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Effect of Surfactant Type and Redox Polymer Type on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Modified Electrodes

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† ‡ § ‡Carbon Nanotube Technology Center, †University of Oklahoma Bioengineering Center, ⊥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ∥Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, and §School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 100 East Boyd, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
*E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: (405) 325-7944. Fax: (405) 325-5813.
Cite this: Langmuir 2013, 29, 33, 10586–10595
Publication Date (Web):July 16, 2013
https://doi.org/10.1021/la401158y
Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Electrodes modified with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) offer a number of attractive properties for developing novel electrochemical sensors. A common method to immobilize SWNTs onto the electrode surface is by placing a droplet of a SWNT suspension onto the electrode surface and allowing the solvent to evaporate. In order to maximize the properties of individual SWNTs, surfactants are normally present in these suspensions to provide stable and homogeneous SWNT dispersions. In this study we investigated the effect of different surfactants on the electrochemical and enzymatic performance of SWNT modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs). Amperometic biosensors for glucose were fabricated by a two-step procedure. In the first step, SWNT films were deposited onto GCEs by solution casting suspensions of SWNTs in water, Triton X-100, Tween 20, sodium cholate or sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (NaDDBS). In the second step, hydrogels containing a redox polymer and the enzyme, glucose oxidase (GOX), were deposited and cross-linked onto the SWNT-modified GCE. Three different redox polymers were tested: 3-ferrocenylpropyl-modified LPEI, (Fc-C3-LPEI), 6-ferrocenylhexyl-modified LPEI, (Fc-C6-LPEI), and poly[(vinylpyridine)Os(bipyridyl)2Cl]2+/3+(PVP-Os). Biosensors constructed with SWNT films from suspensions of Triton X-100 or Tween 20 generally produced the highest electrochemical and enzymatic responses, with Triton X-100 films producing current densities of ∼1.7–2.1 mA/cm2 for the three different redox polymers. In contrast, biosensors constructed with SWNT films from sodium cholate suspensions resulted in significant decreases in the electrochemical and enzymatic response and in some cases showed no enzymatic activity. The results with SWNT films from NaDDBS suspensions were dependent upon the specific redox polymer used, but in general gave reduced enzymatic responses (∼0.05–0.4 mA/cm2). These results demonstrate the importance of surfactant type in fabricating SWNT-modified electrode films.

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    Cyclic voltammograms of GCEs coated with SWNT films and (i) PVP-Os/GOX hydrogels, (ii) Fc-C3-LPEI/GOX hydrogels, or (iii) Fc-C6-LPEI/GOX hydrogels in the presence and absence of 100 mM glucose. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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