Skip to main content
Intended for healthcare professionals
Restricted access
Research article
First published online May 19, 2019

Examining the Indirect Effects of Self-Concept on Work Readiness Through Resilience and Career Calling

Abstract

The current study examined the relations among self-concept, career calling, resilience, and work readiness in a Malaysian sample of vocational college students (N = 674). As hypothesized, self-concept was positively associated with work readiness. To explain this relation further, we examined the indirect effect of self-concept through calling and resilience on work readiness. Using structural equation modeling, both career calling and resilience were found to be significant avenues through which self-concept influences work readiness. Results of the indirect effects also indicated that resilience was a stronger pathway compared to career calling. These results suggest that for vocational college students, a more crystallized self-concept may link to greater work readiness skills due, in part, to a heightened sense of resilience and clarity in one’s career calling.

Get full access to this article

View all access and purchase options for this article.

References

Allan B. A., Duffy R. D. (2014). Calling, goals, and life satisfaction: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Career Assessment, 22, 451–464. doi:101177/106907271349874
Baron R. M., Kenny D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.
Beeghly M., Cicchetti D. (1994). Child maltreatment, attachment, and the self system: Emergence of an internal state lexicon in toddlers at high social risk. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 5–30. doi:10.1017/S095457940000585X
Betz N. E. (1994). Self-concept theory in career development and counseling. The Career Development Quarterly, 43, 32–42. doi:10.1002/j.2161-0045.1994.tb00844.x
Brady R. P. (2010). Work readiness inventory. Indianapolis, IN: JIST Works.
Brislin R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 185–216. doi:10.1177/135910457000100301
Caballero C. L., Walker A. (2010). Work readiness in graduate recruitment and selection: A review of current assessment methods. Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 1, 13–25.
Casner-Lotto J., Barrington L., Wright M. (2006). Are they really ready to work? Employers’ perspectives on the basic knowledge and applied skills of new entrants to the 21st century U.S. workforce. (Research Report BED-06-Workforce). Washington, DC: The Conference Board, The Partnership for 21st Century Skills, Corporate Voices for Working Families, and the Society for Human Resources Management.
Cavanagh J., Burston M., Southcombe A., Bartram T. (2015). Contributing to a graduate centered understanding of work readiness: An exploratory study of Australian undergraduate students’ perceptions of their employability. The International Journal of Management Education, 13, 278–288.
Chen C. T., Chen C. F., Hu J. L., Wang C. C. (2013). A study on the influence of self-concept, social support and academic achievement on occupational choice intention. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 24, 1–11.
Cicchetti D., Rogosch F. A., Lynch M., Holt K. D. (1993). Resilience in maltreated children: Processes leading to adaptive outcome. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 629–647.
Clark H. (2013). A comprehensive framework for measuring skills gaps and determining work readiness. Employment Relations Today, 40, 1–11. doi:10.1002/ert.21416
Collard B. A., Epperheimer J. W., Saign D. (1996). Career resilience in a changing workplace. ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education, Center on Education and Training for Employment, College of Education, the Ohio State. University.
Creed P. A., Rogers M. E., Praskova A., Searle J. (2014). Career calling as a personal resource moderator between environmental demands and burnout in Australian junior doctors. Journal of Career Development, 41, 547–561. doi:10.1177/0894845313520493
Dik B. J., Duffy R. D. (2009). Calling and vocation at work: Definitions and prospects for research and practice. The Counseling Psychologist, 37, 424–450.
Dik B. J., Eldridge B. M., Steger M. F., Duffy R. D. (2012). Development and validation of the calling and vocation questionnaire (CVQ) and brief calling scale (BCS). Journal of Career Assessment, 20, 242–263. doi:10.1177/1069072711434410
Duffy R. D., Allan B. A., Dik B. J. (2011). The presence of a calling and academic satisfaction: Examining potential mediators. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 74–80.
Duffy R. D., Dik B. J. (2013). Research on calling: What have we learned and where are we going? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83, 428–436. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2013.06.006
Duffy R. D., Sedlacek W. E. (2007). The presence of and search for a calling: Connections to career development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70, 590–601. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.03.007
Duffy R. D., Sedlacek W. E. (2010). The salience of a career calling among college students: Exploring group differences and links to religiousness, life meaning, and life satisfaction. The Career Development Quarterly, 59, 27–41. doi:10.1002/j.2161-0045.2010.tb00128.x
Fitts W. H., Warren W. L., Self O. (1996) Tennessee Self-Concept Scale: (TSCS: 2). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Gowan M. A., Craft S. L. S., Zimmermann R. A. (2000). Response to work transitions by United States Army personnel: The effects of self-esteem, self-efficacy, and career resilience. Psychological Reports, 86, 911–921.
Guo Y., Guan Y., Yang X., Xu J., Zhou X., She Z.…Pan Z. (2014). Career adaptability, calling and the professional competence of social work students in China: A career construction perspective. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85, 394–402.
Hart P. D. (2008). How should colleges assess and improve student learning? Employers’ views on the accountability challenge. A survey of employers conducted on behalf of: The Association of American Colleges and Universities. Washington, DC: Peter D. Hart Research Associates.
