided sufficient answers to two fundamental questions. Why did the uprisings take place almost only in Central Asia, while the edict to mobilize labourers was issued also to indigenous peoples (inorodtsy) of other parts of the Russian Empire, namely Siberia, the Caucasus, and Kalmykia? Why did it occur in the year of 1916, although, according to many researchers, its causes had been accumulated during many years of Russian rule? In order to answer these questions, it is important to examine specificities of administration in Russian Central Asia, social changes in this region during World War I, and people’s perception of Russia’s situation in the war and relations with its adversaries. The last point is also related to international factors of the revolt.
This revolt was a colonial rebellion not simply in the sense that colonized people stood against the colonizers, but also because it reflected defects in the colonial administration. Russian rule in Central Asia had persistent problems, including weak integration of the native population into the imperial administrative system epitomized by the lack of metrical books. There were cleavages between the Russians and the natives, as well as mistrust between officials and the population, both exacerbated by large-scale land seizure for Russian settlers.
Still, Russian Central Asia was basically peaceful until the first half of the First World War period. A large-scale revolt erupted in the atmosphere of the increased social activity and upheaval, and after the news of the difficult war situation and the reduction of armed forces in Central Asia gave some natives an impression that Russian rule had been weakened. The edict on labourers, which was a result of the confused decision-making of the tsarist government faced with the crisis of the whole empire, revealed a contradiction between the level of mobilization required by a total war and the weak, segregationist administrative system in this region. The world war turned the latent colonial crisis into an explicit one. Therefore, the 1916 revolt has to be analysed as an interface of the World War and the Russian colonial crisis in Central Asia.

Urolithiasis is a common worldwide problem with high recurrence. This review covers forty four (44) families starting from alphabet A to L and includes Bignoniaceae (05) Juglandaceae (01) plant used globally in different countries. The plants of three families Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae are revisited to provide updated information. This review will not only be useful for the general public but also attract the scientific world for antiurolithiatic drug discovery.

In the 18th-19th centuries in the Lower Amu Darya, the role of the cult of saints is strengthened, which was facilitated by the special "attention" of the Khiva khans. In the 19th century, Karakalpak children received their education in Khiva and Bukhara madrassas. In Bukhara, they mainly studied following the Nakshbandiya tariqa, in Khiva they received religious education and returned as an Akhund, imams and kazi. Upon returning home, they become religious leaders, initiate the construction of Muslim institutions (mosques, madrassas), hold positions to monitor compliance with religious regulations, etc. Many Karakalpak graduates of the Bukhara and Khiva madrassas traveled to Kazakh and Turkmen steppes, spreading religious knowledge. Archival data indicate that in the 19th century in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya, there were about a hundred ishans of the "Khufiya" sufi order. The names of the Karakalpak religious leaders are known in history, who played a significant role not only in cultural and social, but also in political life - these are Murat Shaykh, Imam Ishan, Karakum Ishan and others. The names of other representatives of the clergy, such as Zhantemir Ishan, Ataulla Ishan, Aymuhammed Ishan from Chimbay, Aymuhammed Ishan from Kamysly, Yesim Ishan, Suyun Ishan, Yeshim Akhund and many others are also known among the people. Today, to study this issue, we have a number of written sources and valuable oral information.

Книга посвящена почти 140-летнему периоду истории Средней Азии и сопредельных стран времени правления хорезмшахов из четвертой династии. Это рассказ о возникновении, развитии и гибели государства, центром которого был Хорезм. Рассматриваются вопросы политической и экономической истории; большое место уделено вопросам истории культуры.

