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Two-Dimensional Mesoporous Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion: Current Status, Chemical Synthesis and Challenging Perspectives

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Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) mesoporous materials (2DMMs), defined as 2D nanosheets with randomly dispersed or orderly aligned mesopores of 2–50 nm, can synergistically combine the fascinating merits of 2D materials and mesoporous materials, while overcoming their intrinsic shortcomings, e.g., easy self-stacking of 2D materials and long ion transport paths in bulk mesoporous materials. These unique features enable fast ion diffusion, large specific surface area, and enriched adsorption/reaction sites, thus offering a promising solution for designing high-performance electrode/catalyst materials for next-generation energy storage and conversion devices (ESCDs). Herein, we review recent advances of state-of-the-art 2DMMs for high-efficiency ESCDs, focusing on two different configurations of in-plane mesoporous nanosheets and sandwich-like mesoporous heterostructures. Firstly, a brief introduction is given to highlighting the structural advantages (e.g., tailored chemical composition, sheet configuration, and mesopore geometry) and key roles (e.g., active materials and functional additives) of 2DMMs for high-performance ESCDs. Secondly, the chemical synthesis strategies of 2DMMs are summarized, including template-free, 2D-template, mesopore-template, and 2D mesopore dual-template methods. Thirdly, the wide applications of 2DMMs in advanced supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, and electrocatalysis are discussed, enlightening their intrinsic structure–property relationships. Finally, the future challenges and perspectives of 2DMMs in energy-related fields are presented.

Graphical Abstract

In this review, the recent advances of 2DMMs (including in-plane mesoporous nanosheets and sandwich-like mesoporous heterostructures) for energy storage and conversion are systematically summarized.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [49]. Copyright © 2015, American Chemical Society. c SEM image, and d TEM image of UM-LTONS under a calcination temperature of 600 °C. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [50]. Copyright © 2019, The Royal Society of Chemistry. e Scheme for the fabrication, f SEM image, g TEM image, and h photocatalysis mechanism of porous few-layered C3N4. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [51]. Copyright © 2019, American Chemical Society

Fig. 3

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [39]. Copyright © 2016, The Royal Society of Chemistry. e Scheme for the formation, f TEM image, and g HRTEM image of p-MXene flakes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [54]. Copyright © 2016, Wiley–VCH

Fig. 4

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [41]. Copyright © 2017, Springer Nature. d Scheme for the fabrication, e TEM image, and f HRTEM image of m-MnO2 nanosheets. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [60]. Copyright © 2019, Elsevier

Fig. 5

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [63]. Copyright © 2014, Wiley–VCH. d Schematic diagram of the fabrication of M-CMPs-T nanosheets, and e pore size distributions of M-CMPs-T nanosheets with different precursors and a pyrolysis temperature of 800 °C. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [64]. Copyright © 2016, Wiley–VCH

Fig. 6

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [70]. Copyright © 2010, Springer Nature. e Schematic diagram of the formation process, f SEM image, and g TEM image of single-layered mesoporous TiO2 nanosheets. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [42]. Copyright © 2018, American Chemical Society

Fig. 7

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [56]. Copyright 2016, Wiley–VCH. d Schematic illustration of the fabrication procedures of SOMMs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [43]. Copyright © 2020, Wiley–VCH

Fig. 8

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [75]. Copyright © 2015, Wiley–VCH. b Schematic diagram of the formation process for 2D mesoporous heterostructured materials, c, d SEM images of MXene@F127/MF nanosheets, and e, f TEM images of MXene@C nanosheets. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [45]. Copyright © 2020, Wiley–VCH