Hofstetter H., Cohen A. (2014). The mediating role of job content plateau on the relationship between work experience characteristics and early retirement and turnover intentions. Personnel Review, 43, 350–376. doi:10.1108/PR-03-2012-0054
Hu L. T., Bentler P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
Judd C. M., Kenny D. A. (1981). Process analysis: Estimating mediation in treatment evaluations. Evaluation Review, 5, 602–619. doi:10.1177/0193841X8100500502
Klibert J., Lamis D. A., Collins W., Smalley K. B., Warren J. C., Yancey C. T., Winterowd C. (2014). Resilience mediates the relations between perfectionism and college student distress. Journal of Counseling & Development, 92, 75–82.
Kline R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Leong P. C., Narunan R., Sim S. (2010). Background Paper for Malaysia: Skills Development in the Workplace in Malaysia. Proceeding of the ILO/SKILLS-AP/Japan Regional Technical Workshop and Study Programme on Skills Training in the Workplace. Overseas Vocational Training Association, Chiba, Japan.
Letchemenen P. (2010). Work readiness among trainees at one industrial training institute. (Unpublished master’s research report). University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
Little T. D., Cunningham W. A., Shahar G., Widaman K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9, 151–173. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_1
Luthar S. S. (2006). Resilience in development: A synthesis of research across five decades. In Cicchetti D., Cohen D. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 739–795). New York, NY: Wiley.
Luthar S. S., Cicchetti D., Becker B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child development, 71, 543–562.
Makki B. I., Salleh R., Memon M. A., Harun H. (2015). The relationship between work readiness skills, career self-efficacy and career exploration among engineering graduates: A proposed model. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 10, 1007–1011.
Mashigo A. C. L. (2014). Factors influencing work readiness of graduates: An exploratory study (Doctoral dissertation). Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch.
Merga M. K. (2016). Gaps in work readiness of graduate health professionals and impact on early practice: Possibilities for future interprofessional learning. Focus on Health Professional Education: A Multi-disciplinary Journal, 17, 14.
Muthén L. K., Muthén B. O. (1998–2012). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Authors.
Nagengast B., Marsh H. W. (2012). Big fish in little ponds aspire more: Mediation and cross-cultural generalizability of school-average ability effects on self-concept and career aspirations in science. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104, 1033–1053. doi:10.1037/a0027697
Nasir R., Lin L. S. (2012). The Relationship between self-concept and career awareness amongst students. Asian Social Science, 9. doi:10.5539/ass.v9n1p193
O’Dougherty-Wright M., Masten A. S., Northwood A., Hubbard J. J. (1997). Long-term effects of massive trauma: Developmental and psychobiological perspectives. In Cicchetti D., Toth S. L. (Eds.), Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology: Vol. 8. developmental perspectives on trauma (pp. 181–225). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
Othman N., Nasurdin A. M. (2011). Work engagement of Malaysian nurses: Exploring the impact of hope and resilience. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 5, 391–395.
Performance Management and Delivery Unit. (2010). Economic transformation programme: A roadmap for Malaysia. Putrajaya, Malaysia: Performance Management and Delivery Unit (PEMANDU), Prime Minister’s Department.
Piers E. V. (1969). Piers-Harris children's self-concept scale. Nashville, TN: Counselor Recordings and Tests.
Piers E. V., Herzberg D. S. (2002). Piers-Harris children's self-concept scale: Manual. Western Psychological Services.
Praskova A., Creed P. A., Hood M. (2015). Self-regulatory processes mediating between career calling and perceived employability and life satisfaction in emerging adults. Journal of Career Development, 42, 86–101.
Preacher K. J., Kelley K. (2011). Effect size measures for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects. Psychological Methods, 16, 93–115.
Schwab K. (2014). The global competitiveness report 2014–2015: Insight report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum.
Shavelson R. J., Bolus R. (1982). Self-concept: The interplay of theory and methods. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 3–17.
Shrout P. E., Bolger N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422–445.
Super D. E. (1951). Vocational adjustment: Implementing a self-concept. Occupations: The Vocational Guidance Journal, 30, 88–92. doi:10.1002/j.2164-5892.1951.tb02607.x
Super D. E. (1953). A theory of vocational development. American Psychologist, 8, 185–190.
Super D. E. (1963). Self-concepts in vocational development. In Super D. E. (Ed.), Career development: Self-concept theory (pp. 1–16). New York, NY: College Entrance Examination Board.
Super D. E. (1988). Vocational Adjustment: Implementing a Self-Concept. Career Development Quarterly, 36, 351–357.
Super D. E. (1990). A life-span space approach to career development. In Brown D. L. Brooks, & Associates (Eds.), Career choice and development (2nd ed., pp. 197–261). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Super D. E., Starishevsky R., Matlin N., Jordaan J. P. (1963). Career development: Self-concept theory (CEEB Research Monograph No. 4). New York, NY: College Entrance Examination Board.
Wagnild G. M. (2011). The resilience scale user's guide: For the US English version of the Resilience Scale and the 14-item Resilience Scale (RS-14). Resilience center.
Walker A., Campbell K. (2013). Work readiness of graduate nurses and the impact on job satisfaction, work engagement and intention to remain. Nurse Education Today, 33, 1490–1495.
Walker A., Yong M., Pang L., Fullarton C., Costa B., Dunning A. T. (2013). Work readiness of graduate health professionals. Nurse Education Today, 33, 116–122.
Zhao X., Hwang B. G., Lee H. N. (2016). Identifying critical leadership styles of the project managers for green building projects. International Journal of Construction Management, 16, 150–160. doi:10.1080/15623599.2015.1130602