Cодержание

    ОТ АВТОРА
    Глава 1. СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ГОСУДАРСТВА ХОРЕЗМШАХОВ
    Глава 2. ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ГОСУДАРСТВА ХОРЕЗМШАХОВ
        Правление хорезмшаха Ил-Арслана
        Борьба за престол хорезмшахов
        Возвышение государства Хорезмшахов
    Глава 3. РАСЦВЕТ ГОСУДАРСТВА ХОРЕЗМШАХОВ
    Глава 4. ВОЕННАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВА ХОРЕЗМШАХОВ
    Глава 5. ОСНОВНЫЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЕ И ДВОРЦОВЫЕ ДОЛЖНОСТИ
    Глава 6. ГОРОДА И СЕЛЕНИЯ В ГОСУДАРСТВЕ ХОРЕЗМШАХОВ
    Глава 7. МОНЕТНЫЙ ЧЕКАН И ДЕНЕЖНОЕ ОБРАЩЕНИЕ В ГОСУДАРСТВЕ ХОРЕЗМШАХОВ в XII — начале XIII в.
    Глава 8. ОЧЕРК КУЛЬТУРНОЙ ЖИЗНИ В ГОСУДАРСТВЕ ХОРЕЗМШАХОВ
    Глава 9. РАЗГРОМ И ГИБЕЛЬ ГОСУДАРСТВА ХОРЕЗМШАХОВ
    Глава 10. СУДЬБА ХОРЕЗМИЙЦЕВ, ПОКИНУВШИХ РОДИНУ
    ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ
        К главе 1
        К главе 2
        К главе 3
        К главе 4
        К главе 5
        К главе 6
        К главе 7
        К главе 8
        К главе 9
        К главе 10
    ДИНАСТИЙНЫЕ ХРОНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ТАБЛИЦЫ
        Халифы, правившие в изучаемое время
        Атабеки Азербайджана
        Мамлюки — правители Персидского Ирака
        Правители Мазандарана (Бавандиды)
        Гуриды
        (Гур и Газна)
        (Бамйан и Тохаристан)
    СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ
    СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ И ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
        ИСТОЧНИКИ
        ЛИТЕРАТУРА

Karakalpak Research Institute for Humanities Sciences, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Nukus
Questions of persecution of clergy during the Soviet years are widely presented by historians. Oral stories allow to study the way of life of the families of the priests in the years of Soviet atheism. The life of each individual represents interest for a reconstruction of a complete picture when studying a historical phenomenon. The oral history is more method for collecting additional materials.

Представленное читателю исследование является первым специальным и комплексным исследованием, посвященным истории азербайджано-узбекских связей с древнейших времен до 1991 г. В работе раскрываются основные этапы, направления, характерные особенности и формы сотрудничества между народами Азербайджана и Узбекистана. Многие десятилетия развитие политических, социально-экономических, культурных и духовных связей, в частности, между близкими тюркскими народами огромного евразийского пространства, вызывали особую настороженность и неприятие имперского «центра». Однако невзирая на это, взаимная тяга народов, имеющих во многом общие исторические корни, не только не угасала, но и обретала новое содержание и формы. В наши дни, когда Азербайджан и Узбекистан, вставшие на трудный и тернистый путь самостоятельного развития, предпринимают серьезные усилия по выработке и корректировке своей внутренней и внешней политики, данная тема приобретает особую актуальность. В современных условиях расширения взаимовыгодного и всестороннего сотрудничества между двумя государствами чрезвычайно важно использовать уже имеющийся позитивный исторический опыт взаимных связей и контактов.

В формировании исторического сознания общества исторической науке нередко
суждено играть определяющее значение. Особенно ярко это проявилось в XX веке. Этот
процесс наиболее четко прослеживается при изучении жизни и деятельности исследователей-
историков, живших и создававших свои академические труды в конкретном социо-культурном
и идеологическом пространстве. Представленная монография предпринимает одну из первых
попытку воссоздания творческой и жизненной биографии видных отечественных исследователей-историков ХХ века в контексте культурных процессов и академических трендов
указанной эпохи с учетом политико-идеологического фона. Принимая во внимание, что
исторические процессы в Узбекистане в этот период, несмотря на “железный занавес” и иные
идеологические перепития ХХ столетия, продолжали находиться в фокусе внимания
международного академического сообщества, в сборник также включены творческие
биографии отдельных зарубежных исследователей, занимавшихся изучением центрально-
азиатского региона. Основным источниковым материалом выступили мемуары, архивные
источники, устные воспоминания, а также обширный корпус научно-исследовательской
литературы, созданный в рассматриваемый период.

Книга представляет собой первую в постсоветской историографии попытку изучения истории среднеазиатской эмиграции советского и пост-советского периодов. Основное внимание уделено почти миллионной массе таджиков, узбеков, туркменов, киргизов, казахов, а также русских, вытесненных революцией за рубежи своей родины – в Афганистан, Западный Китай, Иран, Британскую Индию и Турцию в 1917-1934 гг. Заключительная глава затрагивает также основные моменты военной эмиграции 1941-1945 гг., период «холодной войны», войны в Афганистане 1980-х гг., и доводит исследование до начала 2000-х гг.  В исследовании  делается попытка вскрыть причины, вызвавшие исход; даны основные этапы эмиграции; показано расселение эмигрантов за рубежом; представлен их количественный и национальный состав; изучена история эмиграции в  стране пребывания; политические течения, а также; попытки возвращения на родину. Книга предназначена для всех, интересующихся историей Центральной Азии.