Fig. 9

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [100]. Copyright © 2014, Springer Nature. d Specific capacitance comparisons, and e schematic diagram showing the ion diffusion pathway for HGP and non-holey GP based EDLCs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [101]. Copyright © 2015, American Chemical Society. f CV curves of OMC/GA-2 obtained at varying scan rates, g specific capacitance versus current density for different samples in a 6 M (1 M = 1 mol L−1) KOH electrolyte with a three-electrode system, h CV curves obtained at 100 mV s−1, and i capacitance comparisons for EDLCs based on OMC/GAs, OMC and GA. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [75]. Copyright © 2015, Wiley–VCH

Fig. 10

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [83]. Copyright © 2013, Elsevier. d SEM image of mPANI/MoS2-1, e SEM image of mPANI/MoS2-3, and f specific capacitance comparisons for various mPANI/MoS2, pure PANI and MoS2 samples. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [90]. Copyright © 2017, American Chemical Society. g Diagram of an mPPy-Fe2O3@rGO nanosheet, h GCD profiles for mPPy-Fe2O3@rGO-1 with smaller mesopores, and i specific capacitance comparisons for mPPy-Fe2O3@rGO with varying mesopore sizes, PPy-Fe2O3@rGO, and PPy@rGO. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [105]. Copyright © 2018, Wiley–VCH

Fig. 11

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [116]. Copyright © 2018, Wiley–VCH. e Schematic diagram of lithographical microfabrication of interdigital microelectrodes, f cross-sectional SEM image of a microelectrode film, g areal and volumetric capacitance as a function of scan rate, and h Ragone plot of volumetric power density and energy density for PANI-G based MSCs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [119]. Copyright © 2017, Wiley–VCH. i Photograph of a microelectrode under bending state, and j GCD profiles at 0.3 mA cm−2 for four serially connected linear tandem MSCs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [125]. Copyright © 2017, Wiley–VCH. k Scheme of DM-PG nanosheets for a planar MSC-sensor integrated system, l Ragone plot of DM-PG based MSC, and m NH3 response curves of a MSC-driven sensor at 10–40 ppm (1 ppm = 1 mL m−3). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [130]. Copyright © 2020, Wiley–VCH

Fig. 12

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [41]. Copyright © 2017, Springer Nature. d Sketch model of mFeP-NM, e GCD profiles of mFeP-NM at varying current densities, and f cycling stability at 200 mA g−1 for mFeP-NM and a blank sample. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [58]. Copyright © 2020, Wiley–VCH. g Rate capability of 2D mesoporous-carbon/MoS2 heterostructures and pure MoS2 nanosheets. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [89]. Copyright © 2016, Wiley–VCH. h Cycle life at 200 mA g−1, and i rate capacity at different current densities for C/Si–rGO–Si/C and Si@C–rGO–Si@C electrodes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [138]. Copyright © 2017, American Chemical Society

Fig. 13

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [79]. Copyright © 2016, Wiley–VCH. d Diagram of TiO2@NFG HPHNSs, e long-term cycling stability of TiO2@NFG HPHNSs and m-TiO2 (synthesized in air) electrodes at 2 C, and f rate capability comparisons of TiO2@NFG HPHNSs and other reported TiO2-based electrodes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [61]. Copyright © 2018, Wiley–VCH. g Separation of the capacitive and diffusion currents, h contribution ratio of the capacitive and diffusion-controlled charge under different scan rates, and i mechanism model of charge storage and charge transfer in the meso-hetero. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [91]. Copyright © 2019, American Chemical Society

Fig. 14

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [151]. Copyright © 2020, American Chemical Society. c Illustration showing the Li-ion redistribution in holey metal oxide nanosheets for a Li metal anode, and d long-term cycling stability of symmetrical cells with holey MgO-protected Li and bare Li electrodes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [155]. Copyright © 2020, Wiley–VCH. e Structure and composition of MXene-mSiO2 containing a solid polymer electrolyte, f digital picture of MXene-mSiO2 containing a solid polymer electrolyte, and g cycling stability for full cells with MXene-mSiO2 containing electrolyte, mSiO2 containing electrolyte and an ePPO solid polymer electrolyte. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [88]. Copyright © 2020, Wiley–VCH