Biographies

Poh Li Lau, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the Counseling Program of the Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling at University of Malaya, Malaysia. She received her PhD in counseling from University of Malaya. Her research interests are in career counseling, positive psychology, and multicultural counseling. In her spare time, she enjoys cooking, traveling, and playing the ukulele.
Kerrie G. Wilkins-Yel, PhD, is an assistant professor of counseling psychology in the Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology at Indiana University Bloomington. She received her PhD in counseling psychology from Arizona State University. Her research investigates the influential factors on academic and career development among underrepresented and cross-cultural groups. In her leisure, she enjoys traveling and spending time with her family and friends.
Y. Joel Wong, PhD, is a professor in the Counseling and Counseling Psychology Programs as well as the interim chair of the Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology at Indiana University Bloomington. He received his PhD in counseling psychology from the University of Texas at Austin. His research interests are in positive psychology, Asian American mental health, and the psychology of men and masculinities. In his spare time, he enjoys reading, traveling, and sampling new cuisines.

Cite article

Cite article

Cite article

OR

Download to reference manager

If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice

Share options

Share

Share this article

Share with email
EMAIL ARTICLE LINK
Share on social media

Share access to this article

Sharing links are not relevant where the article is open access and not available if you do not have a subscription.

For more information view the Sage Journals article sharing page.

Information, rights and permissions

Information

Published In

Article first published online: May 19, 2019
Issue published: October 2020

Keywords

  1. work readiness
  2. self-concept
  3. resilience
  4. career calling

Rights and permissions

© Curators of the University of Missouri 2019.
Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Poh Li Lau
Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
Kerrie G. Wilkins-Yel
Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
Y. Joel Wong
Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA

Notes

Poh Li Lau, Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Email: [email protected]

Metrics and citations

Metrics

Journals metrics

This article was published in Journal of Career Development.

VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICS

Article usage*

Total views and downloads: 1057

*Article usage tracking started in December 2016


Altmetric

See the impact this article is making through the number of times it’s been read, and the Altmetric Score.
Learn more about the Altmetric Scores



Articles citing this one

Receive email alerts when this article is cited

Web of Science: 16 view articles Opens in new tab

Crossref: 0

  1. Maintaining the working state of firefighters by utilizing self-concep...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  2. The impact of career calling on nurse burnout: A moderated mediation m...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  3. Social support and work readiness of Chinese final-year nursing studen...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  4. Work readiness and barriers to employment during COVID-19 for individu...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  5. Job stressors and burnout among clinical nurses: a moderated mediation...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  6. Social support on calling: Mediating role of work engagement and profe...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  7. Pavers of the way: Enablers to a lived calling in an Australian contex...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  8. More humility for leaders, less procrastination for employees: the rol...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  9. Entrepreneurial role models and college students’ entrepreneurial call...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  10. Correlates of lived career calling: The role of perceived calling and ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  11. A scoping review and evaluation of instruments used to measure resilie...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  12. The Relationship between Self-Concept and Negative Emotion: A Moderate...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  13. Proactive Personality and Career Adaptability of Chinese Female Pre-Se...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  14. Family influence and career calling: The mediating role of work passio...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar

Figures and tables

Figures & Media

Tables

View Options

Get access

Access options

If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:


Alternatively, view purchase options below:

Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.

Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.

View options

PDF/ePub

View PDF/ePub

Full Text

View Full Text