На стр. 18 пропущен кусок текста (см. закавыченный текст): Поэтому, в отличие от общей истории Узбекистана, предметом которого являются события и процессы (социально-экономические, политические, культурные, этнические и др.), протекавшие на территории современного Узбекистана, а также прилегавших к нему областей Центральной Азии, имевших историческое значение для Узбекистана (его народов, культуры и государственности), "предмет новейшей истории Узбекистана не включает в себя исторические события и процессы, протекающие в других областях Центральной Азии".

This publication is a short review of the history of Samarkand and its major arcitectural monuments. The ancient city is in the middle of the Central Asia Interfluve area (at latitude 39º40´ north and longtitude 67º east). History of Samarkand counts 2750 years, and the city is of the same age as ancient Rome. By the time of Marco Polo’s travel (XIII century), the age of the city had already stepped over two thousand years. In the time of Amir Temur (1370-1405), Samarkand was the capital of a huge Eurasian empire. Due to its unique architecture and archeological monuments, the city is included into the UNESCO World Heritage list. The catalogue contains maps of different historical epoches of the city, schemes and plans of its architectural buildings, information on the museum reliques, contemporary coloured inllustrations, and archival photos of the old Samarkand.       
Настоящее издание представляет собой краткий обзор истории Самарканда и его основных архитектурных памятников. Этот древний город находится в центре среднеазиатского Междуречья (39°40΄ с.ш., 67° в.д.). История Самарканда насчитывает 2750 лет, так что он является ровесником древнего Рима. К моменту путешествия Марко Поло (XIII в.) возраст города уже превышал две тысячи лет. При Амире Темуре (1370–1405) Самарканд был столицей огромной евразийской империи. Благодаря уникальным архитектурным и археологическим памятникам город внесен в список Мирового Наследия ЮНЕСКО. Каталог содержит карты различных периодов истории города, схемы и планы архитектурных строений, информацию о музейных реликвиях, современные цветные иллюстрации, а также архивные фотографии старого Самарканда.