Fig. 15

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [156]. Copyright © 2021, Springer Nature

Fig. 16

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [165]. Copyright © 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry. e Schematic illustration of the synthesis route for mNC-Mo2C@rGO nanosheets, f polarization curves, and g Tafel slopes of Pt/C and mNC-Mo2C@rGO with different Mo2C contents. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [168]. Copyright © 2018, American Chemical Society

Fig. 17

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [64]. Copyright © 2016, Wiley–VCH. c STEM image of rGO@PN/C-2 nanosheets, and d linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves of rGO@PN/C-x, rGO@N/C, and Pt/C catalysts at 1 600 rpm (1 rpm = 1 r min−1). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [172]. Copyright © 2020, American Chemical Society. e Diagram of a NDCN nanosheet, f TEM image of an NDCN-22 nanosheet, g enlarged TEM image of the square region in (f), and h LSV curves of NDCN-22, NDCN-7, NDCN-2 and NDCN nanosheets at 1 600 rpm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [85]. Copyright © 2014, Wiley–VCH. i TEM image of mNC-Fe3O4@rGO-1; j LSV curves, k Tafel plots, and l stability comparison of mNC-Fe3O4@rGO and commercial Pt/C catalysts [the inset of (l): the chronoamperometric responses with the introduction of 2% methanol at 300 s]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [105]. Copyright © 2018, Wiley–VCH

Fig. 18

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [71]. Copyright © 2020, Elsevier. d Sketch of 2D D-RuO2/G heterostructures, and overpotential comparisons at 10 mA cm−2 for 2D D-RuO2/G and other reported excellent OER catalysts in e acidic and f alkaline electrolytes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [175]. Copyright © 2020, Elsevier. g TEM image of CoCo-LDH nanomesh (the inset: the pore size distribution), h polarization curves, and i overpotentials at 10 mA cm−2 for CoCo-LDH nanomesh and counterparts. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [73]. Copyright © 2019, Wiley–VCH

Fig. 19

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [181]. Copyright © 2017, Wiley–VCH. d TEM image of as-mSnO2 NTs, e LSV curves, and f Faradaic efficiencies of HCOOH for mSnO2 NTs-350, as-mSnO2 NPs and as-mSnO2 NTs catalysts. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [59]. Copyright © 2020, Wiley–VCH. g Polarization curves, h Faradaic efficiencies of HCOO−, H2, and CO for mpBi nanosheets and commercial Bi nanopowders in N2- or CO2-saturated 0.5 M NaHCO3, and i voltage change during a 3 h solar-driven CO2RR/OER electrolysis (the inset: schematic diagram of the solar-driven full-cell electrolysis). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [184]. Copyright © 2018, Wiley–VCH

Fig. 20

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Acknowledgements

Jieqiong Qin, Zhi Yang, and Feifei Xing contributed equally to this work. The authors acknowledge the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22125903, 51872283, 22109040), Dalian Innovation Support Plan for High Level Talents (2019RT09), DICP (ZZBS201802 and I202032), Dalian National Laboratory For Clean Energy (DNL), CAS, DNL Cooperation Fund, CAS (DNL201912 and DNL201915, DNL202016, DNL202019), Top-Notch Talent Program of Henan Agricultural University (30500947), the Joint Fund of the Yulin University and the Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (YLU-DNL Fund 2021002, 2021009).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Agricultural Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China

    Jieqiong Qin, Zhi Yang & Hongtao Zhang

  2. State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China

    Jieqiong Qin, Feifei Xing, Liangzhu Zhang & Zhong-Shuai Wu

  3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China

    Feifei Xing

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Qin, J., Yang, Z., Xing, F. et al. Two-Dimensional Mesoporous Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion: Current Status, Chemical Synthesis and Challenging Perspectives. Electrochem. Energy Rev. 6, 9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-022-00177-z

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