Abstract
Dehydroandrographolide (DA), one of the crucial diterpenoids of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.F.) Nees, which has been widely used clinically due to its excellent biological activities and pharmacological safety. Until now, various investigations about the biological activities, pharmacokinetic profiles, and in vitro metabolism of DA have been conducted. However, information about the in vivo biotransformation of DA was still not available. In this study, a rapid and reliable approach based on stable isotope labeling and UPLC-Q/TOF–MS was developed and applied for the first systematic research about the in vivo metabolism of DA. As a result, a total of 35 metabolites were identified in rat urine, bile, plasma, and feces samples after DA was orally administered at the dose of 95 mg/kg, and 33 of them were further verified based on stable isotope labeling. The major metabolic pathways for DA were hydroxylation, hydration, sulfonation, sulfate conjugation, and glucuronidation. Meanwhile, sulfonation, sulfate conjugation, and amino acids conjugation of DA were reported for the first time. This is the first systematic investigation of the in vivo metabolism of DA in rats, and the identification of these metabolites might provide scientific and reliable support for a full understanding of the metabolism of DA.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
W. Li, X. Xu, H. Zhang, C. Ma, H. Fong, R. van Breemen, J. Fitzloff, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 55, 455 (2007)
M.S. Hossain, Z. Urbi, A. Sule, K.M.H. Rahman, Sci. World J. 2014, 274905 (2014)
M.-J. Hsieh, C.-W. Lin, H.-L. Chiou, S.-F. Yang, M.-K. Chen, Oncotarget 8, 14268 (2017)
Z. Weng, X. Liu, J. Hu, J. Mu, J. Xie, C. Yao, L. Li, Oncotarget 8, 87903 (2017)
Z. Weng, Y. Chi, J. Xie, X. Liu, J. Hu, F. Yang, L. Li, Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 49, 1124 (2018)
W. Guo, J. Liu, Y. Zhang, H. Ma, Y. Li, Q. Gong, Y. Cao, G. Hu, S. Xie, S. Fu, Aging 12, 14050 (2020)
R.S. Chang, L. Ding, C. Gai-Qing, P. Qi-Choa, Z. Ze-Lin, K.M. Smith, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 197, 59 (1991)
A.Y.H. Woo, M.M.Y. Waye, S.K.W. Tsui, S.T.W. Yeung, C.H.K. Cheng, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 325, 226 (2008)
B. Yin, S. Zhang, Y. Huang, Y. Long, Y. Chen, S. Zhao, A. Zhou, M. Cao, X. Yin, D. Luo, Pharm. Biol. 60, 175 (2022)
F. Chassagne, M. Haddad, A. Amiel, C. Phakeovilay, C. Manithip, G. Bourdy, E. Deharo, G. Marti, Fitoterapia 127, 226 (2018)
D. Che, Y. Hou, Y. Zeng, C. Li, Y. Zhang, D. Wei, S. Hu, R. Liu, H. An, Y. Wang, T. Zhang, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 366, 46 (2019)
D. Che, Y. Zheng, Y. Hou, T. Li, X. Du, S. Geng, Phytother. Res. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7445
P. Committee of Chinese, The Chinese pharmacopia (China Medical Science Press, Beijing, China, 2020)
X. Tian, S. Liang, C. Wang, B. Wu, G. Ge, S. Deng, K. Liu, L. Yang, X. Ma, AAPS J. 17, 156 (2015)
X.-L. Xin, X.-C. Ma, B.-J. Zhang, D.-H. Su, Z.-M. Wu, X.-J. Wang, X.-Y. Li, Q.-P. Yuan, J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 11, 187 (2009)
S. Klein, E. Heinzle, WIREs Syst. Biol. Med. 4, 261 (2012)
A. Srivastava, G.M. Kowalski, D.L. Callahan, P.J. Meikle, D.J. Creek, Metabolites 6, 32 (2016)
D. Gao, X. Chen, X. Yang, Q. Wu, F. Jin, H. Wen, Y. Jiang, H. Liu, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 26, 686 (2015)
Z. Huo, D. Liu, F. Qiu, Chin. J. Synth. Chem. 29(8), 710 (2021)
X. Sun, H. Yan, Y. Zhang, X. Wang, D. Qin, J. Yu, Molecules 24, 620 (2019)
Z. Huo, Y. Wang, X. Feng, Y. He, F. Qiu, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 35, e9152 (2021)
X. He, J. Li, H. Gao, F. Qiu, K. Hu, X. Cui, X. Yao, Drug Metab. Dispos. 31, 983 (2003)
X. Feng, H. Liu, L. Chai, L. Ding, G. Pan, F. Qiu, J. Chromatogr. B 1046, 102 (2017)
L. Ye, F. Liang, X. Yang, J. Shi, F. Wang, W. Liu, J. Zhao, Z. Liu, Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 32, 1074 (2012)
L. Ye, T. Wang, L. Tang, W. Liu, Z. Yang, J. Zhou, Z. Zheng, Z. Cai, M. Hu, Z. Liu, J. Pharm. Sci. 100, 5007 (2011)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81873079).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest. The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bai, P., Niu, K., Huo, Z. et al. Application of 2H stable isotope labelling methodology and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the metabolite identification of dehydroandrographolide in rats. ANAL. SCI. 38, 977–988 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44211-022-00129-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44211-022-00129-z