The crisis of Soviet power in Central Asia: The 'Uzbek cotton affair', 1975-1991 aims at reconstructing and interpreting the final phases of Soviet political history and its effects in Uzbekistan. To this end, the reconstruction of the ‘Uzbek cotton affair’ – a judicial and political case linking the falsification of cotton production data and corruption that involved thousands of party and state officials in the republic – is something of a case study in evaluating Moscow’s grip on the ‘periphery’ of its empire. This case tracks the life story of Uzbekistan from its consolidation as a Soviet republic, through crisis and ultimately its transition into an independent state. Thus, we can identify ‘the Uzbek cotton affair’ as a critical reason for the transformations within republican political society. At the same time, it can be read as a symptom of a greater incurable disease within the whole Soviet Union itself, a system that collapsed when this kind of top-down hierarchical order – led by ideology, elite politics, social forces and interest groups and even administrators and bureaucrats – cracked down. This dissertation is divided in three parts with a total of seven chapters. The first part is introductory and aims to contextualize the Uzbek ‘periphery’ within the Soviet state, at both the political and at socio-economic level. In the first chapter, I introduce the political features that determined the consolidation of Soviet power in the UzSSR. After the formation of Uzbekistan, the Stalinist terror and the destalinization transition, the Soviet leadership transitioned to a peaceful, decentralized and tolerant pattern of control over the farthest regions of the USSR. During the 70s, the Moscow leadership and the republican party cadres built a patrimonial system that relied on local figures who could ensure loyalty to the central state. This led to the creation of autonomous client networks inside the republic and the mediation of the FS CPUz between Moscow and the national elites. This approach was particularly evident during the long ‘reign’ of the FS CPUz Sharaf Rashidov (1959-1983), a controversial figure at the center of the Cold War who – as we will see in the second chapter – turned Uzbekistan into a ‘cotton republic.’ In fact, the UzSSR became the main supplier of ‘white gold’ and from the ‘60s it essentially doubled down on cotton monoculture as a strategic task for ‘building communism’: for the tenth FYP (1976-1981), Soviet planners demanded an annual production of six million tons of raw cotton from Tashkent and reaching this target at any cost became a matter of political stability and legitimacy for the Uzbek ruling elite. The second part is argumentative and focuses on the three phases of the ‘Uzbek cotton affair.’ Hence, the third chapter analyzes the context of the second economy in the USSR and the features related to corruption and falsification of cotton production data in Uzbekistan. The rise of Andropov and his ‘moralization campaign’ would see an attempt to legalize, cleanse and – ultimately – revitalize a system in which stagnation and fraud had reached unprecedented levels. In 1983, the so called ‘Bukhara affair’ exposed the level of ‘official corruption’ and overwhelmed the higher echelons of the party and state of the UzSSR. Nevertheless, this ‘silent phase’ – characterized by preliminary inquiries, the preservation of power structures in Uzbekistan and general institutional silence – culminated in the death of Rashidov, the subsequent struggle among local elites and a nominal transformation of the patrimonial system. Thus, in the fourth chapter we analyze the ‘systemic phase’ of the Uzbek affair (1984-1985), when Moscow’s moralizing campaign was extended during the XVI plenum CPUz (1984) to map on to discord within the national party elites, the donos (complaints) wars and the internal struggles within the bureaucracy in post-Rashidovian Uzbekistan. The fifth chapter analyzes Moscow’s subsequent ‘trusteeship’ over the republic, reflected in the ‘krasnyi desant’ campaign endorsed by the CC CPSU, the derashidovization crusade, and the zenith of internal struggles in the wake of the ouster of the FS CPUz Usmankhodzhaev and his replacement with the Moscow loyalist Nishanov who attempted and failed to destroy local patrimonial networks. Third and final part is aimed at evaluating the results of the Uzbek cotton affair in the center and in the periphery, and see if this story became a factor determining the collapse of the Soviet system as in Moscow as in Tashkent. The sixth chapter focuses on the investigators Gdlyan and Ivanov who became a symbol of the prosecution of the ‘big fish’ and alleged prominent members of the CC CPSU – and even Gorbachev – of being in collusion with the ‘Uzbek mafiya.’ The case, the related media circus and the political campaign of the two radical mavericks threatened the credibility of Gorbachev and the legitimacy of the CPSU, the state and its survival in a time of serious changes and great internal challenges. Democrats and the inner opposition to the Gensek in the CPSU exploited the ‘Gdlyan-Ivanov affair’, and the whole case became a symptom of the collapsing system. The seventh chapter deals with the myth-building of the ‘Uzbek cotton affair’ in early Karimov’s Uzbekistan, where the story was narrated using critical discourse – such as ‘colonial,’ ‘purge,’ ‘terror,’ ‘new 1937,’ and even ‘genocide’ – in a Republic that had once been considered one of the most loyal within the Soviet system. Thus, the ‘Uzbek affair’ became a crucial event of Karimov’s ‘ideological shift’ from communism to Mustaqillik – the ideology based on the values of the Uzbek independence – and a sensitive identity issue of revenge/resistance against the former rulers, investing in a post-colonial trauma that contributed to legitimize the president’s regime and his relations with local power networks. Thus, dealing with recent Soviet times still represents a great challenge for contemporary historiography. The last decades of USSR history are still debated, defining a period that needs more work still to understand the characteristics, the limits and the contradictions that led to the end of the Soviet system. In that sense my primary goal in reconstructing these crucial and still obscure events here has been historiographical and it is intended at using primary unpublished sources, literature and oral history to uncover opaque aspects of the past. Relatedly, this research aims at offering a non-centrally oriented historiographical reconstruction of the final decades of the Soviet system, analyzing the evolutions of patrimonialism in USSR and the impact of perestroika, the dynamics of the purges and the symptoms of the collapse in the periphery of the empire in order to fill a historiographical gap of research on perestroika in Central Asia that is practically nonexistent. Furthermore, this research aims to recompose the framework of the ‘Uzbek cotton affair’ beyond its existence as a ‘simplistic label’ created by the media and too often related to the ‘Gdlyan-Ivanov affair’ only. Nevertheless, the case proceeded at different levels involving the party, prokuratura, MVD, KGB and soviets at the local and even at the central level, while only a part of the corruption and the other ‘negative phenomena’ revealed in the republic were related to cotton and a great part of the involved officials were not Uzbeks. Finally, this research aims at interpreting the last decades of Soviet history through a new interpretative key to understand how collapse-symptoms that had been exploited in Moscow and in Tashkent in order to avow the split from the USSR. The research is based on extensive unpublished archival material, literature and interviews and is aimed at expanding the horizon of current historiography.

