Ethnic Conflict in Sudan in Historical Perspective
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1 R.J. Harrison Church and others, Africa and the Islands (London, 1964), pp. 174-80. See also Lucile Carlson, Africa's Lands and Nations (New York, 1967), pp. 130-5.
2 Dunstan M. Wai, “The Southern Sudan: The County and the People”, in Dunstan M. Wai, ed., The Southern Sudan: The Problem of National Integration (London, 1973), p. 9.
3 John Obert Voll and Sarah Potts Voll, The Sudan: Unity and Diversity in a Multi-Cultural State (Boulder, CO, 1985), pp. 10-3.
4 Mohammed Omer Beshir, The Southern Sudan: Background to Conflict (London, 1968), p. 1.
5 Mohamed Abdel Hai, Cultural Policy in the Sudan (Paris, 1982), p. 12.
6 Ibid.
7 J.A. Hamilton, The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan from within (London, 1935), as mentioned in Beshir, n. 4, p. 5.
8 Richard Grary, A History of the Southern Sudan (OUP, 1961), p. 14 as mentioned in Beshir, n. 4, p. 6.
9 Uekki Shibeika, The Independent Sudan (New York, 1959), pp. 1-2.
10 Arthur Silva White, The Expansion of Egypt under Anglo-Egyptian Condominium (London, 1889), p. 50.
11 Lois A.C. Raphael, The Cape-to-Cairo Dream: A Study in British Imperialism (New York, 1936), p. 281. See also, Leonard Woolf, Empire and Commerce in Africa: A Study of Economic Imperialism (London, 1968), p. 139.
12 The term “al-Mahdi” literary means “one who guides in the right way”. For a detailed discussion of Mahdi's revolt, see P.M. Holt, The Mahdist State in the Sudan 1881-1898—A Study of Its Origins, Development and Overthrow (Oxford University Press, 1958).
13 The Earl of Cromer, Modern Egypt (London, 1908), vol. 1, p. 383.
14 United Kingdom, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Background Brief: Sudan (London, March 1996), p. 1. For an excellent study on the problem of Britain see, Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism (London, 1961).
15 Beshir, n. 4, p. 19.
16 Ibid., p. 25.
17 Robert O. Collins, Shadows in the Grass: Britain in Southern Sudan, 1918-1956 (New Haven, 1983), p. 52.
18 Beshir, n. 4, p. 39.
19 Collins, n. 17, p. 53.
20 Republic of the Sudan, Southern Sudan Disturbances August 1955 (Report of the Commission of Enquiry, October 1956), pp. 16-7. See Collins, n. 17, pp. 172-8; see also, Beshir, n. 4, pp. 37-46.
21 Beshir, n. 4, p. 61. See also, Collins, n. 17, p. 241.
22 Collins, n. 17, p. 241.
23 Beshir, n. 4, pp. 62-3.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid., pp. 65-6.
26 J Spencer Triminghm, The Christian Church in Post-War Sudan (London, 1949), p. 32, as quoted in Beshir, n. 4, p. 67.
27 For the disturbances and their underlying causes see, Report of the Commission of Enquiry, n. 20.
28 For missionaries' arrival in southern Sudan, their role and expulsion see, The Black Book of the Sudan on the Expulsion of the Missionaries from the Southern Sudan: An Answer (Milan, Italy, 1964).
29 Abdel Wahaf el-Effiendi, “Sudanese Dilemmas for Islam in Africa”, African Affairs (Oxford), vol. 89, no. 356, July-September 1990, pp. 374-6.
30 Ibid., p. 376.
31 For the text of the Addis Ababa Agreement see Wai, ed., n. 2, pp. 224-44.
32 It was proposed in 1946 that a canal be built on the White Nile from Jonglei to near Malakal to bypass the area of the Sudd and thereby avoid the very large loss of water by evaporation in the swamps. Thus more water could be made available to the northern part of Sudan and Egypt. For more details see Peter Woodward, “Sudan: War Without End” in Oliver Furley, ed., Conflict in Africa (London, 1995), p. 101.
33 While commenting on this The International Herald Tribune observes: “This new religious fever was it because of his precarious state of health and hence obsession with death or a political expediency”, dated 10 June 1984.
34 The International Herald Tribune, 30 March 1985
35 Linda Van Buren, New African Year Book 1993-94 (London, 1994), p. 361.
36 International Herald Tribune, 8 July 1986.
37 The Times (London), 31 July 1986.
38 Kamal Osman Sahib, “The Sudan, 1985-89: The Fading Democracy”, The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 215, 218.
39 International Herald Tribune, 3 July 1989.
40 The Times, 20 July 1989.
41 Christian Science Monitor (Baltimore), 1 July 1991.
42 Buren, n. 35, p. 361.
43 For various talks see The Republic of the Sudan, The Foreign Ministry, Peace Department, The Search for Peace in Sudan (Khartoum, September 1993). See also, The Republic of the Sudan, Ministry of Culture and Information, The Southern Problem and Peace Efforts (presumably Khartoum, n.d.).
44 New Strait Time (Kuala Lumpur), 13 December 1993.
45 Aide Memoire to the Peace Agreement between the government of the Sudan and SSIM, SPLM (B.G.G.) and xerox copy of the original Agreement, Political Charter April 1996.
46 See, International Herald Tribune, 15 February 1996.
47 The Pioneer (New Delhi), 28 March 1995.
48 Aide Memoire, n. 45, p. 2.
49 Embassy of the Republic of the Sudan, Khartoum Peace Agreement, 21 April 1997 (New Delhi, n.d.).
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