Shajra Sharif Firdausiya Sillsila Awwal Nisbat Primary Affiliation) Additional Link awarded to Hazrāt Sheikh al Kabir al Mo'ammar Makhdoom Shah Qutbuddin رحمة الله وَتَعَالَىٰ عليه bin Malik رحمة الله وَتَعَالَىٰ عليه bin Ala Farooqi, Bina e Dil Qalandar Sar'andaz Ghausi Jaunpuri رحمة الله وَتَعَالَىٰ عليه.(Wisaal Sharif 925 AH 1519 CE) belonging to The Sillsila e Aaliya Mujummah Al Bahrain,  Naqšhbandiya Abul A’aliya; Qadriya Shurwardīya; Qadriya Razzaqiya; Qalandariya; Firdausiya;  Chistiya Nizamiya;  Chistiya Sabriya Sillasil: Jehangiri by Hazrāt Makhdum Sheikh Hussain Nausha Tauheed رحمة الله وَتَعَالَىٰ عليه bin Hazrāt Sheikh Muizuddin Balkhi رحمة الله وَتَعَالَىٰ عليه Biradar Hazrāt Makhdum Sheikh Muzaffar Shams Balkhi رحمة الله وَتَعَالَىٰ عليه (Wisaal Sharif 844 AH 1440 CE).

This paper presents and analyses half a page of Uzbek text that appears in a Tajik-language prose work published at the turn of the 20th century. The Uzbek text was written by a Bukharan bilingual who had Bukharan Tajik as his native language but also possessed competence in Uzbek. The text is a rare example of an Uzbek text written in fully vocalized Hebrew script, and thus provides a rare glimpse into the Tajik-Uzbek bilingualism in the capital area of the emirate of Bukhara in the late 19th century.

from Online journal (https://edspace.american.edu/silkroadjournal/volume-17-2019/ ):
So far, the male costume of the Sogdians of the Early Tang period has been studied mainly on the material of “mingqi” / 冥器 burial figurines.14 specific elements, characteristic of the Chinese Sogdians were partly identified previously (Yatsenko 2017; 2018). It was possible to identify only a part of the images because of their stylization, frequent usage of everyday or work clothes without bright gala elements and borrowings of Chinese elements by foreigners.
The elements of the Sogdian costume in other types of images (stone carvings, wall paintings of tombs) in the Imperial capital are also analyzed. Some other details of the costume (pelerines) or another manner of wearing (a buttoned-up caftan collar) are more often accentuated in them than on terracotta. These differences in many cases are explained by the specificity of depictions subjects and the status of the depicted foreigners.
Borrowings of the Sogdian costume details (trousers decor, a caftan combined with shirts of specific parameters) by Han servants and guards are interesting. It was not a full-fledged trend of the Sogdian costume (as opposed to the Turkic one) for Chang'an Han population.

Crossing Central Asia; The Voyages of Nicolaos Spatharis, Vasilios Vatatzis, Panayotis Potagos and the "Great Game" in the East (17th - 19th c.)
From the 15th to the 19th century, the great explorations of our planet were
achievements of, mainly, western Europeans. Yet, despite Greeks being, for the
most part of this period, under Ottoman rule (until the foundation of the modern
Greek state from 1830 onwards) and cut off from the scientific developments
of the European West, there have been cases of Greeks, in those dark ages, who
roamed the world and contributed to the geographical knowledge of our planet.
Three such cases, who ventured deep into the volatile center of Eurasia,
either with the support of foreign rulers or on their own initiative, are examined
here. Nicolaos Spatharis, Vasilios Vatatzis and Panayotis Potagos disregarded
the dangers of such an endeavor and contributed to the increase of geographical
knowledge of their time, supporting their travel descriptions not only with topographical and geographical information but, also, with ethnographical, political,
diplomatic and military material. For the most part of their itineraries, these three
voyagers travelled along the ancient tracks of the Silk Routes, recording information
that complemented ancient and medieval authors, whom they mentioned
frequently in their texts and maps.

Иллюстрированный каталог архитектурных и археологических памятников главных исторических центров Узбекистана: Ташкента, Самарканда, Бухары, Хивы, Шахрисабза, а также историко-культурных областей древнего Хорезма (южный Каракалпакстан) и Бактрии-Тохаристана (Сурхандарья). Содержит описание объектов, современные цветные и старые черно-белые фотографии памятников и связанных с ними артефактов. Новое издание, расширенное и дополненное.
ISBN 978-9943-17-077-3

Looking predominantly at painted works on paper spanning the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, this article brings together single-page folios of kneeling warriors constrained in a wooden yoke. They have been collectively labelled "Turkoman Prisoners," but this label and other ethnolinguistic typologies are not suited to the original era of the works' production. Originally assembled into albums, it is argued that the depicted bound captives render troops of the Abulkhairid-Shibanid Uzbeks. These captives are depicted elsewhere in Safavid painting traditions that accompany historical chronicles, epic poetry, and murals on palace walls. As embodiments of the attitudes and antipathies of their creators, the article analyses the dual artistic and political function of this "subject" as a painted representation and as a person owing obedience. This paper uncovers how members of Safavid society fashioned their own sense of identity vis-à-vis their subalterns in Transoxiana and synthesises period textual and visual sources.

In the 18th-19th centuries in the Lower Amu Darya, the role of the cult of saints is strengthened, which was facilitated by the special "attention" of the Khiva khans. In the 19th century, Karakalpak children received their education in Khiva and Bukhara madrassas. In Bukhara, they mainly studied following the Nakshbandiya tariqa, in Khiva they received religious education and returned as an Akhund, imams and kazi. Upon returning home, they become religious leaders, initiate the construction of Muslim institutions (mosques, madrassas), hold positions to monitor compliance with religious regulations, etc. Many Karakalpak graduates of the Bukhara and Khiva madrassas traveled to Kazakh and Turkmen steppes, spreading religious knowledge. Archival data indicate that in the 19th century in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya, there were about a hundred ishans of the "Khufiya" sufi order. The names of the Karakalpak religious leaders are known in history, who played a significant role not only in cultural and social, but also in political life - these are Murat Shaykh, Imam Ishan, Karakum Ishan and others. The names of other representatives of the clergy, such as Zhantemir Ishan, Ataulla Ishan, Aymuhammed Ishan from Chimbay, Aymuhammed Ishan from Kamysly, Yesim Ishan, Suyun Ishan, Yeshim Akhund and many others are also known among the people. Today, to study this issue, we have a number of written sources and valuable oral information.

В статье освещаются вопросы мусульманского землевладения и землепользования в Туркестане и Алжире в XIX в. Особое внимание уделяется материалам комиссий, созданных администрацией Турке- станского генерал-губернаторства, в которых исследуются и даются рекомендации по практическому решению земельного и водного во- просов в регионе.

В статье делается параллель царской, колониальной и советской политики по отношению к религии и духовенству в Каракалпакстане.

The article draws a parallel between the tsarist, colonial and Soviet policies in relation to religion and clergy in Karakalpakstan.

The Hujum or war on the Muslim religion by the Stalinist regime is presented in the context of Stalin's increasingly anti-Bolshevik policies. The Hujum was in two stages, first as part of the anti-religious campaign taking place across the Soviet Union and then as part of the collectivisation and industrialisation of Central Asia.

Press release
Open Eurasian Literary Festival and Book Forum:

Shahzoda Nazarova Samarqandi And her “Stockholm Syndrome”, The most uncensored Tajik novel  19 November, 2017, on her birthday, and on the tenth anniversary of her first and most controversial novel ‘Stockholm Syndrome’, Shahzoda Nazarova, internationally acclaimed Tajik writer and poet, was invited to Stockholm, to launch her award winning novel ‘Stockholm Syndrome’.
Called ‘taboo-breaking… revolutionary” by RFE/RL, Stockholm Syndrome is one of the most controversial books to emerge from Tajik society in recent years. The story of a young woman’s struggle to choose between her career and motherhood, the novella shocked this traditional and conservative society. A remembrance of childhood and rumination upon challenges present and future, Nazarova’s work explores themes of immigration, identity and mental imbalance. Acclaimed as ‘ahead of its time’ by Persian reviewers, Stockholm Syndrome is an emotional tour de force.
Winner of the Best Female Author award at the Eurasian Literary Book Festival, Nazarova has been featured in BBC Persian’s “100 Most Influential Women.”
Brought to international recognition by her novel Motherland – ‘one of the highest picks of prose in Tajik literature,’(BBC Persian) - she is also the founder of Chashme Del, the first television programme in Samarkand to be broadcast in the Tajik language.
An avid campaigner against all forms of censorship, Nazarova has worked at newspapers in Samarkand and for the BBC Persian Service. Resident in Holland for the past eleven years, she is currently editor for the Central Asian and Afghanistan regions at Radio Zamaneh.

“Stockholm Syndrome’ was written in 2007 and translated into several regional languages, but have never been published in her homeland, Uzbekistan. Shahzoda Nazarova was on the black list set by Islam Karimov regime, alongside of other thousands of intellectuals, for objecting and opposing to censorship and repressions inside the country.
Stockholm Syndrome was translated by Daryoush Poor and edited by Stephen M. Bland and published by ‘The book is an exploration of what it means to be both a part of and apart from a culture. It’s a ruminative, hard-hitting and poignant commentary on the meaning of home and where this can be found: in a place, a person or in memories,’ commented the book’s British editor, author Stephen M. Bland.
Literary Figures from Tajikistan Recognised in the Capital of Sweden
On November 20th, 2017, awards were handed to Tajik writers in Stockholm, Sweden as part of the sixth chapter of the literary festival, Open Eurasian Literature Festival & Book Forum. The festival took place over four days in the heart of Sweden in the city famous for its rich culture.
A total of 14 events were held as part of the OEBF 2017, including presentations by authors from Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Uzbekistan, Israel, Great Britain, Bulgaria, Sweden and other countries. Roundtables and art exhibitions also took place. More than 300 people from 20 countries attended the festival.
Shahzoda Nazarova, the ‘Best Female Author, 2016, Official Book launch in Stockholm by OEBF and Literary Guild - Internationally acclaimed Tajik writers presenting their creative works at the OEBF festival was Shahzoda Nazarova from Samarkand, winner of the accolade, ‘Best Female Author, 2016 named after Marziya Zakiryanova. A writer who pens her works in Farsi, this year her book, Stockholm Syndrome was translated into English and presented at the ABF Cultural Center in the hall named after Swedish writer, Elsa Beskow.
As part of the closing ceremony for the Open Eurasian Literature Festival & Book Forum 2017, participants visited the two most important libraries in Stockholm, the International Library of Sweden and the Stockholm Public Library, donating their books In Tajik, Russian and English as a sign of friendship and cooperation between peoples, because fiction is the cultural and spiritual heritage of all mankind.


• Hardcover: 102 pages
• Author: Shahzoda Nazarova Samarqnadi
• Copy right: Shahzoda Nazarova
• Available translation for mega publishing: in English, in, Russian, Uzbek, Dutch,  languages
• Original written language: Persian, in both scripts
• To purchase rights contact: Red Intellect, a small publishing company in The Netherlands, www.redintellect.org
• Tell: 0031+614-20-60-50/ 00299-84-10-18
• Email: books@redintellect.org

L’Alessandro Magno che affiora da questo libro è molto distante dall’immagine oleografica veicolata dalle tante opere, spesso pseudostoriche, scritte su di lui. È un viaggio in Uzbekistan alla ricerca dei luoghi del tempo e della memoria dove la storia di Alessandro sfuma nel mito. Dalla congiunzione di una conoscenza accurata delle fonti più antiche (Arriano, Curzio, Plutarco) e di una non comune sensibilità analitica, emerge da queste pagine il personaggio storico del conquistatore nella sua prospettiva umana più attendibile. L’eroe invincibile immortalato nei marmi di Lisippo cede il passo all’ubriacone omicida, al borioso, al superstizioso e cinico sterminatore di popoli. Ma con i difetti dell’uomo si profila anche il volto più autentico di un nuovo Ulisse che vuole conoscere per possedere, sognatore tenace, unificatore di genti. Questo viaggio, sulle tracce del Grande Condottiero, si snoda da Samarcanda luogo di fiaba, a Khiva dalle sabbie dorate, dalla ferace Valle di Fergana, alla scintillante Tashkent affamata di futuro, un Paese che guarda al suo divenire, forte delle tradizioni culturali e scientifiche di una civiltà plurimillenaria che ha dato al mondo grandi pensatori come Avicenna, Averroè, Al-Biruni, Ulugbek…

In the 1920s, the Soviet government made a serious attempt to deconstruct the patriarchal idea of female subordination, empower women and cut traditional ties with archaic traditions that had existed for centuries in Central Asia. This policy was embodied in the Hujum movement, often symbolized by the burning of the face-veil – paranji. Central Asian films (silent cinema) served the new ideology and were dedicated to an Eastern woman who is both traditional and seeking a new life. Since female characters personified socio-political transformations, significant changes in the social status of women were directly related to their artistic representation. In this regard, Uzbek films of the 20s are highly illustrative (“Muslim Girl”, “Second Wife”, “Jackals of Ravat”, “The Veil”, “The Leper Girl”, etc.)
The author shows that these films are based on a direct binary opposition (“new-good-Soviet”, “old-bad-traditional”), similar plots, orientalism (none of the film directors were local), partial mythologization, and purposeful character construction. Female characters have no choice but to follow the “liberation” path of a Muslim woman.

This article is about the Uzbekistan’s understanding of history and national ideology, which was sought to be established after the independence. During the Karimov era, what can be categorized as the foundational period of the independent Republic of Uzbekistan, the national ideology was shaped with legitimization through history, and it is pursued on this very foundation today. In order
to comprehend Uzbekistan’s social mentality and reflexes, the national identity established during the Karimov era with the support of history needs to be understood.
One of the fundamental issues of Uzbekistan’s historiography is the territorial understanding of history. Here, it is argued that one of reasons of the continuity
of this understanding - dating back to the Soviet period - is related to the problems Uzbekistan has faced on its foundation. Thus, in this study the problems faced by Uzbekistan on its foundation and solutions will be summarized, as they were represented by Islam Karimov himself in his state nationalism and its relation with historiography. For the purpose of illustrating the effect of the territorial understanding of history onto the historiography in Uzbekistan, it will be exemplified, how the migration of nomadic Uzbeks to recent Uzbekistan, and the rule of Amir Timur – before the migration of Uzbeks – are being presented in recent Uzbekistan. Because the territorial historiography accepts everything from the dawn of history to contemporary times within the boundaries of Uzbekistan as part of its history, the culture of Uzbekistan is to evaluated as an amalgamation of Persian and Turkic cultures and the era of Amir Timur and Timurids as the golden age, while the migration of the Uzbeks, who have migrated to recent Uzbekistan in the 16th century, and their past are considered as insignificant. It can be expected that this acceptance will continue in the future.

Bu çalışmada Özbekistan’ın bağımsızlık sonrasında kurmaya giriştiği tarih anlayışı ve millî ideoloji üstünde durulmuştur. Bağımsız Özbekistan Cumhuriyeti’nin kuruluş dönemi olarak adlandırılabilecek Kerimov yılları Özbekistan’ın meşruiyetini tarihten alan millî ideolojisinin şekillendiği dönemdir ve bugün de bu temel üstünden devam edilmektedir. Özbekistan’ın toplumsal zihniyetinin ve reflekslerinin kavranması için Kerimov döneminde tarih yardımıyla oluşan millî kimliğin anlaşılması gereklidir. Özbekistan’da tarih yazıcılığının yaklaşımının en temel unsurlarından biri teritoryal (toprak) tarih anlayışıdır. Burada SSCB döneminde başlayan bu yaklaşımın süreklilik kazanmasında kuruluş yıllarında karşılaştığı sorunların da etkisi olduğu iddia edilmektedir. Bu nedenle çalışmada Kerimov’un kendi değerlendirmelerine dayanarak, bağımsızlık sonrasında karşılaşılan sorunlar ve bunlara çözüm olarak ortaya koyduğu devlet milliyetçiliği, tarih yazıcılığıyla ile bağı çerçevesinde incelenecektir. Söz konusu teritoryal tarih anlayışının Özbekistan’daki tarih yazıcılığına etkisini örneklemek için göçebe Özbeklerin günümüz Özbekistan’ına göçlerinin ve göç öncesinde bölgede hâkimiyet kuran Emir Timur’un günümüzde nasıl ele alındığı gösterilecektir. Teritoryal tarih yazıcılığı, tarihin başlangıcından günümüze bir ülkenin sınırları içinde yaşanmış olanları o ülkenin tarihinin parçası olarak kabul ettiğinden, bu anlayış içinde bugün Özbekistan kültürü Türk ve Fars kültürünün bileşimi, Emir Timur ve Timurîler devri altın çağ olarak benimsenmekte, 16. yüzyıl başında günümüz Özbekistan’ına göç eden Özbekler ve geçmişleri ise önemsiz kabul edilmektedir. Bunun önümüzdeki yıllarda da bu şekilde devam etmesi beklenebilir.

В  данной  статье  осуществлен  анализ учебной литературы  -  учебни­ков  и  учебных  пособий  по  предмету  «Источниковедение  и  историогра­фия»,  опубликованных  в  Узбекистане  с  90-х  годов  XX века  до  первых десятилетий  XXI  в.,  показана  специфика  учебной  литературы  -  «учеб­ного  пособия»  и  «учебника»,  а  так же  представлена  проводимая  работа по созданию  нового поколения учебной литературы.

This paper analyses New Persian words transcribed in Chinese script in huihuiguan zazi 回回館雜字, a New Persian-Chinese glossary compiled in Ming China. The analysis reveals a correspondence between the vowel contrasts of modern Tajik and those of the variety of New Persian whose words are recorded in the glossary. This paper also identifies, based on historical records, the variety as an early fifteenth-century New Persian which had diplomatic currency in the Timurid court in Samarkand.

Мазкур монография шу давргача илмий истеъмолга киритлимаган кенг кўламли архив ҳужжатлари, вақтли матбуот ва турли адабиётларни ўрганиш асосида яратилган бўлиб, унда чор Россияси ва совет империясининг бир ардан ортиқ ҳукм сурган даврида Туркистон ва Ўзбекистоннинг миллий бойликларини талаб кетиш жараёни таҳлил қилиниб, унинг моҳияти очиб берилади.